Английская Википедия:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr

Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam (Шаблон:Lang-ar; May 624Шаблон:SndOctober/November 692) was the leader of a caliphate based in Mecca that rivaled the Umayyads from 683 until his death.

The son of al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and Asma bint Abi Bakr, Ibn al-Zubayr belonged to the Quraysh, the leading tribe of the nascent Muslim community, and was the first child born to the Muhajirun, Islam's earliest converts. As a youth, he participated in the early Muslim conquests alongside his father in Syria and Egypt, and later played a role in the Muslim conquests of North Africa and northern Iran in 647 and 650, respectively. During the First Fitna, he fought on the side of his aunt A'isha against Caliph Ali (Шаблон:Reign). Though little is heard of Ibn al-Zubayr during the subsequent reign of the first Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I (Шаблон:Reign), it was known that he opposed the latter's designation of his son, Yazid I, as his successor. Ibn al-Zubayr, along with many of the Quraysh and the Ansar, the leading Muslim groups of the Hejaz (western Arabia), opposed the caliphate becoming an inheritable institution of the Umayyads.

Ibn al-Zubayr established himself in Mecca where he rallied opposition to Yazid (Шаблон:Reign), before proclaiming himself caliph in the wake of Yazid's death in 683, marking the beginning of the Second Fitna. Meanwhile, Yazid's son and successor Mu'awiya II died weeks into his reign, precipitating the collapse of Umayyad authority across the Caliphate, most of whose provinces subsequently accepted the suzerainty of Ibn al-Zubayr. Though widely recognized as caliph, his authority was largely nominal outside of the Hejaz. By 685, the Umayyad Caliphate had been reconstituted under Marwan I in Syria and Egypt, while Zubayrid authority was being challenged in Iraq and Arabia by pro-Alid and Kharijite forces. Ibn al-Zubayr's brother Mus'ab reasserted Ibn al-Zubayr's suzerainty in Iraq by 687, but was defeated and killed by Marwan's successor Abd al-Malik in 691. The Umayyad commander al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf proceeded to besiege Ibn al-Zubayr in his Meccan stronghold, where he was ultimately slain in 692.

Through the prestige of his family ties and social links with the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his strong association with the holy city of Mecca, Ibn al-Zubayr was able to lead the influential, disaffected Muslim factions opposed to Umayyad rule. He sought to re-establish the Hejaz as the political center of the Caliphate. However, his refusal to leave Mecca precluded him from exercising power in the more populous provinces where he depended on his brother Mus'ab and other loyalists, who ruled with virtual independence. He thus played a minor active role in the struggle carried out in his name.

Early life and career

Family

Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr was born in Medina in the Hejaz (western Arabia) in May 624.Шаблон:Sfn He was the eldest son of al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, a companion of Muhammad and a leading Muslim figure.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn He belonged to the Banu Asad clan of the Quraysh,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn the dominant tribe of Mecca, a trade center in the Hejaz and location of the Kaaba, the holiest sanctuary in Islam. Ibn al-Zubayr's paternal grandmother was Safiyya bint Abd al-Muttalib, the paternal aunt of Muhammad,Шаблон:Sfn and his mother was Asma bint Abi Bakr, a daughter of the first caliph, Abu Bakr (Шаблон:Reign), and sister of A'isha, a wife of Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn According to the ninth-century historians Ibn Habib and Ibn Qutayba, Ibn al-Zubayr was the first child born to the Muhajirun, the earliest converts to Islam who had been exiled from Mecca to Medina.Шаблон:Sfn These early social, kinship and religious links to Muhammad, his family and the first Muslims all boosted Ibn al-Zubayr's reputation in adulthood.Шаблон:Sfn

Ibn al-Zubayr had a number of wives and children. His first wife was Tumadir bint Manzur ibn Zabban ibn Sayyar ibn Amr of the Banu Fazara.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn She gave birth to his eldest son Khubayb, hence Ibn al-Zubayr's Шаблон:Transliteration (epithet) "Abu Khubayb", and other sons Hamza, Abbad, al-Zubayr and Thabit.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn She or another of Ibn al-Zubayr's wives, Umm al-Hasan Nafisa, a daughter of Hasan, son of the fourth caliph Ali (Шаблон:Reign) and grandson of Muhammad, bore his daughter Ruqayya.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Tumadir's sister Zajla was at one point married to Ibn al-Zubayr.Шаблон:Sfn He was also married to A'isha, a daughter of the third caliph Uthman (Шаблон:Reign).Шаблон:Sfn A'isha or Nafisa mothered Ibn al-Zubayr's son Bakr,Шаблон:Sfn of whom little is reported in the traditional sources.Шаблон:Sfn Ibn al-Zubayr divorced A'isha following the birth of their son.Шаблон:Sfn From another wife, Hantama bint Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Harith ibn Hisham, Ibn al-Zubayr had his son Amir.Шаблон:Sfn

Military career

As a child, during the reign of Caliph Umar (Шаблон:Reign) in 636, Ibn al-Zubayr may have been present with his father at the Battle of the Yarmuk against the Byzantines in Syria.Шаблон:Sfn He was also present with his father in Amr ibn al-As's campaign against Byzantine Egypt in 640.Шаблон:Sfn In 647, Ibn al-Zubayr distinguished himself in the Muslim conquest of Ifriqiya (North Africa) under the commander Abd Allah ibn Sa'd.Шаблон:Sfn During that campaign, Ibn al-Zubayr discovered a vulnerable point in the battle lines of the Byzantine defenders and slew their patrician, Gregory.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn He was lauded by Caliph Uthman and issued a victory speech, well known for its eloquence, upon his return to Medina.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Later, he joined Sa'id ibn al-As in the latter's offensive in northern Iran in 650.Шаблон:Sfn

Uthman appointed Ibn al-Zubayr to the commission charged with the recension of the Qur'an.Шаблон:Sfn During the rebel siege of Uthman's house in June 656, the caliph put Ibn al-Zubayr in charge of his defense and he was reportedly wounded in the fighting.Шаблон:Sfn In the aftermath of Uthman's assassination, Ibn al-Zubayr fought alongside his father and his aunt A'isha against the partisans of Uthman's successor, Caliph Ali, at the Battle of the Camel in Basra in December.Шаблон:Sfn Al-Zubayr was killed, while Ibn al-Zubayr was wounded sparring with one of Ali's commanders, Malik ibn al-Harith.Шаблон:Sfn Ali was victorious and Ibn al-Zubayr returned with A'isha to Medina, later taking part in the arbitration to end the First Fitna (Muslim civil war) in Adhruh or Dumat al-Jandal.Шаблон:Sfn During the talks, he counseled Abd Allah ibn Umar to pay for the support of Amr ibn al-As.Шаблон:Sfn Ibn al-Zubayr inherited a significant fortune from his father.Шаблон:Sfn

Revolt

Opposition to the Umayyads

Файл:Kaba.jpg

The Kaaba in 1882. Throughout his revolt, Ibn al-Zubayr used the sanctuary as his base of operations and it was twice besieged, in 683 and 692. He rebuilt it following severe damage during the first siege, but his changes were later reversed.

Ibn al-Zubayr did not oppose Mu'awiya I's accession to the caliphate in 661 and remained largely inactive during the course of his reign.Шаблон:Sfn However, he refused to recognize Mu'awiya's nomination of his son Yazid I as his successor in 676.Шаблон:Sfn When Yazid acceded following his father's death in 680, Ibn al-Zubayr again rejected his legitimacy, despite Yazid having the backing of the Arab tribesmen of Syria who formed the core of the Umayyad military.Шаблон:Sfn In response, Yazid charged al-Walid ibn Utba ibn Abi Sufyan, the governor of Medina, with gaining Ibn al-Zubayr's submission,Шаблон:Sfn but he evaded the authorities and escaped to Mecca.Шаблон:Sfn He was joined there by Ali's son Husayn, who too had refused submission to Yazid. Husayn and his supporters made a stand against the Umayyads in Karbala in 680, but were killed and Husayn was slain.Шаблон:Sfn

Following Husayn's death, Ibn al-Zubayr began clandestinely recruiting supporters.Шаблон:Sfn By September 683, he had taken control of Mecca.Шаблон:Sfn He referred to himself as Шаблон:Transliteration (the fugitive at the sanctuary, viz., the Kaaba), adopted the slogan Шаблон:Transliteration (judgement belongs to God alone), but made no claim to the caliphate.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Yazid ordered the governor of Medina, Amr ibn Sa'id ibn al-As, to arrest Ibn al-Zubayr.Шаблон:Sfn The governor, in turn, instructed Ibn al-Zubayr's estranged brother, the head of Medina's Шаблон:Transliteration (security forces), Amr, to lead the expedition.Шаблон:Sfn However, the Umayyad force was ambushed and Amr was captured and subsequently killed while in captivity.Шаблон:Sfn Ibn al-Zubayr declared the illegitimacy of Yazid's caliphate and allied himself with the Ansar of Medina, led by Abd Allah ibn Hanzala, who had withdrawn support for Yazid due to his supposed improprieties.Шаблон:Sfn Ibn al-Zubayr also gained the support of the Kharijite movement in Basra and Bahrayn (eastern Arabia);Шаблон:Sfn the Kharijites were early opponents of the Umayyads who had defected from Caliph Ali because of his participation in the 657 arbitration.

In response to growing opposition throughout Arabia, Yazid dispatched a Syrian Arab expeditionary force led by Muslim ibn Uqba to suppress Ibn al-Zubayr and the Ansar.Шаблон:Sfn The Ansar were routed at the Battle of al-Harra in the summer of 683, and Ibn Hanzala was slain.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The army continued toward Mecca, but Ibn Uqba died en route and command passed to his deputy Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni.Шаблон:Sfn The latter besieged the city on 24 September after Ibn al-Zubayr refused to surrender.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The Kaaba was severely damaged during al-Sakuni's bombardment.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn During the siege, two potential Qurashi candidates for the caliphate, Mus'ab ibn Abd al-Rahman and al-Miswar ibn Makhrama, were killed or died of natural causes.Шаблон:Sfn In November, news of Yazid's death prompted al-Sakuni to negotiate with Ibn al-Zubayr.Шаблон:Sfn Al-Sakuni proposed to recognize him as caliph on the condition that he would rule from Syria, the center of the Umayyad military and administration.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Ibn al-Zubayr rejected this and the army withdrew to Syria, leaving him in control of Mecca.Шаблон:Sfn

Claim to the caliphate

Файл:Approximate map of areas under Ibn al-Zubayr's control after the death of Muawiya II.png

Map of the Caliphate Шаблон:Circa, during the Second Muslim Civil War. Ibn al-Zubayr's sovereignty as caliph was recognized in the Hejaz, Yemen, Egypt, Iraq and the districts of Fars and Kerman (areas shaded in green)

Yazid's death and the subsequent withdrawal of the Umayyad army from the Hejaz afforded Ibn al-Zubayr the opportunity to realize his aspirations for the caliphate.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn He immediately declared himself Шаблон:Transliteration (commander of the faithful), a title traditionally reserved for the caliph, and called for all Muslims to give him their oaths of allegiance.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn With the other potential Hejazi candidates dead, Ibn al-Zubayr remained the last contender for the caliphate among the anti-Umayyad factions in Mecca and Medina and most of these groups recognized him as their leader.Шаблон:Sfn An exception were the Banu Hashim clan to which Muhammad and the Alids belonged and whose support Ibn al-Zubayr deemed important for his own legitimacy as caliph.Шаблон:Sfn The leading representatives of the clan in the Hejaz, Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, the half-brother of Husayn ibn Ali, and their cousin Abd Allah ibn Abbas, withheld their oaths citing the need for a stronger consensus in the wider Muslim community.Шаблон:Sfn Irritated, Ibn al-Zubayr besieged the clan's neighborhood in Mecca and imprisoned Ibn al-Hanafiyya to pressure the Banu Hashim.Шаблон:Sfn Meanwhile, the Kharijites under Najda ibn Amir al-Hanafi in the Yamama (central Arabia) abandoned Ibn al-Zubayr once he forwarded his claim to the caliphate, an institution they rejected, and Ibn al-Zubayr refused to embrace their doctrine.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

In the Umayyad capital Damascus, Yazid was succeeded by his young son Mu'awiya II, but Mu'awiya II wielded virtually no authority and died from illness only months after his accession.Шаблон:Sfn This left a leadership void in Syria as there were no suitable successors among Mu'awiya I's Sufyanid house.Шаблон:Sfn In the ensuing chaos, Umayyad authority collapsed across the caliphate and Ibn al-Zubayr gained wide recognition.Шаблон:Sfn Most of the Islamic provinces offered their allegiance, including Egypt, Kufa, Yemen and the Qaysi tribes of northern Syria.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Likewise, in Khurasan, the de facto governor Abd Allah ibn Khazim al-Sulami offered his recognition.Шаблон:Sfn Ibn al-Zubayr appointed his brother Mus'ab as governor of Basra and its dependencies.Шаблон:Sfn In a testament to the extent of Ibn al-Zubayr's sovereignty, coins were minted in his name as far as the districts of Kerman and Fars in modern-day Iran; both were dependencies of Basra at that time.Шаблон:Sfn Nonetheless, his authority outside of the Hejaz was largely nominal.Шаблон:Sfn

Most of the Arab tribes in central and southern Syria remained loyal to the Umayyads and selected the non-Sufyanid Marwan ibn al-Hakam from Medina to succeed Mu'awiya II.Шаблон:Sfn The proclamation of Marwan as caliph in Damascus marked a turning point for Ibn al-Zubayr.Шаблон:Sfn Marwan's partisans, led by Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, decisively defeated the pro-Zubayrid Qaysi tribes, led by al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri, at the Battle of Marj Rahit in July 684.Шаблон:Sfn The surviving Qaysi tribesmen fled to the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) under the leadership of Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi, who maintained his recognition of Ibn al-Zubayr's suzerainty.Шаблон:Sfn However, in March 685, Ibn al-Zubayr lost the economically important province of Egypt to Marwan.Шаблон:Sfn

Meanwhile, negotiations collapsed between Ibn al-Zubayr and the Kufan strongman al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi, who afterward took up the cause of the Alid family.Шаблон:Sfn He declared Ibn al-Hanafiyya caliph and, unprecedented in Islamic history, the Mahdi.Шаблон:Sfn Al-Mukhtar's partisans drove out the Zubayrid authorities from Kufa in October 685.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Al-Mukhtar later dispatched a Kufan force to the Hejaz and freed Ibn al-Hanafiyya.Шаблон:Sfn Mus'ab's authority in Basra and Khurasan was also beginning to waver, but was ultimately secured after he gained the backing of the powerful Azdi chieftain and military leader of Khurasan, al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra.Шаблон:Sfn Mus'ab also gained the defections of thousands of Kufan tribesmen and together they defeated and killed al-Mukhtar in April 687.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Ibn al-Zubayr subsequently dismissed Mus'ab from office in 686/87 and appointed his own son Hamza as governor of Basra.Шаблон:Sfn The latter dispatched a force under Abd Allah ibn Umayr al-Laythi to drive out the Najdiyya Kharijites from Bahrayn after they overran the province, but the Zubayrids were repulsed.Шаблон:Sfn Hamza proved incompetent in his administration of Iraq and, following his failure to deliver the provincial revenues to the state treasury in Mecca, he was dismissed and allegedly imprisoned by his father.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Mus'ab was reinstated shortly after, in 687/688.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn By that time, the Najdiyya Kharijites conquered Yemen and Hadhramaut, while in 689, they occupied Ta'if, Mecca's southern neighbour.Шаблон:Sfn

Suppression and death

The defeat of al-Mukhtar, who had opposed the Zubayrids and the Umayyads, left Ibn al-Zubayr and Marwan's son and successor Abd al-Malik (Шаблон:Reign) as the two main contenders for the caliphate.Шаблон:Sfn However, Kharijite gains in Arabia had isolated Ibn al-Zubayr in the Hejaz, cutting him off from loyalists in other parts of the caliphate.Шаблон:Sfn In 691, Abd al-Malik secured the support of Zufar and the Qays of Jazira, removing the principal obstacle between his Syrian army and Zubayrid Iraq.Шаблон:Sfn Later that year, his forces conquered Iraq and killed Mus'ab in the Battle of Maskin.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Al-Muhallab, who was leading the fight against the Kharijites in Fars and Ahwaz, subsequently switched his allegiance to Abd al-Malik.Шаблон:Sfn

After asserting Umayyad authority in Iraq, Abd al-Malik dispatched one of his commanders, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, to subdue Ibn al-Zubayr.Шаблон:Sfn Al-Hajjaj besieged and bombarded Mecca for six months, by which point, most of Ibn al-Zubayr's partisans and his sons Khubayb and Hamza surrendered upon offers of pardons.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Ibn al-Zubayr remained defiant and, acting on his mother's counsel, entered the battlefield where he was ultimately slain on 3 October or 4 November 692.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

In an anecdote recorded by 9th-century historian al-Tabari, when al-Hajjaj and his lieutenant commander, Tariq ibn Amr, stood over Ibn al-Zubayr's body, Tariq said of the latter: "Women have borne none manlier than he ... He had no defensive trench, no fortress, no stronghold; yet he held his own against us an equal, and even got the better of us whenever we met with him".Шаблон:Sfn Al-Hajjaj posted Ibn al-Zubayr's body on a gibbet where it remained until Abd al-Malik allowed Ibn al-Zubayr's mother to retrieve it.Шаблон:Sfn His body was subsequently buried in the house of his paternal grandmother Safiyya in Medina.Шаблон:Sfn The Umayyad victory and Ibn al-Zubayr's death marked the end of the Second Fitna.Шаблон:Sfn

Descendants

Following his victory, Abd al-Malik confiscated the estates of Ibn al-Zubayr in Medina and elsewhere in the Hejaz.Шаблон:Sfn The caliph later restored some of the properties to Ibn al-Zubayr's sons after a request by Thabit.Шаблон:Sfn His eldest son, Khubayb, was flogged to death in Medina by its governor Umar II during the reign of Caliph al-Walid I (Шаблон:Reign).Шаблон:Sfn Thabit, meanwhile, had gained particular favor from al-Walid's successor, Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik (Шаблон:Reign), who agreed to return the remainder of the confiscated estates to Ibn al-Zubayr's sons.Шаблон:Sfn Under the Abbasid caliphs al-Mahdi (Шаблон:Reign) and Harun al-Rashid (Шаблон:Reign), several descendants of Ibn al-Zubayr attained senior administrative posts, including his great-grandson Abd Allah ibn Mus'ab and the latter's son Bakkar ibn Abd Allah, who successively served as governors of Medina.Шаблон:Sfn

Assessment

Ibn al-Zubayr adamantly opposed the caliphate becoming an Umayyad inheritance.Шаблон:Sfn Instead, he advocated that the caliph should be chosen by Шаблон:Transliteration (consultation) among the Quraysh as a whole.Шаблон:Sfn The Quraysh opposed the monopolization of power by the Banu Umayya and insisted power be distributed among all the Qurayshi clans.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn However, other than this conviction, Ibn al-Zubayr did not sponsor any religious doctrine or political program, unlike the contemporary Alid and Kharijite movements.Шаблон:Sfn By the time he made his claim to the caliphate, he had emerged as the leader of the disaffected Quraysh.Шаблон:Sfn According to historian H. A. R. Gibb, Qurayshi resentment towards the Banu Umayya is evident as an underlying theme in the Islamic traditions about Ibn al-Zubayr's conflict with the Umayyads and Ibn al-Zubayr was the "principal representative" of the second generation of the Hejaz's elite Muslim families who chafed at the "gulf of power" between them and the ruling Umayyad house.Шаблон:Sfn Though Gibb describes Ibn al-Zubayr as "brave, but fundamentally self-seeking and self-indulgent", the hostility to the Umayyads in traditional Muslim sources led to a general description of him as a "model of piety".Шаблон:Sfn Nonetheless, a number of Muslim sources condemned him as jealous and harsh and particularly criticized the fatal abuse of his brother Amr and his imprisonment of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya.Шаблон:Sfn

Ibn al-Zubayr rallied opposition to the Umayyads in the Hejaz through his base in Mecca, Islam's holiest city, and his prestige as a first-generation Muslim with family ties to Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn He aimed to restore the Hejaz to its former political prominence;Шаблон:Sfn after the assassination of Uthman, the region's position as the political center of the Caliphate had been lost first to Kufa under Ali and then to Damascus under Mu'awiya I.Шаблон:Sfn To that end, Ibn al-Zubayr developed a strong association with Mecca and its Ka'aba,Шаблон:Sfn which, combined with his control of Islam's second holiest city of Medina, furthered his prestige and gave his caliphate a holy character.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Ibn al-Zubayr rejected the offer of support from the caliphate's Syria-based army partly because it would have obliged him to relocate to Damascus.Шаблон:Sfn Other cities were available to him, but Ibn al-Zubayr opted to remain in Mecca,Шаблон:Sfn from which he issued directives to his supporters elsewhere in the Caliphate.Шаблон:Sfn This restricted him from exercising direct influence in the larger, more populated provinces, particularly Iraq, where his more worldly brother ruled with practical independence.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn In Arabia, Ibn al-Zubayr's power had been largely confined to the Hejaz with the Kharijite leader Najda holding more influence in the greater part of the peninsula.Шаблон:Sfn Thus, Ibn al-Zubayr had virtually rendered himself a background figure in the movement that was launched in his name; in the words of historian Julius Wellhausen, "the struggle turned round him nominally, but he took no part in it and it was decided without him".Шаблон:Sfn

During his rule, Ibn al-Zubayr made significant alterations to the Ka'aba's structure, claiming that the changes were in line with the authority of Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn He called himself the "fugitive at the sanctuary [Ka'aba]" while his Umayyad detractors referred to him as "the evil-doer at Mecca".Шаблон:Sfn

Timeline of the two caliphates

Three Umayyad caliphs reigned during the twelve years of Ibn al-Zubayr's caliphate between 680 and 692. The short terms indicated in the upper plot in light blue and yellow correspond to the tenures of Mu'awiya II and Marwan I, respectively. (Note that a caliph's succession does not necessarily occur on the first day of the new year.)

<timeline> ImageSize = width:700 height:60 PlotArea = width:680 height:30 left:10 bottom:20

Colors =

id:yellow value:rgb(0.7,0.7,1) # light yellow
id:red value:rgb(1,0.7,0.7) # light red
id:green value:rgb(0.7,1,0.7) # light green
id:blue value:rgb(1,1,0.7) # light blue
id:cyan value:rgb(0.7,1,1) # light blue
id:purple value:rgb(1,0.7,1) # light purple
id:grey value:gray(0.8) # grey

Period = from:683 till:705 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:683 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:683

BarData=

bar:barre1

PlotData=

align:center textcolor:black fontsize:8 mark:(line,black) shift:(0,-5)
bar:barre1
from: 683 till: 684 color:yellow 
from: 684 till: 685 color:blue 
from: 685 till: 705 color:red text:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan

</timeline>

<timeline> ImageSize = width:700 height:60 PlotArea = width:680 height:30 left:10 bottom:20

Colors =

id:yellow value:rgb(0.7,0.7,1) # light yellow
id:red value:rgb(1,0.7,0.7) # light red
id:green value:rgb(0.7,1,0.7) # light green
id:blue value:rgb(1,1,0.7) # light blue
id:cyan value:rgb(0.7,1,1) # light blue
id:purple value:rgb(1,0.7,1) # light purple
id:grey value:gray(0.8) # grey

Period = from:683 till:705 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:683 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:683

BarData=

bar:barre1

PlotData=

align:center textcolor:black fontsize:8 mark:(line,black) shift:(0,-5)
bar:barre1
from: 683 till: 692 color:green text:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr

</timeline>

Ancestry

Шаблон:Ahnentafel

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

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