Английская Википедия:ARP spoofing

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Версия от 05:37, 27 декабря 2023; EducationBot (обсуждение | вклад) (Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{short description|Cyberattack which associates the attacker's MAC address with the IP address of another host}} right|thumb|300px|A successful ARP spoofing (poisoning) attack allows an attacker to alter [[routing on a network, effectively allowing for a man-in-the-middle attack.]] In computer networking, '''ARP spoofing''', '''ARP cache poisoning''',...»)
(разн.) ← Предыдущая версия | Текущая версия (разн.) | Следующая версия → (разн.)
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description

Файл:ARP Spoofing.svg
A successful ARP spoofing (poisoning) attack allows an attacker to alter routing on a network, effectively allowing for a man-in-the-middle attack.

In computer networking, ARP spoofing, ARP cache poisoning, or ARP poison routing, is a technique by which an attacker sends (spoofed) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) messages onto a local area network. Generally, the aim is to associate the attacker's MAC address with the IP address of another host, such as the default gateway, causing any traffic meant for that IP address to be sent to the attacker instead.

ARP spoofing may allow an attacker to intercept data frames on a network, modify the traffic, or stop all traffic. Often the attack is used as an opening for other attacks, such as denial of service, man in the middle, or session hijacking attacks.[1]

The attack can only be used on networks that use ARP, and requires attacker have direct access to the local network segment to be attacked.[2]

ARP vulnerabilities

The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a widely used communications protocol for resolving Internet layer addresses into link layer addresses.

When an Internet Protocol (IP) datagram is sent from one host to another in a local area network, the destination IP address must be resolved to a MAC address for transmission via the data link layer. When another host's IP address is known, and its MAC address is needed, a broadcast packet is sent out on the local network. This packet is known as an ARP request. The destination machine with the IP in the ARP request then responds with an ARP reply that contains the MAC address for that IP.[2]

ARP is a stateless protocol. Network hosts will automatically cache any ARP replies they receive, regardless of whether network hosts requested them. Even ARP entries that have not yet expired will be overwritten when a new ARP reply packet is received. There is no method in the ARP protocol by which a host can authenticate the peer from which the packet originated. This behavior is the vulnerability that allows ARP spoofing to occur.[1][2][3]

Attack anatomy

The basic principle behind ARP spoofing is to exploit the lack of authentication in the ARP protocol by sending spoofed ARP messages onto the LAN. ARP spoofing attacks can be run from a compromised host on the LAN, or from an attacker's machine that is connected directly to the target LAN.

An attacker using ARP spoofing will disguise as a host to the transmission of data on the network between the users.[4] Then users would not know that the attacker is not the real host on the network.[4]

Generally, the goal of the attack is to associate the attacker's host MAC address with the IP address of a target host, so that any traffic meant for the target host will be sent to the attacker's host. The attacker may choose to inspect the packets (spying), while forwarding the traffic to the actual default destination to avoid discovery, modify the data before forwarding it (man-in-the-middle attack), or launch a denial-of-service attack by causing some or all of the packets on the network to be dropped.

Defenses

Static ARP entries

The simplest form of certification is the use of static, read-only entries for critical services in the ARP cache of a host. IP address-to-MAC address mappings in the local ARP cache may be statically entered. Hosts don't need to transmit ARP requests where such entries exist.[5] While static entries provide some security against spoofing, they result in maintenance efforts as address mappings for all systems in the network must be generated and distributed. This does not scale on a large network since the mapping has to be set for each pair of machines resulting in n2-n ARP entries that have to be configured when n machines are present; On each machine there must be an ARP entry for every other machine on the network; n-1 ARP entries on each of the n machines.

Detection and prevention software

Software that detects ARP spoofing generally relies on some form of certification or cross-checking of ARP responses. Uncertified ARP responses are then blocked. These techniques may be integrated with the DHCP server so that both dynamic and static IP addresses are certified. This capability may be implemented in individual hosts or may be integrated into Ethernet switches or other network equipment. The existence of multiple IP addresses associated with a single MAC address may indicate an ARP spoof attack, although there are legitimate uses of such a configuration. In a more passive approach a device listens for ARP replies on a network, and sends a notification via email when an ARP entry changes.[6]

AntiARP[7] also provides Windows-based spoofing prevention at the kernel level. ArpStar is a Linux module for kernel 2.6 and Linksys routers that drops invalid packets that violate mapping, and contains an option to repoison or heal.

Some virtualized environments such as KVM also provide security mechanisms to prevent MAC spoofing between guests running on the same host.[8]

Additionally some Ethernet adapters provide MAC and VLAN anti-spoofing features.[9]

OpenBSD watches passively for hosts impersonating the local host and notifies in case of any attempt to overwrite a permanent entry[10]

OS security

Operating systems react differently. Linux ignores unsolicited replies, but, on the other hand, uses responses to requests from other machines to update its cache. Solaris accepts updates on entries only after a timeout. In Microsoft Windows, the behavior of the ARP cache can be configured through several registry entries under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters, ArpCacheLife, ArpCacheMinReferenceLife, ArpUseEtherSNAP, ArpTRSingleRoute, ArpAlwaysSourceRoute, ArpRetryCount.[11]

Legitimate usage

Шаблон:See also The techniques that are used in ARP spoofing can also be used to implement redundancy of network services. For example, some software allows a backup server to issue a gratuitous ARP request in order to take over for a defective server and transparently offer redundancy.[12] [13] Circle[14] and CUJO are two companies that have commercialized products centered around this strategy.

ARP spoofing is often used by developers to debug IP traffic between two hosts when a switch is in use: if host A and host B are communicating through an Ethernet switch, their traffic would normally be invisible to a third monitoring host M. The developer configures A to have M's MAC address for B, and B to have M's MAC address for A; and also configures M to forward packets. M can now monitor the traffic, exactly as in a man-in-the-middle attack.

Tools

Defense

Name OS GUI Free Protection Per interface Active/passive Notes
Agnitum Outpost Firewall Windows Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:No Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:No passive
AntiARP Windows Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:No Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:No active+passive
Antidote[15] Linux Шаблон:No Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:No Шаблон:Dunno passive Linux daemon, monitors mappings, unusually large number of ARP packets.
Arp_Antidote[16] Linux Шаблон:No Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:No Шаблон:Dunno passive Linux Kernel Patch for 2.4.18 – 2.4.20, watches mappings, can define action to take when.
Arpalert Linux Шаблон:No Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:No Шаблон:Yes passive Predefined list of allowed MAC addresses, alert if MAC that is not in list.
ArpON Linux Шаблон:No Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:Yes active+passive Portable handler daemon for securing ARP against spoofing, cache poisoning or poison routing attacks in static, dynamic and hybrid networks.
ArpGuard Mac Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:No Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:Yes active+passive
ArpStar Linux Шаблон:No Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:Dunno passive
Arpwatch Linux Шаблон:No Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:No Шаблон:Yes passive Keep mappings of IP-MAC pairs, report changes via Syslog, Email.
ArpwatchNG Linux Шаблон:No Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:No Шаблон:No passive Keep mappings of IP-MAC pairs, report changes via Syslog, Email.
Colasoft Capsa Windows Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:No Шаблон:No Шаблон:Yes no detection, only analysis with manual inspection
cSploit[17] Android (rooted only) Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:No Шаблон:Yes passive
elmoCut[18] Windows Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:No Шаблон:Dunno passive EyeCandy ARP spoofer for Windows
Prelude IDS Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno ArpSpoof plugin, basic checks on addresses.
Panda Security Windows Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:Dunno Active Performs basic checks on addresses
remarp Linux Шаблон:No Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:No Шаблон:No passive
Snort Windows/Linux Шаблон:No Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:No Шаблон:Yes passive Snort preprocessor Arpspoof, performs basic checks on addresses
Winarpwatch Windows Шаблон:No Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:No Шаблон:No passive Keep mappings of IP-MAC pairs, report changes via Syslog, Email.
XArp[19] Windows, Linux Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:Yes (+pro version) Шаблон:Yes (Linux, pro) Шаблон:Yes active + passive Advanced ARP spoofing detection, active probing and passive checks. Two user interfaces: normal view with predefined security levels, pro view with per-interface configuration of detection modules and active validation. Windows and Linux, GUI-based.
Seconfig XP Windows 2000/XP/2003 only Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:No only activates protection built-in some versions of Windows
zANTI Android (rooted only) Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:No Шаблон:Dunno passive
NetSec Framework Linux Шаблон:No Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:No Шаблон:No active
anti-arpspoof[20] Windows Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:Yes Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno
DefendARP:[21] Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno A host-based ARP table monitoring and defense tool designed for use when connecting to public wifi. DefendARP detects ARP poisoning attacks, corrects the poisoned entry, and identifies the MAC and IP address of the attacker.
NetCutDefender:[22] Windows Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno Шаблон:Dunno GUI for Windows that can protect from ARP attacks

Spoofing

Some of the tools that can be used to carry out ARP spoofing attacks: Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ AntiARP Шаблон:Webarchive
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web, retrieved 2018-02-04
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web, retrieved 2013-01-04
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine, retrieved 2016-10-12
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ anti-arpspoof Шаблон:Webarchive
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 25,2 25,3 25,4 25,5 25,6 25,7 25,8 25,9 Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:ARP_spoofing&oldid=12884779