Английская Википедия:Al-Burj, Ramle

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Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Infobox settlement

Al-Burj (Шаблон:Lang-ar) was a Palestinian Arab village 14 km east of Ramle close to the highway to Ramallah, which was depopulated in 1948. Its name, "the tower", is believed to be derived from the crusader castle, Castle Arnold, built on the site. Victorian visitors in the 19th century recorded seeing crusader ruins close to the village.[1]

History

Файл:Burj 1.png
Byzantine lintel, found in Al-Burj in the 1870s

A Byzantine lintel was found in the village in the 1870s, with "a Greek cross inscribed in a circle, and having its four arms ornamented with curious facet-work."[2]

Just west of Al-Burj is Kŭlảt et Tantûrah, "the castle of the peak."[3] It is the remains of a tower, with 5 meter thick walls, and a door to the east. It is possible the Crusader castle called Tharenta, under Muslim rule since 1187.[4]

While nearby Bayt Jiz often has been identified as the Crusader village of Gith, some scholars (Schmitt, 1980; Fischer, Isaac and Roll, 1996) have suggested that Gith was actually at Kŭlảt et Tantûrah.[5]

Ottoman era

Файл:Al-Burj 1945.jpg
Al-Burj, Ramle. Survey of Palestine. 1945. Scale 1:250,000
Файл:Al-Burj.jpg
Members of the Yiftach Brigade in al-Burj during Operation Dani, July 1948
Файл:Al Burj.jpg
Arab Legion armoured vehicle captured by Yiftach Brigade at al-Burj

In 1838 el-Burj was noted as a Muslim village, in the Ibn Humar area in the District of Er-Ramleh.[6] It was also noted as a being small, "situated on an isolated hill surrounded by open vallies and plains." It was further noted that "there are here evident traces of an ancient site, apparently once fortified."[7]

In 1863 Victor Guérin found the village to have no more than 200 inhabitants, and noted that the Crusader fortress was in ruins.[8]

An Ottoman village list from about 1870 showed that Al-Burj had a population of 139 in a total of 31 houses, though that population count included men, only. It was further noted that it was located one hour from Beit Ur al-Tahta.[9][10]

In 1873-74 Clermont-Ganneau noted that the village was closely connected with Bir Ma'in.[2]

In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Al-Burj as "a small village on a hill-top, with open ground beneath on all sides. There are remains of a Crusading fortress (Kulat et Tanturah), and the position is a strong one, near the main road to Lydda. It is possible that this is the site of the Castellum Arnoldi, near Beit Nuba, 'in primes auspices campestrum,' built in 1131 A.D. by the Patriarch of Jerusalem, to protect the approach to that city (William of Tyre)."[11]

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Al Burj had a population of 344; all Muslims,[12] increasing in the 1931 census to 370, still all Muslims, in a total of 92 houses.[13]

In the 1945 statistics, the village had a population of 480 Muslims,[14] with a total land area of 4,708 dunams.[15] 6 dunams were either irrigated or used for orchards, 2,631 were used for cereals,[16] while 12 dunams were built-up (urban) areas.[17]

An elementary school for boys was completed in 1947 with around 35 pupils.[18]

1948, aftermath

Al-Burj was occupied by the Israeli Army on July 15, 1948, during the second phase of Operation Dani. The Arab Legion counterattacked the following day with two infantry platoons and ten armoured cars but were forced to retreat. According to the Haganah 30 Arabs were killed and four armoured vehicles captured with 3 Israelis killed. Aref al-Aref records around 13 Legionaires killed.[19][18] Two elderly women and men remained. On the 23 July, one, a military cook, was sent out to pick vegetables. In his absence the other three were led to a house which, when an antitank shell missed, was blown up with six grenades. Two died: the surviving woman was then executed, and their bodies torched. The cook, on returning, didn't believe the story that they had been sent to a hospital in Ramallah, and some time later was executed with four bullets.[20] In 1992 the village site was described: "Only one crumbled house remains on the hilltop. Cactuses and wild plants grow on the site. The nearby settlements uses the village for hothouse agriculture."[21]

In 2002 a woman, Kawthar al-Amir, published a 64 page long book about Al-Burj. According to Rochelle Davis, the book is "innovatively styled for children, the descendants of the village who do not know about the village," and it is a "question and answer format, as a conversation between her and her granddaughter Bahiyya."[22]

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

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Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War

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  1. ↑ Khalidi, 1992, p. 371, referring to Robinson, 1841, vol 3, p. 57; and Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 15
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Clermont-Ganneau, 1896, ARP II, p. 98
  3. ↑ Palmer, 1881, p. 321
  4. ↑ Pringle, 1997, pp. 35-37
  5. ↑ Pringle, 2009, p. 266
  6. ↑ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. 121
  7. ↑ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. 57
  8. ↑ Guérin, 1868, pp. 336-7
  9. ↑ Socin, 1879, p. 149
  10. ↑ Hartmann, 1883, p. 140 also noted 31 houses
  11. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 15
  12. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Ramleh, p. 22
  13. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 19.
  14. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок 1945p29 не указан текст
  15. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Hadawi66 не указан текст
  16. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 114
  17. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 164
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Khalidi371 не указан текст
  19. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Morris не указан текст
  20. ↑ Adam Raz, 'Classified docs reveal massacres of Palestinians in '48 – and what Israeli leaders knew ,' Haaretz 9 December 2021
  21. ↑ Khalidi, 1992, p. 372
  22. ↑ Davis, 2011, p. 34
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