Английская Википедия:Aeroflot
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox airline
PJSC AeroflotШаблон:Spaced ndashRussian Airlines (Шаблон:Lang-ru, Шаблон:Transliteration), commonly known as Aeroflot (Шаблон:IPAc-en or Шаблон:IPAc-en; Шаблон:Lang-ru, Шаблон:Trans, Шаблон:IPA-ru), is the flag carrier[1][2] and the largest airline of Russia.[3] The airline was founded in 1923, making Aeroflot one of the oldest active airlines in the world. Aeroflot is headquartered in the Central Administrative Okrug, Moscow, with its hub being Sheremetyevo International Airport.
Before 2022, the airline flew to 146 destinations in 52 countries, excluding codeshared services. The number of destinations was significantly reduced after many countries banned Russian aircraft as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[4]
From its inception to the early 1990s, Aeroflot was the flag carrier and a state-owned enterprise of the Soviet Union (USSR). During this time, Aeroflot grew its fleet to over five thousand domestically made aircraft and expanded to operate a domestic and international flight network of over three thousand destinations throughout the Soviet Union and the globe, making the airline the largest in the world at the time.[5][6] In addition to passenger flights, Aeroflot also committed to freight operations and serving the state through transportation and military assistance. Following the dissolution of the USSR, the carrier was restructured into an open joint-stock company and embarked on a radical transformation process. Aeroflot shrank the fleet dramatically while at the same time purchasing Western aircraft and newer domestic models and focusing on expanding its international market share before moving to boost its domestic market share.
By the end of 2017, Aeroflot controlled roughly 40% of the air market in Russia.[7] Aeroflot owns Rossiya Airlines – an airline based in Saint Petersburg, Pobeda – a low-cost carrier, and 51% of airline Aurora, based in the Russian Far East. Altogether, Aeroflot and its subsidiaries own 359 aircraft as of 31 December 2019,[8] composed mainly of Airbus, Boeing, and domestic models such as the Sukhoi Superjet 100, and today's Russified MC-21.[9] Aeroflot also formerly had a cargo subsidiary named Aeroflot-Cargo, though the branch later merged with the parent airline.[10][11]
Aeroflot became a member of SkyTeam in April 2006, making it the first carrier in the former Soviet Union to do so. In 2022, SkyTeam and Aeroflot agreed to temporarily suspend the airline's membership, as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[12] As of March 2020, the Government of Russia owns 51% of Aeroflot through the Federal Agency for State Property Management, with the rest of the shares being free-floating.[13] In 2021, the company's revenue amounted to 379 billion rubles.[14]
History
Early history of Soviet civil aviation
On 17 January 1921, the Sovnarkom of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic published "About Air Transportation". The document signed by its chair Vladimir Lenin set out the basic regulations on air transport over the territory of the RSFSR. The document was significant as it was the first time that a Russian state had declared sovereignty over its airspace. In addition, the document defined rules for the operation of foreign aircraft over the Soviet Union's airspace and territory. After Lenin issued an order, a State Commission was formed on 31 January 1921 for the purpose of civil aviation planning in the Soviet Union. As a result of the commission's plans, Glavvozdukhflot (Шаблон:Lang-ru, Chief Administration of the Civil Air Fleet) was established, and it began mail and passenger flights on the Moscow-Oryol-Kursk-Kharkov route on 1 May 1921 using Sikorsky Ilya Muromets aircraft.[15]Шаблон:Rp This was followed by the formation of Deruluft-Deutsch Russische Luftverkehrs A.G. in Berlin on 11 November 1921, as a joint venture between the Soviet Union and Germany. The company, whose aircraft were registered in both Germany and the Soviet Union, began operations on 1 May 1922 with a Fokker F.III flying between Königsberg and Moscow.[15]Шаблон:Rp The service was initially operated twice a week and restricted to the carriage of mail.[15]Шаблон:Rp
On 3 February 1923 Sovnarkom approved plans for the expansion of the Red Air Fleet, and it is this date which was officially recognised as the beginning of civil aviation in the Soviet Union. After a resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the Enterprise for Friends of the Air Fleet (ODVF) was founded on 8 March 1923, followed by the formation of Dobrolet (Шаблон:Lang-ru) on 17 March 1923. The artist Alexander Rodchenko became involved in the ODVF at this time. He designed posters encouraging citizens to buy stock in Dobrolet and the famous "Winged Hammer and Sickle" logo still used by Aeroflot.[16] Regular flights by Dobrolyot from Moscow to Nizhniy Novgorod commenced on 15 July 1923. During the same period, an additional two airlines were established; Zakavia being based in Tiflis, and Ukrvozdukhput based in Kharkov.[15]Шаблон:Rp During 1923 an agreement was signed establishing a subdivision of Dobrolyot to be based in Tashkent, which would operate to points in Soviet Central Asia. Services between Tashkent and Alma Ata began on 27 April 1924, and by the end of 1924 the subdivision had carried 480 passengers and Шаблон:Convert of mail and freight, on a total of 210 flights.[15]Шаблон:Rp In March 1924, Dobrolyot began operating flights from Sevastopol to Yalta and Yevpatoriya in the Crimea. Dobrolyot's route network was extended during the 1925–1927 period to include Kazan and regular flights between Moscow and Kharkov were inaugurated. Plans were made for Dobrolyot flights to Kharkov to connect with Ukrvozdukhput services to Kiev, Odessa and Rostov-on-Don. During 1925, Dobrolyot operated 2,000 flights over a distance of Шаблон:Convert, carrying 14,000 passengers and Шаблон:Convert of freight, on a route network extending to some Шаблон:Convert.[15]Шаблон:Rp Dobrolyot was transformed from a Russian to an all-Union enterprise on 21 September 1926 as a result of Sovnarkom resolutions, and in 1928 Dobrolyot was merged with Ukrvozdukhput; the latter having merged with Zakavia in 1925.[15]Шаблон:Rp
Formative years
Responsibility for all civil aviation activities in the Soviet Union came under the control of the Chief Directorate of the Civil Air Fleet on 25 February 1932, and on 25 March 1932 the name "Aeroflot" was officially adopted for the entire Soviet Civil Air Fleet.[15]Шаблон:Rp The Communist Party of the Soviet Union Congress in 1933 set out development plans for the civil aviation industry for the following five years, which would see air transportation becoming one of the primary means of transportation in the Soviet Union, linking all major cities. The government also implemented plans to expand the Soviet aircraft industry to make it less dependent on foreign built aircraft;[15]Шаблон:Rp in 1930 some fifty percent of aircraft flying services in the Soviet Union were of foreign manufacture.[15]Шаблон:Rp Expansion of air routes which had taken shape in the late 1920s,[15]Шаблон:Rp continued into the 1930s. Local (MVL) services were greatly expanded in Soviet Central Asia and the Soviet Far East,[15]Шаблон:Rp which by the end of the second five-year plan in 1937 was Шаблон:Convert in length out of a total network of some Шаблон:Convert.[15]Шаблон:Rp The agreement between the Soviet Union and Germany relating to Deruluft expired on 1 January 1937 and wasn't renewed, which saw the joint venture carrier ceasing operations on 1 April 1937. On that date Aeroflot began operations on the Moscow to Stockholm route, and began operating the ex-Deruluft route from Leningrad to Riga utilising Douglas DC-3s and Tupolev ANT-35s (PS-35s). Flights from Moscow to Berlin, via Königsberg, were suspended until 1940, when they were restarted by Aeroflot and Deutsche Luft Hansa as a result of the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, and would continue until the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in 1941.[15]Шаблон:Rp
Under the third five-year plan, which began in 1938, civil aviation development continued, with improvements to airport installations being made and construction of airports being commenced. In addition to the expansion of services between the Soviet Union's main cities, local routes (MVL) were also expanded, and by 1940, some 337 MVL routes saw operations on a scheduled basis. Serial production of the Lisunov Li-2 (license-built Douglas DC-3) commenced in 1939, and the aircraft became the backbone of Aeroflot's fleet on mainline trunk routes. When the Soviet Union was invaded by Nazi Germany on 22 June 1941, the following day the Sovnarkom placed the Civil Air Fleet under the control of Narkomat, leading to the full-scale mobilisation of Aeroflot crews and technicians for the Soviet war effort. Prior to the invasion, the Aeroflot network extended over some Шаблон:Convert, and amongst the longest routes being operated from Moscow were those to Tbilisi (via Baku), Tashkent and Vladivostok.[15]Шаблон:Rp Aeroflot aircraft, including PS-35s and PS-43s, were based at Moscow's Central Airport; and important missions undertaken by Aeroflot aircraft and crews included flying supplies to the besieged cities of Leningrad, Kyiv, Odessa and Sevastopol.[15]Шаблон:Rp During the Battle of Stalingrad, between August 1942 and February 1943, Aeroflot operated 46,000 missions to Stalingrad, ferrying in Шаблон:Convert of supplies and some 30,000 troops. Following the defeat of the Wehrmacht, some 80 Junkers Ju 52/3ms were captured from the Germans, and were placed into the service of the Civil Air Fleet, and after the war were placed into regular service across the Soviet Union.[15]Шаблон:Rp Whilst civil operations in European Russia west of the front line, which ran from Leningrad to Moscow to Rostov-on-Don, were prevented from operating because of the war, services from Moscow to the Urals, Siberia, Central Asia, and other regions which were not affected by the war, continued.[15]Шаблон:Rp By the end of the war, Aeroflot had flown 1,595,943 special missions, including 83,782 at night, and carried 1,538,982 men and Шаблон:Convert of cargo.[15]Шаблон:Rp
Aeroflot during the Cold War
At the end of World War II, the Soviet government went about repairing and rebuilding essential airport infrastructure, and it strengthened the Aeroflot units in the European part of the Soviet Union. Aeroflot had by the end of 1945 carried 537,000 passengers, compared with 359,000 in 1940.[15]Шаблон:Rp The government made it a priority in the immediate postwar years to expand services from Moscow to the capital of the Union republics, in addition to important industrial centres on the country. To enable this, the government transferred to Aeroflot a large number of Lisunov Li-2s, and they would become the backbone of the fleet.[15]Шаблон:Rp The Ilyushin Il-12 entered service on Aeroflot's all-Union scheduled routes on 22 August 1947, and supplemented already existing Li-2 services. The original Ilyushin Il-18 entered service around the same time as the Il-12, and was operated on routes from Moscow to Yakutsk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Alma Ata, Tashkent, Sochi, Mineralnye Vody and Tbilisi. By 1950 the Il-18 was withdrawn from service, being replaced by Il-12s.[15]Шаблон:Rp MVL and general aviation services received a boost in March 1948, when the first Antonov An-2s were delivered and entered service in Central Russia. Development of MVL services over latter years was attributed to the An-2, which was operated by Aeroflot in all areas of the Soviet Union.[15]Шаблон:Rp
Aeroflot's route network had extended to Шаблон:Convert by 1950, and it carried 1,603,700 passengers, Шаблон:Convert of freight and Шаблон:Convert of mail during the same year. Night flights began in the same year, and the fifth five-year plan, covering the period 1951–1955, emphasised Aeroflot expanding night-time operations, which vastly improved aircraft utilisation. By 1952, some 700 destinations around the Soviet Union received regular flights from Aeroflot.[15]Шаблон:Rp On 30 November 1954, the Ilyushin Il-14 entered service, and the aircraft took a leading role in the operation of Aeroflot's all-Union services. The number of passengers carried in 1955 increased to 2,500,000, whilst freight and mail carriage also increased, to 194,960 and 63,760 tons, respectively. By this time, Aeroflot's route network covered a distance of some Шаблон:Convert.[15]Шаблон:Rp The 20th Communist Party Congress, held in 1956, saw plans for Aeroflot services to be dramatically increased. The airline would see its overall activities increased from its then current levels by 3.8 times, and it was set the target of the carriage of 16,000,000 passengers by 1960. In order to meet these goals, Aeroflot introduced higher capacity turbojet and turbine-prop aircraft on key domestic routes, and on services to Aeroflot destinations abroad. A major step for Aeroflot occurred on 15 September 1956 when the Tupolev Tu-104 jet airliner entered service on the Moscow-Omsk-Irkutsk route, marking the world's first sustained jet airline service. The airline began international flights with the type on 12 October 1956 under the command of Boris Bugayev with flights from Moscow to Prague. The aircraft placed Aeroflot in an enviable position, as airlines in the West had operated throughout the 1950s with large piston-engined aircraft.[15]Шаблон:Rp[17]Шаблон:Rp[18] By 1958 the route network covered Шаблон:Convert, and the airline carried 8,231,500 passengers, and 445,600 tons of mail and freight, with fifteen percent of all-Union services being operated by jet aircraft.[15]Шаблон:Rp
Aeroflot introduced the Antonov An-10 and Ilyushin Il-18 in 1959, and together with its existing jet aircraft, the airline was able to extend services on modern aircraft to twenty one cities during 1960.[15]Шаблон:Rp The Tupolev Tu-114, then the world's largest airliner, entered service with the Soviet carrier on 24 April 1961 on the Moscow-Khabarovsk route; covering a distance of Шаблон:Convert in 8 hours 20 minutes.[15]Шаблон:Rp The expansion of the Aeroflot fleet saw services with modern aircraft being extended to forty one cities in 1961, with fifty percent of all-Union services being operated by these aircraft. This fleet expansion also saw the number of passengers carried in 1961 skyrocketing to 21,800,000.[15]Шаблон:Rp Further expansion came in 1962 when both the Tupolev Tu-124 and Antonov An-24 entered regular service with Aeroflot on various medium and short-haul routes. By 1964, Aeroflot operated direct flights from Moscow to 100 cities, from Leningrad to 44 cities, and from Kyiv to 38 cities. The airline also operated direct flights from Mineralnye Vody to 48 cities across the Soviet Union, denoting the importance of the operation of holiday aircraft services to Aeroflot.[15]Шаблон:Rp Statistics for the same year showed Aeroflot operating an all-Union route network extending over Шаблон:Convert, and carrying 36,800,000 passengers.[15]Шаблон:Rp
By 1966 Aeroflot carried 47,200,000 passengers over a domestic route network of Шаблон:Convert. For the period of the eighth five-year plan, which ran from 1966 to 1970, Aeroflot carried a total of 302,200,000 passengers, 6.47 billion tons of freight and 1.63 billion tons of mail.[15]Шаблон:Rp During the five-year plan period, all-Union services were extended over an additional 350 routes; an additional 1,000 MVL routes were begun, and 40 new routes were opened up with all-cargo flights.[15]Шаблон:Rp The year 1967 saw the introduction into service of the Ilyushin Il-62 and Tupolev Tu-134, and in September 1968 the Yakovlev Yak-40 regional jet began operations on short-haul services. That same year, the Il-62 inaugurated the long-delayed service between Moscow and New York, which finally began in July and was operated by Aeroflot and Pan Am jointly. According to the book The Aeroflot Story: From Russia With Luck: "This business relationship would become an acrimonious affair in which both parties complained it had been wronged by the other. Pan Am accused the Soviets of illegally siphoning away Moscow-to-New York passengers, whilst in turn; Aeroflot accused US consular officials in Russia of having steered passengers to Pan Am flights."Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Page needed[19]
By 1970, the last year of the five-year plan period, Aeroflot was operating flights to over 3,500 destinations in the Soviet Union, and at the height of the 1970 summer holidays season, the airline was carrying approximately 400,000 passengers per day, and some ninety percent of passengers were being carried on propeller-turbine and jet aircraft.[15]Шаблон:Rp In January 1971, the Central Administration of International Air Traffic (Шаблон:Lang-ru) (TsUMVS) was established within the framework of IATA, and became the sole enterprise authorised to operate international flights. Abroad, the airline was known as Aeroflot Soviet Airlines. In 1976, Aeroflot carried its 100 millionth passenger. Its flights were mainly concentrated around the Soviet Union, but the airline also had an international network covering five continents: North and South America, Europe, Africa and Asia. The network included countries such as the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Spain, Cuba, Mexico and the People's Republic of China.[20]
Aeroflot service between the Soviet Union and the United States was interrupted from 15 September 1983 until 2 August 1990, following an executive order by U.S. President Ronald Reagan, revoking Aeroflot's license to operate flights into and out of the United States following the downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 by the Soviet Air Force. At the start of the 1990s Aeroflot reorganised again giving more autonomy to territorial divisions. REG Davies, former curator of the Smithsonian Institution, claims that by 1992 Aeroflot had over 600,000 people operating over 10,000 aircraft.[17]Шаблон:Rp
Other functions
Aeroflot also performed other functions, including air ambulance; aerial application; heavy lifting for the Soviet Space Agency; offshore oil platform support; exploration and aeromagnetic survey for natural resources; support for construction projects; transport of military troops and supplies (as an adjunct to the Soviet Air Force); atmospheric research; and remote area patrol. It operated hundreds of helicopters and cargo aircraft in addition to civil airliners. It also operated the Soviet equivalent of a presidential aircraft and other VIP transports of government and Communist party officials.[5][17]Шаблон:Rp Aeroflot was also responsible for such services as ice patrol in the Arctic Ocean and escorting of ships through frozen seas; oil exploration; power line surveillance; and transportation and heavy lifting support on construction projects. For the latter tasks, Aeroflot used, in addition to smaller helicopters, the Mil Mi-10 flying crane capable of lifting Шаблон:Convert. Hauling of heavy cargo, including vehicles, was performed by the world's largest operational helicopter, the Mil Mi-26. Its unusual eight-blade rotor enabled it to lift a maximum payload of some twenty tons.[5] The medium- and long-range passenger- and cargo aircraft of Aeroflot were also part of the strategic air transport reserve, ready to provide immediate airlift support to the armed forces. Short-range aircraft and helicopters were available for appropriate military support missions.
Post-Soviet Aeroflot
In the early 1990s, the Soviet Union underwent massive political upheavals, culminating in the dissolution of the Union. Former republics of the Soviet Union declared their independence during January 1990 – December 1991, resulting in the establishment of several independent countries, along with fifteen republics and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Up until that time, Aeroflot had been the only establishment providing air services throughout the Soviet Union, but with its breakup Aeroflot branches of these countries began their own services, and the airline itself came under control of Russia, the largest of the CIS republics, and was renamed AeroflotШаблон:Spaced ndashRussian International Airlines (ARIA).[21][22][23] In 1992 Aeroflot was divided into a number of regional airlines,[24] whereas international routes were operated by ARIA.[23] Smaller regional airlines which emerged from the old Aeroflot were sometimes referred to as Babyflots;[21]Шаблон:Rp Bashkirian Airlines, Krasnoyarsk Airlines, Moscow Airways and Tatarstan Airlines were among the carriers that were formed from former Aeroflot directorates.[25]
In 1994, Aeroflot was registered as a joint-stock company and the government sold off 49% of its stake to Aeroflot employees. During the 1990s, Aeroflot was primarily focused on international flights from Moscow. However, by the end of the decade Aeroflot started an expansion in the domestic market. In 2000 the company name was changed to AeroflotШаблон:Spaced ndashRussian Airlines to reflect the change in the company strategy.[26] The Aeroflot fleet shrank dramatically in the post-Soviet era, dropping from 5,400 planes in 1991 to 115 in 1996.[27]
Since the dissolution, Aeroflot has been actively working towards promoting and redefining itself as a safe and reliable airline.[28] In the early 2000s, the airline hired British consultants for rebranding.[29] From the start, plans were afoot to replace the hammer and sickle logo, a symbol of Soviet communism; despite this the logo was not scrapped, as it was the most recognisable symbol of the company for over 70 years.[29] A new livery and uniforms for flight attendants were designed and a promotional campaign launched in 2003.[30] Its fleet has undergone a major reorganisation during which most of the Soviet aircraft were replaced by Western-built jets; concerns over fuel consumption rather than safety concerns were cited for such a move.[31] Airbus A319s and A320s for short-haul flights in Europe; and Boeing 767s and Airbus A330s for long-haul routes; were gradually incorporated into the fleet. Aeroflot began working with the US travel technology firm Sabre Corporation in 1997, and in 2004 signed an agreement to use Sabre's software as its new Reservation System,[32] further extending the relationship with Sabre in 2010.[33] In the spring of 2004 an expansion on the domestic market was undertaken, aiming to gain 30% share by 2010 (Шаблон:As of it held approximately 9%). The first task was to outperform Siberia Airlines (now S7 Airlines), a major rival and the leader in the domestic market. On 29 July 2004 a new corporate slogan was adopted: "Sincerely Yours. Aeroflot".[34]
In April 2006,[35] Aeroflot became the tenth airline to join SkyTeam,[36] and the first air carrier in the former Soviet Union to do so.[37] The company announced its plan to increase cargo operations. It registered the Aeroflot-Cargo trademark in 2006.[38] During that year Aeroflot carried 7,290,000 passengers and 145,300 tons of mail and cargo[39] to 89 destinations in 47 countries.[40] It saw improvements in its earnings and number of passengers carried. The net profit reached $309.4 million (RUB 7.98 billion) in 2006, a 32.3% increase from 2005 earnings of only $234 million (RUB6.03 billion). The revenue for the same 2005–2006 period rose by 13.5% to reach $2.77 billion with an 8.7% gain in passenger numbers.[41] Aeroflot became the sole shareholder of Donavia—a domestic airline then-named Aeroflot-Don[42]—in December 2006, when it boosted its stake in the company from 51% to 100%;[43] soon afterwards, Aeroflot-Nord was created following the buyout of Arkhangelsk Airlines.[44] Шаблон:As of Aeroflot was owned by the Russian Government via Rosimushchestvo (51.17%), National Reserve Corporation (27%) and employees and others (19%), and had 14,900 employees.[45]
Expansion and re-organization
In February 2010, the Russian government announced that all regional airlines owned by the state through the holding company Rostechnologii would be consolidated with the national carrier Aeroflot in order to increase the airlines' financial viability.Шаблон:Citation needed The merger was completed in late November 2011 in a deal worth Шаблон:US$ million, Aeroflot's sister company Aeroflot-Finance became the major shareholder of Vladivostok Avia, Saravia and Rossiya Airlines, and the sole shareholder of both SAT Airlines and Orenair.[47] It was reported in January 2012 that Saravia was sold to private investors, as the recent-acquired regional airline was not in line with Aeroflot's business strategy.[48] It was reported in June 2013 that in the third quarter of the same year Aeroflot would combine its subsidiaries Vladivostok Air and SAT Airlines into a new subsidiary regional carrier based in the Russian Far East.[49] The subsidiary was effectively created in September 2013 and was originally named Taiga Airline before later being renamed Aurora Airline.[50][51] The new company, 51%-owned by Aeroflot, was expected to link Moscow with the Russian Far East, whereas SAT Airlines and Vladivostok Avia were expected to cease operations in early 2014.[52]
In June 2013, during the World Airline Awards which took place at the Шаблон:Ordinal Le Bourget air show, Aeroflot was awarded the international prize as the best air carrier in Eastern Europe.[53] In Шаблон:MONTHNAME, the company introduced an affiliated low-cost carrier (LCC), Dobrolet.[54][55] The LCC started operations in June 2014;[56] they ceased on Шаблон:End date owing to EU sanctions over the airline launching flights to Crimea.[57][58] In late August 2014, Aeroflot announced the launch of a new LCC in October 2014 to replace Dobrolet; it would use aircraft transferred from Orenair.[59] The new LCC, named Pobeda, started operations from Vnukovo Airport in December 2014;[60][61] it had plans to fly to Belgorod, Kazan, Perm, Samara, Surgut, Tyumen, Ufa, Volgograd and Yekaterinburg.[62]
In March 2014 as a response to the Revolution of Dignity the company announced rerouting their flights to avoid flying over the territory of Ukraine. The announcement (together with worse than expected financial results) caused an almost 10% drop in the share price of the company.[63][64] Also, in March 2014, AeroflotШаблон:'s flight designator ″SU″ was adopted by its subsidiary Rossiya.[46] In September 2015, Aeroflot agreed to acquire 75% of Transaero Airlines for the symbolic price of one ruble,[65] but abandoned the plan later after failing to come to terms on a takeover.[66] The carrier did take over a number of Transaero's aircraft by assuming its leases after the defunct airline's collapse. This introduced the Boeing 747 and Boeing 777 to Aeroflot's fleet. In addition, the company suggested that it would cancel some of its jet orders as a result of the newly assumed aircraft.[67]
Following a prior announcement, AeroflotШаблон:'s subsidiaries Rossiya Airlines, Donavia and Orenair combined their operations in late March 2016. OrenairШаблон:'s AOC was cancelled by Russian authorities in late Шаблон:End date.[68][69] Aeroflot filed both Donavia and Orenair for bankruptcy in January 2017.[68] Orenair and Donavia were formally declared bankrupt in February 2017 and August 2017, respectively.[70]
2022 airspace bans and sanctions
In February 2022, as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Aeroflot and other Russian airlines were banned from the airspace of countries including the United Kingdom, Iceland, Norway, Canada and also the European Union.[71][72][73][74] On 25 February 2022, Manchester United cancelled a sponsorship agreement that had identified Aeroflot as its official carrier since July 2013, citing the war.[75][76] On 1 March 2022, the United States closed their airspace to Russian airlines, effectively suspending Aeroflot's operations in the country.[77] On 3 March 2022, Sabre, the supplier of Aeroflot's Reservation System as well as one of the suppliers of GDS access for Aeroflot internationally, announced that it would terminate Aeroflot's international GDS access;[78] some senior airline industry figures criticised this as not going far enough,[79] since Sabre was not cutting off Aeroflot's main reservation system.
On 5 March 2022, Aeroflot announced that with effect from 8 March it would be suspending all international flights except Minsk, to avoid any possible seizures of foreign-leased aircraft.[80] To continue to operate, some maintenance had to be done in Iran.[81]
On 11 April 2022 the European Commission declared that Aeroflot will be banned from flying in the European Union because it does not meet international safety standards.[82] This was due to Russia's forced re-registration of foreign-owned aircraft, knowingly allowing their operation without valid certificates of airworthiness, which is in breach of international aviation safety standards. The EU Commissioner for Transport Adina Vălean said this practice "poses an immediate safety threat". She also stated that: "this decision is not another sanction against Russia; it has been taken solely on the basis of technical and safety grounds. We do not mix safety with politics". This safety-related ban is distinct from the other ban enacted in February 2022 in response to the invasion.
On 8 April 2022, the U.S. Department of Commerce restricted flights on aircraft manufactured in the U.S. for Aeroflot, Aviastar, Azur Air, Belavia, Rossiya and Utair. It seems the U.S. wants to reclaim ownership of the intellectual property.[83] On 16 June 2022 the US broadened its restrictions on the six airlines after violations of the sanctions regime were detected. The effect of the restrictions is to ground the U.S.-manufactured part of its fleet.[83]
As of July 2022, Aeroflot ended its own Sukhoi Superjet 100 operations as these had all gradually been transferred to subsidiary Rossiya Airlines.[84]
As of November 2022, Aeroflot continued to function despite the impact of Western sanctions despite using aircraft manufactured by Boeing and Airbus with these aircraft being subject to sanctions on replacement parts.Шаблон:Citation needed This success has been due to a reduced flight schedule and cannibalization of aircraft. The lack of international travel also means less mileage on aircraft as they are being used domestically. Russia hopes to keep its aircraft flying despite the sanctions, much like Iran has. However Aeroflot's jets are much newer with their purchase on lease from the West starting in 2001. Long term sanctions on replacement parts from the West may have safety implications longer term.[85]
As of January 2023, Aeroflot was maintaining services to Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates and Uzbekistan.[86]
In May 2023, The New York Times reported that U.S.-made parts were sent to Aeroflot's warehouses to repair its dilapidated fleet, despite sanctions imposed by the U.S. government.[87]
In September 2023 an agreement was reached with AerCap regarding a compensation package for 17 aircraft stranded in Russia with the payment of a $645 million being made for the settlement, resulting in the aircraft now being owned by Aeroflot.[88]
Corporate affairs
Headquarters
The headquarters of Aeroflot are in Arbat District, Central Administrative Okrug, Moscow.[89] By 2009 Aeroflot began leasing Шаблон:Convert of space from a class A office building on Arbat Street owned by Midland Development. As of that year Aeroflot had plans to build a dedicated Шаблон:Convert headquarters in proximity to Sheremetyevo Airport.[90]
Key people
Шаблон:As of, Aeroflot's CEO position is held by Vitaly Savelyev.[60] Savelyev was appointed on 10 April 2009 and succeeded Valery Okulov. Expiring in April 2014, the Russian government extended Savelyev's appointment for another five years.[91] In late August 2018, Savelyev was re-confirmed in the CEO position for a further five-year period.[92] In December 2018, the Russian government appointed Russia's Minister of Transport Evgeny Ditrich as chairman of the board.[93]
Ownership and subsidiaries
Шаблон:As of, Aeroflot was 51% state-owned.[94] The Aeroflot Group, Russia's largest airline holding company, included several subsidiaries: Pobeda, Rossiya, Donavia, Orenair, and Aurora.[95] At that time, the Aeroflot Group employed 30,328; 17,678 of these people worked for Aeroflot JSC.[96]
Aeroflot Airline carried 35.8 million passengers during 2018, an 8.9% increase year-on-year (YOY). The Aeroflot Group, comprising Aeroflot Airline, Aurora, Pobeda and Rossiya, carried 55.7 million passengers during the same period, 11% up YOY. Шаблон:As of, the Group fleet totalled 366 aircraft, of which 253 corresponded to Aeroflot Airline.[97]
Staffing
In 2016 the company decided to link the pay of its flight attendants to their dress size. All the flight attendants were photographed and measured, and some were weighed. Women above a Russian size 48 were barred from international flights.[98] According to the flight attendants' trade union the policy affected about 600 Aeroflot attendants. The company successfully defended itself in court in April 2017 by saying that a survey of Aeroflot passengers showed that "92% want to see stewardesses who fit into the clothes sizes we are talking about here"[99] and that every extra kilogramme meant spending an extra 800 roubles per year on fuel.[100] The company denied all the accusations of discrimination.[101] In September 2017 the appeal court decided that requirements banning employment by women who wore large sizes was unenforceable and ordered compensation for Yevgenia Magurina, a flight attendant who filed a discrimination suit.[102] Two women were awarded token compensation, but the court did not rule explicitly that the policy was discriminatory.[103]
In November 2018, the company's executive director Vitaly Savelyev signed new rules, according to which employees of the Moscow office of the airline were forbidden to bring and use smartphones at work.[104]
Destinations
Шаблон:Main In September 2018 Aeroflot served 146 destinations in 52 countries.[2] In mid-2023, following the closure of North American and EU/EFTA airspace to Russia as a result of Moscow's war against Ukraine, together with international sanctions against the Russian operator, Aeroflot was serving only 45 destinations in 18 countries.[105] As of November 2023 the airline group operates flights to 22 countries with 209 routes.[106][107]
Alliances
Between April 2006 and 27 April 2022, Aeroflot was a member of the SkyTeam airline alliance,[36][37] having signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on 24 May 2004.[108] On 27 April 2022, SkyTeam and Aeroflot agreed to temporarily suspend the airline's membership.[12][109]
Although Aeroflot did not meet the conventional standards of the alliance at the time, SkyTeam saw potential in the airline's large hub networks and decided that it made up for the airline's deficiencies.[110]
Aeroflot's cargo branch, Aeroflot-Cargo, which was later reintegrated into the parent company, operated as part of SkyTeam Cargo.[111]
As of 30 August 2022, Aeroflot has no active codeshare agreements with any international airlines.[112]
As of August 2022, only three codesharing agreements remained,[113] all three subsidiaries of Aeroflot:
Fleet
Шаблон:See also The Aeroflot passenger fleet consists of narrow-body and wide-body aircraft from six aircraft families: the Airbus A320, the Airbus A330, the Airbus A350 XWB, the Boeing 737, the Boeing 777, and the Sukhoi Superjet 100. Шаблон:As of, there are 181 passenger aircraft registered in the Aeroflot fleet.[114]
Frequent flyer programme
Aeroflot uses Aeroflot Bonus as their frequent-flyer programme. It has four levels with various perks.[115]
Accidents and incidents
Шаблон:Main list Aeroflot has had a high number of fatal crashes, with a total of 8,231 passengers dying in Aeroflot crashes according to the Aircraft Crashes Record Office, mostly during the Soviet era, about five times more than any other airline.[116][117] From 1946 to 1989, the carrier was involved in 721 incidents. In 2013, AirlineRatings.com reported that five of the ten aircraft models involved in the highest numbers of fatal accidents[118] were old Soviet models.[116] From 1992 to 2020, the carrier was involved in 14 incidents.[119]
See also
References
Шаблон:Country study Шаблон:Reflist
Bibliography
External links
Шаблон:Aeroflot Шаблон:Navboxes Шаблон:Portal bar
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокAircraft Briefs-Dec. 5, 2017не указан текст - ↑ 2,0 2,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокVietnam Airlines, Aeroflot to expand cooperationне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокRussia’s Aeroflot to acquire Transaero Airlinesне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Aeroflot-Cargo Aircraft Performed Today The First Flight Under Its Flag Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 15,00 15,01 15,02 15,03 15,04 15,05 15,06 15,07 15,08 15,09 15,10 15,11 15,12 15,13 15,14 15,15 15,16 15,17 15,18 15,19 15,20 15,21 15,22 15,23 15,24 15,25 15,26 15,27 15,28 15,29 15,30 15,31 15,32 15,33 15,34 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 21,0 21,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокHold the Jokes, Please: Aeroflot Buffs Its Imageне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокWith 400 Pieces, Aeroflot Is a Passenger Puzzleне указан текст - ↑ 23,0 23,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокFI1993не указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокThe Bullish Bearне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокAll Change at Aeroflotне указан текст - ↑ [1] Aeroflot official website Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокA Face-Lift for Down-at-Heel Aeroflotне указан текст - ↑ 29,0 29,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокNo more service with a scowlне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокAeroflot Sheds Its Soviet Legacy and Turns to a Western Fleetне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокAeroflot new sloganне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокAeroflot joins SkyTeamне указан текст - ↑ 36,0 36,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокAeroflot Becomes 10th Airline to Join SkyTeamне указан текст - ↑ 37,0 37,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокRussia’s Aeroflot Ranked Close to World Best Airlinesне указан текст - ↑ Russian Aeroflot-Cargo official website Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Subscription required
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокOther News - 01/12/2007не указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокArranged marriages: Russia focusне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 46,0 46,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокRussia’s Rossiya Airlines names new chairmanне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокRussia’s Rostechnology finalizes transfer of five regional carriers to Aeroflotне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокAeroflot sells regional subsidiaryне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокAeroflot to launch Far East subsidiary in 3Qне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокAeroflot provides a $13.5 million loan for Far East subsidiaryне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокRussia’s Aeroflot creates Far East subsidiary Taiga Airlineне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокAeroflot subsidiary Aurora Airline set to launch operationsне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокAeroflot recognized as best air carrier in Eastern Europeне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокAeroflot Introduces New Low-Cost Airline – Dobroletне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокaeroflot-introduces-new-low-cost-airline---dobrolet-133010не указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокAeroflot subsidiary Dobrolet launches flightsне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокRussia’s Dobrolet ceases operations due to EU sanctionsне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокDobrolet halts flights as EU sanctions block jet leaseне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокAeroflot to launch new LCC subsidiaryне указан текст - ↑ 60,0 60,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокAeroflot acts to relaunch its LCC project with Pobeda after Group profits fell again in 3Q2014не указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокAeroflot subsidiary Pobeda launches flightsне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокNew Aeroflot budget carrier discloses networkне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 83,0 83,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ ch-aviation.com - Aeroflot ends in-house SSJ100/95 operations 30 June 2022
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ "Procurement Notice." Aeroflot. Retrieved 25 April 2014. "119002, Moscow, Arbat Street 10"
- ↑ "Aeroflot renting luxury office in Arbat Street" (Archive). PMR Ltd. 19 July 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокSaveliev to lead Aeroflot for next five yearsне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокSavelyev re-elected as Aeroflot CEOне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокAeroflot Group makes management changesне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокAeroflot: strong profit growth in 9M2013. LCC subsidiary Dobrolet complements the team in early 2014не указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокAeroflot Group traffic up 11% in 2018не указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокch-aviationне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite press release
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Aeroflot.ru: Avitation Partners, accessed August 30, 2022
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Aeroflot Bonus levels Шаблон:Webarchive Aeroflot Bonus web-site
- ↑ 116,0 116,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- Английская Википедия
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