Английская Википедия:Acholi dialect
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Infobox language
Acholi (also Leb Acoli, or Leb Lwo) is a Southern Luo dialect spoken by the Acholi people in the districts of Gulu, Kitgum, Amuru, Lamwo, Agago, Nwoya, Omoro and Pader (a region known as Acholiland) in northern Uganda. It is also spoken in South Sudan in Magwi County, Eastern Equatoria.
Song of Lawino, well known in African literature, was written in Acholi by Okot p'Bitek, although its sequel, Song of Ocol, was written in English.Шаблон:Ref
Acholi, Alur, and Jo Padola have between 84 and 90 per cent of their vocabulary in commonШаблон:Ref and are mutually intelligible.Шаблон:Dubious However, they are often counted as separate languages because their speakers are ethnically distinct. Labwor (Thur), once considered a dialect of Acholi, may not be intelligible with it.[1]
Phonology
Acholi has vowel harmony: all vowels in a word have to belong to a single class (e.g. Шаблон:IPA the cold vs. Шаблон:IPA to separate). There are two sets of five vowels, distinguished by the feature [+/-ATR].
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Near-close | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | |
| Open-mid | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | |
| Open | Шаблон:IPAlink |
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink |
| Close-mid | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink |
| Open | Шаблон:IPAlink |
/pʷ/ and /bʷ/ sounds may also sound as labial affricates [pf] and [bv].[2]
Acholi is a tonal language. Thus, some words may be distinguished by tone alone, e.g. bèl (low) 'wrinkled' vs. bél (high) 'corn' and kàl (low) 'place enclosed by a palisade' vs. kál (high) 'millet'. Tone furthermore plays a role in verb conjugation.
Recent work
The above were the old work of the missionaries Alfred Malandra and Crazzolara published in 1955. However, a more up-to-date Acholi orthography by Janet Lakareber shows that a vowel in Acholi language has more than two pronunciations.[3] A monosyllabic word in Acholi has 14 different pronunciations. This is explained in the nine books of Acoli Accented Orthography.[4]
Notes and references
Notes
- Шаблон:Note Heron, G.A., 1972, Introduction p. 8 in p'Bitek, Okot, 1984.
- Шаблон:Note Ladefoged et al., 1972:80.
Endnotes
Bibliography
- Crazzolara, J.P. (1938) A study of the Acooli language. Grammar and Vocabulary. International Institute of African Languages and Cultures. London/New York/Toronto: Oxford University Press.
- Kitching, Arthur Leonard (1932) An outline grammar of the Acholi language (first published 1907). London: Sheldon Press / Kampala: The Uganda Bookshop.
- Ladefoged, Peter; Ruth Glick; Clive Criper; Clifford H. Prator; Livingstone Walusimbi (1972) Language in Uganda (Ford Foundation language surveys vol. 1). London/New York etc. Oxford University Press. Шаблон:ISBN
- Malandra, Alfred (1955) A new Acholi grammar. Kampala: Eagle Press. Hathitrust record
- Okidi, Festo (2000) Acholi for beginners: grammar, Acholi–English, English–Acholi. London: Pilato Books. Шаблон:ISBN
- p'Bitek, Okot (1985) Acholi proverbs. Nairobi: Heinemann Kenya.
- p'Bitek, Okot (1984) Song of Lawino and Song of Ocol. (African Writers Series, 266). London: Heinemann Educational.
- Janet Lakareber (2011) Coono Leb Acoli (intro) Acoli Accented Orthography. London: GBILA. Шаблон:ISBN
External links
- Шаблон:WALS
- Listen to a sample of Acholi from Global Recordings Network
- IRIN Radio – Radio programming from northern Uganda in Luo
Шаблон:Languages of South Sudan Шаблон:Languages of Uganda Шаблон:Eastern Sudanic languages Шаблон:Authority control
