Английская Википедия:Accession of Montenegro to the European Union

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox EU accession bid Шаблон:Politics of Montenegro Accession of Montenegro to the European Union is on the agenda for future enlargement of the EU.

Shortly after voting for independence from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro in a referendum in 2006, Montenegro began the process of accession to the European Union by agreeing to a Stabilisation and Association Agreement with the EU, which officially came into force on 1 May 2010.

Montenegro officially applied to join the EU on 15 December 2008, and membership negotiations began on 29 June 2012. With all the negotiating chapters opened, the country enjoys a widespread support among EU members' officials, and accession of the country to the EU is considered possible by 2025,^[1] though as of November 2023 30 out of 33 chapters still remain to be closed. It is one of nine current EU candidate countries, together with Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Moldova, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine.

History

Note: This section covers the relationship between Montenegro and the EU since Montenegro's potential candidate status was granted. Шаблон:Main

Файл:Visit of Milo Đukanović, President of Montenegro, to the EC.jpg

President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker with Montenegrin President Milo Đukanović in Brussels, Belgium on 5 June 2018

Identification

Montenegro was granted potential candidate status in December 2002, when it was still in a union with Serbia. The country's European Perspective was recognized by the EU in June 2006 at the Thessaloniki Summit.

Recommendation

The European Commission recommended Montenegro as candidate country on 9 November 2010.

Candidacy

Montenegro officially was granted candidate status on 17 December 2010.^[2]

Membership application

Montenegro officially applied to join the EU on 15 December 2008.^[3]

Questionnaire

On 23 April 2009, the Council invited the European Commission to submit its opinion on the application. The Commission presented Montenegro with a questionnaire to assess its application on 22 July 2009.^[4] On 9 December 2009, Montenegro delivered its answers to the EC questionnaire.^[5] In 2010, the Commission issued a favourable opinion on Montenegro's application, identifying seven key priorities that would need to be addressed for negotiations to begin.

Treaties

Stabilisation and Association Agreement

The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro started the process of Accession to the European Union in November 2005, when negotiations over a Stabilisation and Association Agreement began. Such agreements were concluded by the EU with states that have expressed a wish to become members. In exchange for commitments to political, economic, trade, or human rights reform in the country, it may be offered tariff-free access to some or all EU markets (industrial goods, agricultural products, etc.), and financial or technical assistance. In May 2006, Montenegro voted for independence in a referendum and the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro was dissolved. Serbia continued with the existing SAA negotiations, and separate negotiations were launched with Montenegro in September 2006.^[6]^[7]^[8] The Agreement was initialled on 15 March 2007, and officially signed on 15 October 2007. After all the 27 member-states of EU had ratified the SAA, it came into force on 1 May 2010.^[9]^[10]

Status of SAA ratification
Шаблон:Stabilisation and Association Process

EU programs and organisations

Eastern Partnership: 22 January 2007
Energy Community: joined 15 December 2006
European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity:
Southeast Europe Transport Community: since establishment in 2017

Public opinion

Montenegro's population is overwhelmingly pro-EU, with 76.2% being in favour according to polling and only 9.8% against, in October 2009.^[11]

As of May 2023, the support of the citizens of Montenegro for the country's membership in the European Union reached a record high level of 79.3%, according to a survey commissioned by the EU Delegation to Montenegro. 75.9% of citizens believe that Montenegro will become a member of the EU. Over 90% of citizens would vote in the referendum, and 81.1% of those voting would support Montenegro's membership in the EU.^[12]

Negotiations

In December 2011, the Council agreed to launch the accession process, with negotiations beginning on 29 June 2012.

With all the negotiating chapters opened, the country enjoys a widespread support among EU members' officials, and accession of the country to the EU is considered possible by 2025.^[13] In its 2016 assessment of the accession progress, European Commission has identified Montenegro as having the highest level of preparation for membership among the negotiating states. Until 2020, Montenegro had received €507 million of developmental aid from the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance, a funding mechanism for EU candidate countries.

Montenegro is experiencing ecological, judicial and crime-related problems that may hinder its bid.^[14] Montenegro signed an agreement with the Bulgarian government in December 2007 in which Bulgaria will assist Montenegro with its Euro-Atlantic and EU integration for the following three years.^[15] To work on these matters the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Montenegro has a special agency dedicated to accession to the EU, the Office for assistance to the Chief Negotiator. The goal of the office is to support the task of the Chief Negotiator for Montenegro's Accession to EU, Zorka Kordić. On 27 July 2010, the Parliament passed a non-discrimination law that includes sexual orientation and gender identity as prohibited grounds of discrimination. This was one of the requirements the country had to meet for EU membership.^[16]

There are currently thirty chapters opened, three chapters that have been provisionally closed, and two chapters in which there is nothing to adopt.

Clusters of negotiating chapters^[17]
Clusters	Acquis Chapter	State of Play	Cluster Opened	Cluster Closed
Overview	Overview	33 out of 33	6 out of 6	0 out of 6
Fundamentals	23. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights	Opened	Opened	–
	24. Justice, Freedom & Security	Opened
	Economic criteria	–
	Functioning of democratic institutions	–
	Public administration reform	–
	5. Public Procurement	Opened
	18. Statistics	Opened
	32. Financial Control	Opened
Internal Market	1. Free Movement of Goods	Opened	Opened	–
	2. Freedom of Movement For Workers	Opened
	3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services	Opened
	4. Free Movement of Capital	Opened
	6. Company Law	Opened
	7. Intellectual Property Law	Opened
	8. Competition Policy	Opened
	9. Financial Services	Opened
	28. Consumer & Health Protection	Opened
Competitiveness and inclusive growth	10. Information Society & Media	Opened	Opened	–
	16. Taxation	Opened
	17. Economic & Monetary Policy	Opened
	19. Social Policy & Employment	Opened
	20. Enterprise & Industrial Policy	Opened
	25. Science & Research	Closed
	26. Education & Culture	Closed
	29. Customs Union	Opened
Green agenda and sustainable connectivity	14. Transport Policy	Opened	Opened	–
	15. Energy	Opened
	21. Trans-European Networks	Opened
	27. Environment	Opened
Resources, agriculture and cohesion	11. Agriculture & Rural Development	Opened	Opened	–
	12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy	Opened
	13. Fisheries	Opened
	22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments	Opened
	33. Financial & Budgetary Provisions	Opened
External relations	30. External Relations	Closed	Opened	–
External relations	31. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy	Opened	Opened	–
	34. Institutions	–	–	–
	35. Other Issues	–	–	–

Chapter and Screening Dates
Progression	33 / 33Шаблон:Progression	33 / 33Шаблон:Progression	33 / 33Шаблон:Progression	3 / 33Шаблон:Progression
Acquis chapter	Screening started	Screening completed	Chapter opened	Chapter closed
Overview	33 out of 33	33 out of 33	33 out of 33^[18]	3 out of 33^[18]
1. Free Movement of Goods	2013-01-14	2013-03-06	2017-06-20	–
2. Freedom of Movement For Workers	2013-05-13	2013-06-07	2017-12-11^[19]	–
3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services	2012-10-23	2012-11-30	2017-12-11^[19]	–
4. Free Movement of Capital	2013-01-18	2013-02-21	2014-06-24^[20]	–
5. Public Procurement	2012-09-27	2012-11-19	2013-12-18	–
6. Company Law	2012-10-02	2012-11-22	2013-12-18	–
7. Intellectual Property Law	2012-10-11	2012-11-21	2014-03-31	–
8. Competition Policy	2012-10-03	2012-12-04	2020-06-30	–
9. Financial Services	2013-04-17	2013-06-11	2015-06-22^[21]	–
10. Information Society & Media	2012-12-06	2013-01-22	2014-03-31	–
11. Agriculture & Rural Development	2012-11-06	2012-12-13	2016-12-13	–
12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy	2012-10-15	2013-02-01	2016-06-30	–
13. Fisheries	2013-03-14	2013-06-06	2016-06-30	–
14. Transport Policy	2013-04-22	2013-05-30	2015-12-21	–
15. Energy	2013-02-27	2013-04-11	2015-12-21	–
16. Taxation	2013-04-08	2013-04-30	2015-03-30	–
17. Economic & Monetary Policy	2013-01-10	2013-02-26	2018-06-25	–
18. Statistics	2013-06-03	2013-06-25	2014-12-16^[22]	–
19. Social Policy & Employment	2013-01-23	2013-03-13	2016-12-13	–
20. Enterprise & Industrial Policy	2012-10-25	2012-11-28	2013-12-18	–
21. Trans-European Networks	2013-04-22	2013-05-30	2015-06-22^[21]	–
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments	2012-11-14	2012-12-18	2017-06-20	–
23. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights	2012-03-26^[23]	2012-05-31	2013-12-18	–
24. Justice, Freedom & Security	2012-03-28^[23]	2012-05-25	2013-12-18	–
25. Science & Research	2012-09-24	2012-09-25	2012-12-18	2012-12-18^[24]
26. Education & Culture	2012-09-26	2012-11-16	2013-04-15	2013-04-15^[25]
27. Environment & Climate Change	2013-02-04	2013-03-22	2018-12-10^[26]	–
28. Consumer & Health Protection	2013-02-19	2013-04-16	2014-12-16^[22]	–
29. Customs Union	2013-05-23	2013-06-21	2014-12-16^[22]	–
30. External Relations	2013-05-14	2013-06-12	2015-03-30	2017-06-20
31. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy	2013-05-17	2013-06-27	2014-06-24^[20]	–
32. Financial Control	2013-05-16	2013-06-19	2014-06-24^[20]	–
33. Financial & Budgetary Provisions	2013-05-15	2013-06-26	2014-12-16^[22]	–
34. Institutions	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
35. Other Issues	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

Report History
Acquis chapter	October 2011^[27]	October 2012^[28]	October 2013^[29]	October 2014^[30]	November 2015^[31]	November 2016^[32]	April 2018^[33]	May 2019^[34]	October 2020^[35]	October 2021^[36]	October 2022^[37]	November 2023^[38]
1. Free Movement of Goods	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
2. Freedom of Movement For Workers	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
3. Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide Services	Further efforts needed	Moderately prepared	Considerable efforts needed	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
4. Free Movement of Capital	Some level of preparation	Further efforts needed	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
5. Public Procurement	Further efforts needed	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Good level of preparation^{Шаблон:Dagger}	Good level of preparation^{Шаблон:Dagger}
6. Company Law	Further efforts needed	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation
7. Intellectual Property Law	Further efforts needed	Moderately prepared	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation
8. Competition Policy	Further efforts needed	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
9. Financial Services	Further efforts needed	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
10. Information Society & Media	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Further efforts needed	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
11. Agriculture & Rural Development	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage	Some level of preparation	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
12. Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage	Some level of preparation	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
13. Fisheries	Further efforts needed	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
14. Transport Policy	Further efforts needed	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation^{Шаблон:Dagger}	Good level of preparation^{Шаблон:Dagger}	Good level of preparation^{Шаблон:Dagger}	Good level of preparation^{Шаблон:Dagger}
15. Energy	Moderately prepared	Early stage	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation
16. Taxation	Further efforts needed	Early stage	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
17. Economic & Monetary Policy	Considerable efforts needed	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
18. Statistics	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
19. Social Policy & Employment	Early stage	Considerable efforts needed	Further efforts needed	Early stage	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
20. Enterprise & Industrial Policy	Considerable efforts needed	Further efforts needed	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Good level of preparation^{Шаблон:Dagger}	Good level of preparation^{Шаблон:Dagger}	Good level of preparation^{Шаблон:Dagger}	Good level of preparation^{Шаблон:Dagger}
21. Trans-European Networks	Further efforts needed	Early stage	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Good level of preparation^{Шаблон:Dagger}	Good level of preparation^{Шаблон:Dagger}	Good level of preparation^{Шаблон:Dagger}	Good level of preparation^{Шаблон:Dagger}
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments	Early stage	Considerable efforts needed	Early stage	Early stage	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
23. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights	Further efforts needed	Moderately prepared	Further efforts needed	Further efforts needed	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
24. Justice, Freedom & Security	Further efforts needed	Moderately prepared	Further efforts needed	Early stage	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
25. Science & Research	Moderately prepared	Further efforts needed	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation
26. Education & Culture	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation
27. Environment & Climate Change	Considerable efforts needed	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
28. Consumer & Health Protection	Further efforts needed	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	No major difficulties expected	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
29. Customs Union	Further efforts needed	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
30. External Relations	Further efforts needed	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	No major difficulties expected	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation
31. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy	Further efforts needed	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	No major difficulties expected	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation	Good level of preparation
32. Financial Control	Some level of preparation	Early stage	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared	Moderately prepared
33. Financial & Budgetary Provisions	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage	Early stage	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation	Some level of preparation
34. Institutions	Nothing to adopt	Nothing to adopt	Nothing to adopt	Nothing to adopt	Nothing to adopt	Nothing to adopt	Nothing to adopt	Nothing to adopt	Nothing to adopt	Nothing to adopt	Nothing to adopt	Nothing to adopt
35. Other Issues	Nothing to adopt	Nothing to adopt	Nothing to adopt	Nothing to adopt	Nothing to adopt	Nothing to adopt	Nothing to adopt	Nothing to adopt	Nothing to adopt	Nothing to adopt	Nothing to adopt	Nothing to adopt
Legend: Chapters in bold indicate completed chapters. ^{Шаблон:Dagger} indicates chapters in which the European Commission has simultaneously awarded the chapter both "moderately prepared" AND "good level of preparation". Шаблон:Legend-inline Шаблон:Legend-inline Шаблон:Legend-inline Шаблон:Legend-inline Шаблон:Legend-inline Шаблон:Legend-inline Шаблон:Legend-inline Шаблон:Legend-inline Шаблон:Legend-inline

Economy

Developmental Aid

Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance

IPA I
€236 M
(2007-2013)

IPA II
€271 M
(2014-2020)

IPA III
c. €300 M
(2021-2027)

Unilateral euro adoption

Шаблон:Main Montenegro has no currency of its own. As a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia following World War II, and later of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Montenegro used the Yugoslav dinar as its official currency. In November 1999, the government of Montenegro unilaterally designated the Deutsche Mark as its co-official currency with the dinar, and on 1 January 2001 the dinar officially ceased to be a legal tender in Montenegro.^[39]^[40] When the euro was introduced and the Deutsche Mark yielded in 2002, Montenegro followed suit and began using the euro as well, with no objection from the European Central Bank (ECB).^[41]^[42]

The European Commission and the ECB have since voiced their discontent over Montenegro's unilateral use of the euro on several occasions.^[43] A statement attached to their Stabilisation and Association Agreement with the EU read: "unilateral introduction of the euro was not compatible with the Treaty."^[44] The EU insists on the strict adherence to convergence criteria (such as spending at least 2 years in the ERMII system) which are not negotiable before euro adoption, but have not intervened to stop the unilateral adoption of the euro by Montenegro in 2002.^[43]^[45] The issue is expected to be resolved through the negotiations process.^[43] The ECB has stated that the implications of unilateral euro adoption "would be spelled out at the latest in the event of possible negotiations on EU accession."^[44]

Diplomats have suggested that it's unlikely Montenegro will be forced to withdraw the euro from circulation in their country.^[41]^[44] Radoje Žugić, Montenegro's Minister of Finance, has stated that "it would be extremely economically irrational to return to our own currency and then later to again go back to the euro."^[46] Instead, he hopes that Montenegro will be permitted to keep the euro and has promised "the government of Montenegro, will adopt some certain elements, which should fulfil the conditions for further use of the euro; such as adopting fiscal rules."^[46]

Travel

Schengen Visa liberalisation process

On 1 January 2008, the visa facilitation and readmission agreements between Montenegro and the EU entered into force.^[47] Montenegro was added to the list of visa exempt nationals on 19 December 2009, allowing their citizens to enter the Schengen Area, Bulgaria, Cyprus and Romania without a visa when traveling with biometric passports.^[48] The visa liberalisation process does not include travels to Ireland which, with the United Kingdom which left the EU during Montenegro's accession process, operate the Common Travel Area for visas outside of the Schengen Area.^[49]

From January 2024 citizens of Montenegro will be required to register on the EU's ETIAS before entering the Schengen area.^[50]

Montenegro's foreign relations with EU member states

References

Шаблон:Reflist Шаблон:European Union candidates Шаблон:Foreign relations of Montenegro Шаблон:External relations of the European Union Шаблон:Berlin Process

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