Английская Википедия:Algerian Arabic
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Original research Шаблон:Infobox language
Algerian Arabic (Шаблон:Lang-ar, romanized: Шаблон:Lang), natively known as Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang, is a dialectal variety of Arabic spoken in Algeria. It belongs to the Maghrebi Arabic dialect continuum and is mostly intelligible with the Tunisian and Moroccan dialects.[1]
Like other varieties of Maghrebi Arabic, Algerian Arabic has a mostly Semitic vocabulary.[2] It contains Berber, Punic and Latin (African Romance)[3] influences and has some loanwords from French, Andalusian Arabic, Ottoman Turkish and Spanish. Algerian Arabic contains a few Berber loanwords which represent 8% to 9% of its vocabulary.[4] The word Darja (Шаблон:Lang-ar) is an Arabic word meaning "everyday/colloquial dialect".[5]
Use
Algerian Arabic is the native dialect of 75% to 80% of Algerians and is mastered by 85% to 100% of them.[6] It is a spoken language used in daily communication and entertainment, while Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is generally reserved for official use and education. As in the rest of the Arab world, this linguistic situation has been described as diglossia: MSA is nobody's first acquired language; it is learned through formal instruction rather than transmission from parent to child.[7]
Besides informal communication, Algerian Arabic is rarely written. In 2008, The Little Prince was translated in Algerian Arabic. The first novel written in Algerian Arabic is published by Rabeh Sebaa in 2021 and is entitled Fahla (in Latin script and Arabic characters).[8]
Dialects
The Algerian language includes several distinct dialects belonging to two genetically different groups: pre-Hilalian and Hilalian dialects.
Hilalian dialects
Hilalian dialects of Algeria belong to three linguistic groups:[9]
- Eastern Hilal dialects: spoken in the Hautes Plaines around Sétif, M'Sila and Djelfa;[10]
- Central Hilal dialects: of central and southern Algeria, south of Algiers and Oran;[11]
- Mâqil dialects: spoken in the western part of Oranais (noted for the third singular masculine accusative pronoun h, for example, Шаблон:IPA (I saw him), which would be Шаблон:IPA in other dialects).[12]
Modern koine languages, urban and national, are based mainly on Hilalian dialects.
Pre-Hilalian dialects
Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects are generally classified into three types: Urban, "Village" Sedentary, and Jewish dialects. Several Pre-Hilalian dialects are spoken in Algeria:[9][13]
- Urban dialects can be found in all of Algeria's big cities. Urban dialects were formerly also spoken in other cities, such as Azemmour and Mascara, Algeria, where they are no longer used.
- The Jijel Arabic (or Jijeli Dialect) is spoken in the triangular area north of Constantine, including Collo and Jijel (it is noteworthy for its pronunciation of [q] as [k] and [t] as [ts] and characterized, such as other Eastern pre-Hilalian dialects, by the preservation of the three short vowels).
- The traras-Msirda dialect is spoken in the area north of Tlemcen, including the eastern Traras, Rachgoun and Honaine (it is noted for its pronunciation of [q] as [k]) ;
- Judeo-Algerian Arabic is no longer spoken after Jews left Algeria in 1962, following its independence.
Phonology
Consonants
In comparison to other Maghrebi dialects, Algerian Arabic has retained numerous phonetic elements of Classical Arabic lost by its relatives;[14][15] In Algiers dialect, the letters Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPAslink are not used, they are in most cases pronounced as the graphemes Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Lang respectively.[14] This conservatism concerning pronunciation is in contrast to Algerian Arabic grammar which has shifted noticeably.[15] In terms of differences from Classical Arabic, the previous Шаблон:IPAslink and Шаблон:IPAslink phonemes have developed contrastive glottalized forms and split into Шаблон:IPAslink and Шаблон:IPAslink; and Шаблон:IPAslink and Шаблон:IPAslink. Additionally, Шаблон:IPAslink from Classical Arabic has split into Шаблон:IPAslink and Шаблон:IPAslink in most dialects. The phonemes Шаблон:IPAslink and Шаблон:IPAslink which are not common in Arabic dialects arise almost exclusively from (predominantly French) loanwords.[14]
Шаблон:Note The voiceless "Ch" (t͡ʃ) is used in some words in the Algerian dialect like "Шаблон:Lang" Шаблон:IPA (orange) or "Шаблон:Lang" Шаблон:IPA (A kind of Algerian sweet) but remains rare.
Dissimilation
A study of Northwestern Algerian Arabic (specifically around Oran) showed that laterals Шаблон:IPAslink or Шаблон:IPAslink or the nasal consonant Шаблон:IPAslink would be dissimilated into either Шаблон:IPAslink in the case of Шаблон:IPAslink or Шаблон:IPAslink; or Шаблон:IPAslink or Шаблон:IPAslink in the case of Шаблон:IPAslink when closely preceding a corresponding lateral or nasal consonant.[16] Thus Шаблон:IPA (earthquake) has become Шаблон:IPA, conversely Шаблон:IPA "mutton" becomes Шаблон:IPA.[16]
Assimilation
The same study also noted numerous examples of assimilation in Northwestern Algerian Arabic, due to the large consonant clusters created from all of the historical vowel deletion: examples include Шаблон:IPA "chicken", becoming Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA "good", becoming Шаблон:IPA.[16] An example of assimilation that occurs after the short vowel deletion is the historical /Шаблон:IPA "now" becoming Шаблон:IPA and then being assimilated to Шаблон:IPA,[16] illustrating the order in which the rules of Algerian Arabic may operate.
Vowels
| Short | Long | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Central | Back | Front | Back | |
| Close | ə | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link | |
| Mid | |||||
| Open | Шаблон:IPA link | ||||
The phonemic vowel inventory of Algerian Arabic consists of three long vowels: Шаблон:IPAslink, Шаблон:IPAslink, and Шаблон:IPAslink contrasted with two short vowels: Шаблон:IPAslink and /ə/.[14][16] Algerian Arabic Vowels retains a great deal of features in relation to Classical Arabic Arabic phonology, namely the continued existence of 3 long vowels: Шаблон:IPAslink, Шаблон:IPAslink, and Шаблон:IPAslink,[15] Algerian Arabic also retains the short close back vowel Шаблон:IPAslink in speech, however the short equivalents of Шаблон:IPAslink and Шаблон:IPAslink have fused in modern Algerian Arabic, creating a single phoneme /ə/.[16] Also notable among the differences between Classical Arabic and Algerian Arabic is the deletion of short vowels entirely from open syllables[15] and thus word final positions,[14] which creates a stark distinction between written Classical Arabic, and casually written Algerian Arabic. One point of interest in Algerian Arabic that sets it apart from other conservative Arabic dialects is its preservation of phonemes in (specifically French) loanwords that would otherwise not be found in the language: Шаблон:IPAslink, Шаблон:IPAslink, and Шаблон:IPAslink are all preserved in French loanwords such as Шаблон:IPA (French: 'sûre', English: 'sure') or /kɔnɛksiɔ̃/ (connection).[14]
Grammar
Nouns and adjectives
| English | Algerian Arabic |
|---|---|
| drink | šrab |
| sky | sma |
| water | ma |
| woman / women | mra / nsa |
| fire | nar |
| big | kbir |
| man / men | rajel / rjal |
| day | nhar / yum |
| moon | qmer |
| night | lil |
| bread | khubz / kesra |
| small | ṣγir |
| Turtle | Fekrun |
| sand | rmel |
| winter / rain | šta / mṭar / nu |
| ball | balun |
| towel | serbita |
| toilet / bathroom | bit-el-ma / bit-er-raḥa / Twalat |
Conjunctions and prepositions
| English | Algerian Arabic | Notes of usage |
|---|---|---|
| but | beṣṣaḥ | |
| if | ila, ida, lakan, kun, Fihalat | used for impossible conditions and comes just before the verb |
| if | lukan, kun | for possible conditions, Also used is "ida" and "kan" |
| so that, that | baš, bah | |
| that | belli | |
| as if | ki šγul, tquši, tqul, tgul | |
| because | xaṭar, xaṭrakeš, εlaxaṭer, εlajal | |
| when | ila / wakta / winta / Ki (used for some cases like : when you come I'll tell you) | |
| before | qbel ma / gbel ma | used before verbs |
| without | bla ma / blach | used before verbs |
| whether | kaš ma | used before verbs |
| under | taḥt | |
| over, on top of | fuq or fug | |
| after | mur / mura / Baεd / wra | |
| before | qbel / gbel | used only for time |
| next to, beside | quddam or guddam | is also used "ḥda" |
| at | εend / εla | |
| with | mεa | |
| among, between | bin, binat (plural) | |
| same as, as much as | εla ḥsab, qed, ged, kima | amount |
| oh, oh so much | ya, ah |
Some of them can be attached to the noun, just like in other Arabic dialects. The word for in, "fi", can be attached to a definite noun. For example, the word for a house has a definite form "ed-dar" but with "fi", it becomes "fed-dar".
Gender
Algerian Arabic uses two genders for words: masculine and feminine. Masculine nouns and adjectives generally end with a consonant while the feminine nouns generally end with an a.
Examples:
- Шаблон:IPA "Rafik is a donkey (male)", Шаблон:IPA "Zeyneb is a donkey (female)".
Pluralisation
Hilalian dialects, on which the modern koine is based, often use regular plural while the wider use of the broken plural is characteristic to pre-Hilalian dialects.
The regular masculine plural is formed with the suffix -in, which derives from the Classical Arabic genitive and accusative ending -īna rather than the nominative -ūna:
- mumen (believer) → mumnin
For feminine nouns, the regular plural is obtained by suffixing -at:
- Classical Arabic: bint (girl) → banat
- Algerian Arabic: bent → bnat
The broken plural can be found for some plurals in Hilalian dialects, but it is mainly used, for the same words, in pre-Hilalian dialects:
- Broken plural: ṭabla → ṭwabəl.
Article
The article el is indeclinable and expresses a definite state of a noun of any gender and number. It is also prefixed to each of that noun's modifying adjectives.
It follows the sun and moon letters rules of Classical Arabic: if the word starts with one of these consonants, el is assimilated and replaced by the first consonant:
Шаблон:Transliteration, Шаблон:Transliteration, Шаблон:Transliteration, Шаблон:Transliteration, Шаблон:Transliteration, Шаблон:Transliteration, Шаблон:Transliteration, Шаблон:Transliteration, Шаблон:Transliteration, Шаблон:Transliteration, Шаблон:Transliteration.
Examples:
- rajel → er-rajel "man" (assimilation)
- qeṭṭ → el-qeṭṭ "cat" (no assimilation)
Important Notes:
- When it is after lunar letters consonant we add the article le-.
Examples:
- qmer → le-qmer "moon"
- ḥjer → le-ḥjer "stone"
- We always use the article el with the words that begin with vowels.
Examples:
- alf → el-alf "thousand"
Verbs
Verbs are conjugated by adding affixes (prefixes, postfixes, both or none) that change according to the tense.
In all Algerian Arabic dialects, there is no gender differentiation of the second and third person in the plural forms, nor is there gender differentiation of the second person in the singular form in pre-Hilalian dialects. Hilalian dialects preserve the gender differentiation of the singular second person.
| Person | Past | Present | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| 1st | - t | - na | n - | n(e) - u |
| 2nd (m) | - t | - tu | t - | t - u |
| 2nd (f) | - ti | - tu | t - i | t - u |
| 3rd (m) | - | - u | i/y(e) - | i/y(e) - u |
| 3rd (f) | - t | - u | t(e) - | i/y(e) - u |
- Example with the verb kteb "To write":
| Person | Past | Present | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| 1st (m) | ktebt | ktebna | nekteb | nekketbu |
| 2nd (m) | ktebt | ktebtu | tekteb | tekketbu |
| 2nd (f) | ktebti | ktebtu | tekketbi | tekketbu |
| 3rd (m) | kteb | ketbu | yekteb | yekketbu |
| 3rd (f) | ketbet | ketbu | tekteb | yekketbu |
| Person | Past | Present | Future | Present continuous | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| 1st (m) | ktebt | ktebna | nekteb | nekketbu | Rayeḥ nekteb | Rayḥin nekketbu | Rani nekteb | Rana nekketbu |
| 1st (f) | ktebt | ktebna | nekteb | nekketbu | Rayḥa nekteb | Rayḥin nekketbu | Rani nekteb | Rana nekketbu |
| 2nd (m) | ketbt | ktebtu | tekteb | tekketbu | Rayeḥ tekteb | Rayḥin tekketbu | Rak tekteb | Rakum tekketbu |
| 2nd (f) | ktebti | ktebtu | tekketbi | tekketbu | Rayḥa tekketbi | Rayḥin tekketbu | Raki tekketbi | Rakum tekketbu |
| 3rd (m) | kteb | ketbu | yekteb | yekketbu | Rayeḥ yekteb | Rayḥin yekketbu | Rah yekteb | Rahum yekketbu |
| 3rd (f) | ketbet | ketbu | tekteb | yekketbu | Rayḥa tekteb | Rayḥin yekketbu | Raha tekteb | Rahum yekketbu |
Future tense
Speakers generally do not use the future tense above. Used instead is the present tense or present continuous.
Also, as is used in all of the other Arabic dialects, there is another way of showing active tense. The form changes the root verb into an adjective. For example, "kteb" he wrote becomes "kateb".
Negation
Шаблон:Main Like all North African Arabic varieties (including Egyptian Arabic) along with some Levantine Arabic varieties, verbal expressions are negated by enclosing the verb with all its affixes, along with any adjacent pronoun-suffixed preposition, within the circumfix ma ...-š (Шаблон:IPA):
- « lεebt » ("I played") → « ma lεebt-š Шаблон:IPA » ("I didn't play")
- « ma tṭabbaεni-š » ("Don't push me")
- « ma yṭawlu-l-ek-š hadu le-qraεi » ("Those bottles won't last you long")
- « ma sibt-š plaṣa » ("I couldn't get a seat / parking place")
| Person | Past | Present | Future | Present continuous | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| 1st (m) | ma ktebt-š | ma ktebna-š | ma nekteb-š | ma nekketbu-š | ma Rayeḥ-š nekteb | ma Rayḥin-š nekketbu | ma Rani-š nekteb | ma Rana-š nekketbu |
| 2st (f) | ma ktebt-š | ma ktebna-š | ma nekteb-š | ma nekketbu-š | ma Rayḥa-š nekteb | ma Rayḥin-š nekketbu | ma Rani-š nekteb | ma Rana-š nekketbu |
| 2nd (m) | ma ketbt-š | ma ktebtu-š | ma tekteb-š | ma tekketbu-š | ma Rayeḥ-š tekteb | ma Rayḥin-š tekketbu | ma Rak-š tekteb | ma Rakum-š tekketbu |
| 2rd (f) | ma ktebti-š | ma ktebtu-š | ma tekketbi-š | ma tekketbu-š | ma Rayḥa-š tekketbi | ma Rayḥin-š tekketbu | ma Raki-š tekketbi | ma Rakum-š tekketbu |
| 3rd (m) | ma kteb-š | ma ketbu-š | ma yekteb-š | ma yekketbu-š | ma Rayeḥ-š yekteb | ma Rayḥin-š yekketbu | ma Rah-š yekteb | ma Rahum-š yekketbu |
| 3rd (f) | ma ketbet-š | ma ketbu-š | ma tekteb-š | ma yekketbu-š | ma Rayḥa-š tekteb | ma Rayḥin-š yekketbu | ma Raha-š tekteb | ma Rahum-š yekketbu |
Other negative words (walu, etc.) are used in combination with ma to express more complex types of negation. Шаблон:IPA is not used when other negative words are used
- ma qult walu ("I didn't say anything")
- ma šuft tta waḥed ("I didn't see anyone")
or when two verbs are consecutively in the negative
- ma šuft ma smeεt ("I neither saw nor did I hear").
Verb derivation
Verb derivation is done by adding affixes or by doubling consonants, there are two types of derivation forms: causative, passive.
- Causative: is obtained by doubling consonants :
- xrej "to go out" → xerrej "to make to go out"
- dxel "to enter" → Шаблон:Transliteration "to make to enter, to introduce".
- Passive:It is obtained by prefixing the verb with t- / tt- / tn- / n- :
- qtel "to kill" → tneqtel "to be killed"
- šreb "to drink" → tnešreb "to be drunk".
The adverbs of location
Things could be in three places hnaya (right here), hna (here) or el-hih (there).
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Most Algerian Arabic dialects have eight personal pronouns since they no longer have gender differentiation of the second and third person in the plural forms. However, pre-Hilalian dialects retain seven personal pronouns since gender differentiation of the second person in the singular form is absent as well.
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | ana | ḥna |
| 2nd (m) | n'ta | n'tuma |
| 2nd (f) | n'ti | n'tuma |
| 3rd (m) | huwwa | huma |
| 3rd (f) | hiyya | huma |
Example: « ḥatta ana/ana tani. » — "Me too."
| Person | Algerian Arabic |
|---|---|
| I am | rani |
| You are (m) | rak |
| You are (f) | raki |
| He is | rah or Rahu |
| She is | Rahi or Raha |
| We are | rana |
| You or Y'all are | raku or rakum (m)and (f) |
| They are | rahum (m)and (f) |
Example: « Rani hna. » — "I'm here." and « Waš rak. » "How are you." to both males and females.
Possessive pronouns
Dar means house.
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | i (Dari) | na (Darna) |
| 2nd | (e)k (Dar(e)k) | kum (Darkum) |
| 3rd (m) | u (Daru) | (h)um (Dar(h)um) |
| 3rd (f) | ha (Darha) | (hum) (Dar(h)um) |
Example : « dar-na. » — "Our house" (House-our) Possessives are frequently combined with taε "of, property" : dar taε-na — "Our house.", dar taε-kum ...etc.
Singular:
taε-i = my or mine
taε-ek = your or yours (m, f)
taε-u = his
taε-ha = hers
Plural:
taε-na = our or ours
taε-kum = your or yours (m, f)
taε-hum = their or theirs (m, f)
"Our house" can be Darna or Dar taε-na, which is more like saying 'house of ours'. Taε can be used in other ways just like in English in Spanish. You can say Dar taε khuya, which means 'house of my brother' or 'my brother's house'.
Interrogative pronouns
| Interrogatives | Algerian Arabic |
|---|---|
| What ? | waš ? |
| When ? | waqtaš ? / wektaš ? / wektah ? / wekket ? |
| Why? | 3lah ? / 3laš ? / llah ? |
| Which ? | waš-men ? / aš-men ? / ama ? |
| Where ? | win ? |
| Who ? | škun ? / menhu ? |
| How ? | kifaš ? / kifah ? / ki ? |
| How many ? | šḥal ? / qeddaš ? / gueddaš ? / gueddah ? |
| Whose ? | taε-men ? |
Verbal pronouns
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | ni | na |
| 2nd (m) | (e)k | kum |
| 3rd (m) | u (after a consonant) / h (after a vowel) / hu (before an indirect object pronoun) |
hum |
| 3rd (f) | ha | hum |
Examples:
- « šuft-ni. » — "You saw me." (You.saw-me)
- « qetl-u. » — "He killed him." (He.killed-him)
- « kla-h. » — "He ate it." (He.ate-it)
Demonstratives
Unlike Classical Arabic, Algerian Arabic has no dual and uses the plural instead. The demonstrative (Hadi) is also used for "it is".
| Interrogatives | Algerian Arabic | Emphasized |
|---|---|---|
| This | had (m), hadi (f) | hada, hadaya (m), hadiyya (f) |
| That | dak (m), dik (f) | hadak (m), hadik (f) |
| These | hadu | haduma |
| Those | duk | haduk |
Sample text
Auguste Moulieras's Les fourberies de si Djeh'a. The text below was translated from Kabyle language.[17]
| Buzelluf | Sheep Head |
|---|---|
| Waħed en-nhar, jħa med-lu baba-h frank, baş yeşri buzelluf. Şra-h, w kla gagħ leħm-u. Bqa ğir legħdem, jab-u l baba-h. Ki şaf-u qal-lu: "waş hada?" Qal-lu: "buzelluf".
-A şmata, win rahi wedn-u?
-Win rahum għini-h?
-Win rah lsan-u?
- U el-jelda tagħ ras-u, win rahi?
|
One day, Jha's father gave him one cent so he buys a sheep head. He bought it and ate all of its meat. Only an empty carcass was left. He brought it to his father. Then, when he saw it, he said: "what is that?" Jehha said: "a sheep head".
-You vile, where are its ears?
-Where are its eyes?
-Where is its tongue?
-And the skin of its head, where is it?
|
French loanwords
Algerian Arabic contains numerous French loanwords.
| Algerian Arabic | French loanword | English meaning | Algerian Arabic | French loanword | English meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| feršiṭa | fourchette | fork | por | port | port |
| friza | fraises | strawberries | otel | hôtel | hotel |
| nurmalmu | normalement | normally | frijider | frigidaire | refrigerator |
| karṭa | carte | card | bumba | bombe | bomb |
| buja (v) | bouger (v) | move (v) | atay | thé | tea |
| farina | farine | flour | duntist | dentiste | dentist |
| tilifun | téléphone | phone | šufur | chauffeur | driver |
| valiza | valise | suitcase | paṣpur | passport | passport |
| trunspur | transport | transportation | tunubil | automobile | car |
| kazirna | caserne | barracks | couzina | cuisine | kitchen |
| fermli | infirmier | (male) nurse | blaṣa/plaṣa | place | place/seat |
| pyasa/byasa | pièce | piece | šarji (v) | charger (v) | load (v) |
| karti | quartier | district | jerda | jardin | garden |
| girra | guerre | war | riska (v) | risquer (v) | risk (v) |
| (g)kravaṭa | cravate | tie | zigu | égout | sewer |
| mikru | micro-ordinateur | computer | kadre | cadre | frame |
| riẓu | réseau | network | ridu | rideau | curtain |
| ṭabla | table | table | biyyi | billet | ticket |
| vista | veste | jacket | bulisiyya | police | police |
| kaskiṭa | casquette | cap | balona | ballon | ball |
| makiyaj | maquillage | makeup | āntik | antique | old |
(v)=verb
See also
- Varieties of Arabic
- Maghrebi Arabic
- Moroccan Arabic
- Tunisian Arabic
- Hassaniya Arabic
- Libyan Arabic
- Languages of Algeria
- Belkassem Ben Sedira
References
Шаблон:Reflist Шаблон:Incubator
Шаблон:Languages of Algeria Шаблон:Varieties of Arabic Шаблон:Languages in Maghreb Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book; Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 K. Versteegh, Dialects of Arabic: Maghreb Dialects Шаблон:Webarchive, hteachmideast.org
- ↑ The Eastern Hilal also includes central Tunisian Bedouin dialects.
- ↑ The Central Hilal also includes Algerian Saharan Arabic.
- ↑ The Mâqil family of dialects also includes Moroccan Bedouin Arabic dialects and Hassaniya. Those of the Oranais are similar to those of eastern Morocco (Oujda area)
- ↑ D. Caubet, Questionnaire de dialectologie du Maghreb Шаблон:Webarchive, in: EDNA vol.5 (2000-2001), pp.73-92
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 14,3 14,4 14,5 14,6 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 15,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 16,4 16,5 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
