Английская Википедия:4th millennium BC

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Версия от 06:43, 26 декабря 2023; EducationBot (обсуждение | вклад) (Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{short description|Millennium between 4000 BC and 3001 BC}} {{Millenniumbox|-4}} The '''4th millennium BC''' spanned the years 4000 BC to 3001 BC. Some of the major changes in human culture during this time included the beginning of the Bronze Age and the invention of writing, which played a major role in starting recorded history. File:Monte D'Accoddi 07.JPG|thumbnail...»)
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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Millenniumbox

The 4th millennium BC spanned the years 4000 BC to 3001 BC. Some of the major changes in human culture during this time included the beginning of the Bronze Age and the invention of writing, which played a major role in starting recorded history.

Файл:Monte D'Accoddi 07.JPG
Monte d'Accoddi is an archaeological site in northern Sardinia, Italy, located in the territory of Sassari near Porto Torres. 4th millennium BC.

The city states of Sumer and the kingdom of Egypt were established and grew to prominence. Agriculture spread widely across Eurasia.

World population growth relaxed after the burst that came about from the Neolithic Revolution. World population was largely stable in this time at roughly 50 million with a slow overall growth rate at roughly 0.03% per year.[1]

Culture

Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Neolithic

Файл:Priest-king from Uruk, Mesopotamia, Iraq, c. 3000 BCE. The Iraq Museum.jpg
Sumerian priest-king from Uruk, Mesopotamia, circa 3300–3000 BC
Near East

Шаблон:Main

Файл:Kingscorpion.jpg
Pharaoh Scorpion II on the Scorpion Macehead, Шаблон:Circa
Europe

Шаблон:Main

Файл:Yamnaya Steppe Pastoralists.jpg
Bronze Age spread of Yamnaya steppe pastoralist ancestry into two subcontinents—Europe and South Asia—from Шаблон:Circa to 1500 BC.[5]
Central Asia
East Asia
  • Neolithic Chinese settlements. They produced silk and pottery (chiefly the Yangshao and the Longshan cultures), wore hemp clothing, and domesticated pigs and dogs.
  • 4000–2500 BC – Vietnamese Bronze Age culture. The Đồng Đậu Culture, produced many wealthy bronze objects.
Файл:Statuette Mehrgarh.jpg
Fertility figurine from Mehrgarh, Indus Valley, c. 3000 BC
Indian Subcontinent
Americas
Australia
Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa remains in the Paleolithic period, except for the earliest neolithization of the Sahel following the desiccation of the Sahara in c. 3500 BC.[8][9] As the grasslands of the Sahara began drying after 3900 BC, herders spread into the Nile Valley and into eastern Africa (Eburan 5, Elmenteitan). The desiccation of the Sahara and the associated neolithisation of West Africa is also cited as a possible cause for the dispersal of the Niger-Congo linguistic phylum.[8][9]

Environment

Шаблон:Holocene Шаблон:Main Based on studies by glaciologist Lonnie Thompson, professor at Ohio State University and researcher with the Byrd Polar Research Center, a number of indicators shows there was a global change in climate 5,200 years ago, probably due to a drop in solar energy output.[10]

Calendars and chronology

  • 4000 BCEpoch of the Masonic calendar's Anno Lucis era.
  • 3929 BC – Creation according to John Lightfoot based on the Old Testament of the Bible, and often associated with the Ussher chronology.
  • 3761 BC – Since the Middle Ages (12th century), the Hebrew calendar has been based on rabbinic calculations of the year of creation from the Hebrew Masoretic text of the bible. This calendar is used within Jewish communities for religious and other purposes. The calendar's epoch, corresponding to the calculated date of the world's creation, is equivalent to sunset on the Julian proleptic calendar date 6 October 3761 BC.[15]
  • 3114 BC – One version of the Mayan calendar, known as the Mesoamerican Long Count, uses the epoch of 11 or 13 August 3114 BC. The Maya Long Count calendar was first used approximately 236 BC (see Mesoamerican Long Count calendar#Earliest Long Counts.
  • 3102 BC – According to calculations of Aryabhata (6th century), the Hindu Kali Yuga began at midnight on 18 February 3102 BC.
  • 3102 BCAryabhata dates the events of the Mahabharata to around 3102 BC. Other estimates range from the late 4th to the mid-2nd millennium BC.

Centuries

References

  1. Шаблон:Cite journal, estimates 40 million at 5000 BC and 100 million at 1600 BC, for an average growth rate of 0.027% p.a. over the Chalcolithic to Middle Bronze Age.
  2. Federico Lara Peinado, Universidad Complutense de Madrid: "La Civilización Sumeria". Historia 16, 1999.
  3. Roberts, J: History of the World. Penguin, 1994.
  4. Шаблон:Cite book
  5. Шаблон:Cite news
  6. Шаблон:Cite web
  7. Australia's top 7 Aboriginal rock art sites, Australian Geographic
  8. 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  9. 9,0 9,1 Igor Kopytoff, The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies (1989), 9–10 (cited after Igbo Language Roots and (Pre)-History Шаблон:Webarchive, A Mighty Tree, 2011).
  10. Шаблон:Cite web
  11. Шаблон:Cite journal
  12. Шаблон:Cite book
  13. Шаблон:Cite journal
  14. 14,0 14,1 14,2 14,3 14,4 Шаблон:Cite web
  15. Шаблон:Cite book

Шаблон:Millennia