Английская Википедия:Ama (diving)
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Italic title
Шаблон:Nihongo3 are Japanese divers famous for collecting pearls, though traditionally their main catch is seafood.[1] The vast majority of Шаблон:Transliteration are women.
Terminology
There are several sea occupations that are pronounced "ama" and several words that refer to sea occupation.
- Шаблон:Nihongo – a female sea-diving fisherperson
- Шаблон:Nihongo – a male sea-diving fisherperson
- Шаблон:Nihongo, Шаблон:Nihongo – a sea-diving fisherperson of either gender
- uminchu (Шаблон:Lang) – a sea fisherperson of either gender in Okinawan
While one definition of ama specifically refers to divers, another definition refers to fisherpersons in general.
History
Japanese tradition holds that the practice of Шаблон:Transliteration may be 2,000 years old.[2]
Records of female pearl divers, or Шаблон:Transliteration, date back as early as AD 927 in Japan's Heian period. Early Шаблон:Transliteration were known to dive for seafood and were honored with the task of retrieving abalone for shrines and imperial emperors. Шаблон:Transliteration traditionally wear white, as the colour represents purity and also to possibly ward off sharks. Traditionally and even as recently as the 1960s, Шаблон:Transliteration dived wearing only a loincloth, but in the 20th century, the divers adopted an all-white sheer diving uniform in order to be more presentable while diving.[3][4] Even in modern times, Шаблон:Transliteration dive without scuba gear or air tanks, making them a traditional sort of freediver.
Pearl diving Шаблон:Transliteration were considered rare in the early years of diving. However, Mikimoto Kōkichi's discovery and production of the cultured pearl in 1893 produced a great demand for Шаблон:Transliteration. He established the Mikimoto Pearl Island in Toba and used the Шаблон:Transliteration's findings to grow his business internationally.[5] Nowadays, the pearl-diving Шаблон:Transliteration are viewed as a tourist attraction at Mikimoto Pearl Island.[6] The number of Шаблон:Transliteration continue to dwindle as this ancient technique becomes less and less practiced, due to disinterest in the new generation of women and the dwindling demand for their activity. In the 1940s, 6,000 Шаблон:Transliteration were reported active along the coasts of Japan, while today Шаблон:Transliteration practice at numbers more along the scale of 60 or 70 divers in a generation.
Activities
Women began diving as Шаблон:Transliteration as early as 12 and 13 years old, taught by elder Шаблон:Transliteration. Despite their early start, divers are known to be active well into their 70s and are rumored to live longer due to their diving training and discipline.Шаблон:Citation needed In Japan, women were considered to be superior divers due to the distribution of their fat and their ability to hold their breath.[6] The garments of the Шаблон:Transliteration have changed throughout time, from the original loincloth to the white sheer garbs and eventually to the modern diving wetsuit.
The world of the Шаблон:Transliteration is one marked by duty and superstition. One traditional article of clothing that has stood the test of time is their headscarves. The headscarves are adorned with symbols such as the Шаблон:Transliteration and the Шаблон:Transliteration,Шаблон:Clarify which have the function of bringing luck to the diver and warding off evil. The Шаблон:Transliteration are also known to create small shrines near their diving location where they will visit after diving in order to thank the gods for their safe return.[4]
The Шаблон:Transliteration were expected to endure harsh conditions while diving, such as freezing temperatures and great pressures from the depths of the sea. Through the practice, many Шаблон:Transliteration were noted to lose weight during the months of diving seasons. Шаблон:Transliteration practiced a breathing technique in which the divers would release air in a long whistle once they resurfaced from a dive. This whistling became a defining characteristic of the Шаблон:Transliteration, as this technique is unique to them.[4]
In culture
- James Bond travels to Japan in the novel You Only Live Twice. He meets and becomes involved with Шаблон:Transliteration Kissy Suzuki. The character was also portrayed in the film version.
- The NHK morning television drama Шаблон:Transliteration centers on a high school girl in the Tohoku region who initially sets out to become an Шаблон:Transliteration diver.
- The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife, an 1814 woodblock print by Japanese artist Hokusai, depicts a young Шаблон:Transliteration diver entwined sexually with a pair of octopuses.
- Ama Girls, a 1958 documentary film.
- Шаблон:Transliteration is a Japanese manga series, later adapted into an anime. Its name is a longer version of the word Шаблон:Transliteration, and its subject matter involves female divers.
- Шаблон:Transliteration, a 2016 documentary film by Portuguese director Cláudia Varejão, that follows the daily life of three Japanese women who have been diving together, for 30 years, in a small fishing village on the Shima Peninsula.[7]
- Tampopo (A Noodle Western), a 1985 dramatic comedy film by Jûzô Itami includes a series of vignettes about the erotic and cinematic passions of a gangster in a white suit and his moll, one of which is a reminiscence about eating a fresh oyster from the hand of an ama girl at the seashore.
See also
- Шаблон:Transliteration – Female occupational divers in the Korean province of Jeju
- Шаблон:Annotated link
References
Further reading
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Martinez, D. P. (2004). Identity and Ritual in a Japanese Village University of Hawaii Press. Шаблон:ISBN
- Mishima, Yukio (1994). The Sound of Waves. Vintage. Шаблон:ISBN
External links
- English: United Nations University (2009) digital video "Where the sea whistle echoes": Ama, legendary women divers of Japan facing climate change and an uncertain future Accessed 1 December 2009
- Ama Cultural Village in Japanese
- Шаблон:Usurped at the Rubicon Foundation
Шаблон:Underwater diving Шаблон:Fishing tackle Шаблон:Fisheries and fishing Шаблон:Authority control
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