Английская Википедия:American Association (1882–1891)

The American Association of Base Ball Clubs (AA) was a professional baseball league that existed for 10 seasons from Шаблон:Baseball year to Шаблон:Baseball year. Together with the National League (NL), founded in Шаблон:Baseball year, the AA participated in an early version of the World Series Шаблон:Efn seven times versus the champion of the NL in an interleague championship playoff tournament. At the end of its run, several AA franchises joined the NL. After 1891, the NL existed alone, with each season's champions being awarded the Temple Cup (1894–1897).

During its existence, the AA was often simply referred to as "the Association" in the media, in contrast to the NL, which was sometimes called "the League". It was also sometimes called the "Beer and Whiskey League".

History

The American Association distinguished itself in several ways from what it considered to be the puritanical National League. The new league established teams in what the NL leaders pejoratively called "river cities", including Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Louisville and St. Louis, with the inherent implication of lower morality or social standards in those cities. In contrast to the NL, the AA offered cheaper ticket prices, Sunday games and alcoholic beverages to its patrons.^[1]Шаблон:Rp

On November 8, 1881, at the Gibson House in Cincinnati, it was decided that individual teams in the league-to-be would operate their own affairs and set their own admission prices,^[2] under an agreement called the "guarantee system". The NL at that time prohibited the sale of alcohol on its grounds, while the AA had no such restrictions, especially as several of its teams were backed by breweries and distilleries. The AA became known as "The Beer and Whiskey League", another pejorative term applied by NL owners, which did not seem to bother the fans of the Association's clubs.

Beginning in 1884 and continuing through 1890, the champion of the AA met the champion of the NL in an early version of the World Series. These early Series were less organized than the modern version, with as few as three games played and as many as fifteen, and the contests of 1885 and 1890 ending in disputed ties. The NL won four of these Series, while the AA won only one, in 1886 when the St. Louis Browns (now Cardinals) defeated the Chicago White Stockings (now Cubs).

Over its lifetime, the AA was weakened by several factors. One was the tendency of some of its teams to jump to the NL. The consistently stronger NL was in better position to survive adverse conditions. Some owners of AA teams also owned a NL team.^[1]Шаблон:Rp The most significant blow to the AA was dealt by the Players' League, a third major league formed in Шаблон:Baseball year, which siphoned off talent and gate receipts. In a rare historical oddity, the Brooklyn Bridegrooms (now the Los Angeles Dodgers) won the league's championship and represented the AA in the 1889 World Series, switched to the NL during the off-season, and then repeated the same feat.

No player who spent the majority of his career in the AA is in the baseball Hall of Fame, although Bid McPhee of the Cincinnati Reds played eight of his eighteen seasons in the AA before the Reds moved to the National League. The living legacy of the old Association is the group of teams that came over to the National League to stay. The Pirates moved to the NL after the 1886 season, the Bridegrooms/Dodgers and the Cincinnati Reds after the 1889 season, and the Browns/Cardinals after the American Association folded following the 1891 season. Following the reorganization and contraction of the NL from 12 teams down to 8 in 1900, half of the eight surviving teams were former members of the AA. Several of the AA's home-field venues survived into the 1960s: The ballpark used by the 1891 Washington club evolved into Griffith Stadium; the home of the St. Louis Browns, Sportsman's Park; and the city block occupied by the Reds, which evolved into Crosley Field. Crosley was the last physical remnant of the AA to go, other than the clubs themselves, when it was replaced by Riverfront Stadium in mid-1970.

During the AA's existence, several teams defected over to the NL, and at the AA's demise in 1891 four additional clubs joined the NL. Four former AA clubs, the Pittsburgh Pirates (defected to the NL in 1887), the Cincinnati Reds (defected to the NL in 1889), the Los Angeles Dodgers (defected in 1890) and the St. Louis Cardinals (joined the NL after the AA demise in 1891), have posted more than 10,000 lifetime major league victories.^[3]

Pennant winners of the AA

1882 Cincinnati Red Stockings
1883 Philadelphia Athletics
1884 New York Metropolitans (lost World Series, 3–0, to Providence NL)
1885 St. Louis Browns (tied World Series, 3–3–1, with Chicago NL)
1886 St. Louis Browns (won World Series, 4–2, over Chicago NL)
1887 St. Louis Browns (lost World Series, 10–5, to Detroit NL)
1888 St. Louis Browns (lost World Series, 6–2, to New York NL)
1889 Brooklyn Bridegrooms (lost World Series, 6–3, to New York NL)
1890 Louisville Colonels (tied World Series, 3–3–1, with Brooklyn NL)
1891 Boston Reds

American Association franchises

Franchise	Franchise name with all recorded nicknames
Years	Years that the franchise were active in the AA
Home-field	The home-field ballpark(s) in which the franchise played
Titles	How many league titles the franchise won in the AA
†	Franchise later joined the National League
§	Franchise transferred in from the Players' League

Franchise	Years	Home-field	Titles	Notes	Ref
Baltimore Orioles^†	1882–1891	Newington Park/Oriole Park I, II, III	0		^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]
Cincinnati Red Stockings^†	1882–1889	Bank Street Grounds/League Park I	1	This franchise currently exists as the Cincinnati Reds	^[8]^[9]^[10]
Louisville Colonels^†	1882–1891	Eclipse Park I	1		^[11]^[12]
Philadelphia Athletics	1882–1890	Oakdale Park/Jefferson Street Grounds	1		^[13]^[14]^[15]
Pittsburgh Alleghenys^†	1882–1886	Exposition Park I, II/Recreation Park	0	This franchise currently exists as the Pittsburgh Pirates	^[16]^[17]^[18]
St. Louis Brown Stockings/Browns^†	1882–1891	Sportsman's Park I	4	This franchise currently exists as the St. Louis Cardinals	^[19]^[20]
Columbus Buckeyes	1883–1884	Recreation Park I	0		^[21]^[22]
New York Metropolitans	1883–1887	Polo Grounds I/Metropolitan Park/St. George Cricket Grounds	1		^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]
Brooklyn Atlantics/Grays/Bridegrooms^†	1884–1889	Washington Park/Ridgewood Park II	1	This franchise currently exists as the Los Angeles Dodgers	^[27]^[28]^[29]
Indianapolis Hoosiers	1884	Seventh Street Park I/Bruce Grounds	0		^[30]^[31]^[32]
Richmond Virginia(n)s	1884	Allen Pasture	0		^[33]^[34]
Toledo Blue Stockings	1884	League Park	0		^[35]^[36]
Washington Nationals	1884	Athletic Park	0		^[37]^[38]
Cleveland Spiders^†	1887–1888	Kennard Street Park	0		^[39]^[40]
Kansas City Cowboys	1888–1889	Association Park/Exposition Park	0		^[41]^[42]^[43]
Columbus Solons	1889–1891	Recreation Park II	0		^[44]^[45]
Brooklyn Gladiators	1890	Ridgewood Park II/Polo Grounds III	0		^[29]^[46]^[47]
Rochester Broncos/Hop Bitters	1890	Culver Field I/Polo Grounds III	0		^[48]^[49]
Syracuse Stars	1890	Star Park II	0		^[50]^[51]
Toledo Maumees	1890	Speranza Park	0		^[52]^[53]
Boston Reds^§	1891	Congress Street Grounds	1	Transferred from the Players' League after 1890 season	^[54]^[55]
Cincinnati Kelly's Killers	1891	East End Park	0	Also referred to as the Reds and the Porkers	^[56]^[57]
Milwaukee Brewers	1891	Athletic Park	0	Transferred to the Western League in 1892.	^[58]^[59]
Philadelphia Athletics^§	1891	Forepaugh Park	0	Transferred from the Players' League after 1890 season	^[60]^[61]
Washington Senators^†	1891	Boundary Field	0		^[62]^[63]

Timeline

<timeline> DateFormat = yyyy ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:25 PlotArea = left:20 right:50 bottom:20 top:20

Colors =

id:majorGridColor value:rgb(0.9,0.9,0.9)
id:lineColor   value:gray(0.6)
id:nl1         value:gray(0.9)
id:inactive    value:gray(0.5)
id:gold        value:rgb(0.99,0.72,0.15)
id:brown       value:rgb(0.36,0.20,0.10)
id:vegasgold   value:rgb(0.80,0.72,0.49)
id:green       value:rgb(0,   0.51,0.28)
id:darkgreen   value:rgb(0,   0.20,0   )
id:orange      value:rgb(1   ,0.39,0   )
id:red         value:rgb(0.80,0.01,0.07)
id:red2        value:rgb(0.90,0.01,0.07)
id:darkred     value:rgb(0.50,0   ,0   )
id:iceblue     value:rgb(0.20,0.60,0.80)
id:gray        value:gray(0.3)
id:gray2       value:gray(0.5)
id:sand        value:rgb(0.94,0.89,0.77)
id:navy        value:rgb(0   ,0   ,0.30)
id:teal        value:rgb(0   ,0.65,0.65)
id:teal2       value:rgb(0   ,0.45,0.45)

Period = from:1882 till:1893 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy ScaleMajor = start:1882 increment:2 gridcolor:majorGridColor

LineData =

at:1882 color:lineColor #Formation of AA
at:1892 color:lineColor #NL Merger

BarData =

bar:BAL      #Baltimore Orioles  1891 (NL)
bar:CINR     #Cincinnati Red Stockings  1889 (NL)
bar:LOU      #Louisville Eclipse/Colonels 1891 (NL)
bar:PHI      #Philadelphia Athletics 1891
bar:PIT      #Pittsburgh Alleghenys 1886 (NL)
bar:SLB      #St Louis Brown Stockings 1891 (NL)
bar:COL      #Columbus Buckeyes 1884
bar:NYM      #New York Metropolitans 1887
bar:BRK      #Brooklyn Atlantics/Grays/Bridegrooms 1889 (NL)
bar:IND      #Indianapolis Hoosiers 1884
bar:TLB      #Toledo Blue Stockings (1884)
bar:WAS      #Washington Statesmen (1884)
bar:RCHM     #Richmond Virginians (1884)
bar:CLE      #Cleveland Spiders (1887–1888) (NL)
bar:KCC      #Kansas City Cowboys (1888–1889)
bar:CLB      #Columbus Solons (1889–1891)
bar:BKN      #Brooklyn Gladiators (1890)
bar:RCHT     #Rochester Broncos (1890)
bar:SYR      #Syracuse Stars (1890)
bar:TLM      #Toledo Maumees (1890)
bar:BOS      #Boston Reds (1891)
bar:PHI2     #Philadelphia Athletics 1891
bar:CINP     #Cincinnati Porkers (1891)
bar:MIL      #Milwaukee Brewers (1891)
bar:WSH      #Washington Statesmen (1891)

Define $Up = shift:(,1) Define $Left = anchor:from align:right shift:(-1,) Define $Right = anchor:till align:left shift:(2,) Define $Down = shift:(,-10) Define $UpLeft = anchor:from align:right shift:(-1,1) Define $UpRight = anchor:till align:left shift:(2,1) Define $DownRight = anchor:till align:left shift:(2,-10)

PlotData =

color:inactive
textcolor:black
width:20
fontsize:S
mark:(line,black)
anchor:middle # other options are anchor:from anchor:till
align:center  # other options are align:left  align:right
shift:(0,-5)

---Charter Members of the AA in 1882

bar:BAL  from:1882 till:1892  color:orange      text:"Baltimore Orioles"
bar:BAL  from:1892 till:end   color:nl1         text:(NL)"
bar:CINR from:1882 till:1890  color:darkred     text:"Cincinnati Red Stockings"
bar:CINR from:1890 till:end   color:nl1         text:"(NL)"
bar:LOU  from:1882 till:1885  color:black       text:"Louisville~Eclipse"       textcolor:white  $Up
bar:LOU  from:1885 till:1892  color:gray        text:"Louisville~Colonels"       textcolor:white  $Up
bar:LOU  from:1892 till:end   color:nl1         text:"(NL)"
bar:PHI  from:1882 till:1891  color:skyblue     text:"Philadelphia Athletics"
bar:PIT  from:1882 till:1887  color:yellow      text:"Pittsburgh Alleghenys"
bar:PIT  from:1887 till:end   color:nl1         text:"(NL)"
bar:SLB  from:1882 till:1892  color:brown       text:"St Louis Brown Stockings"  textcolor:white
bar:SLB  from:1892 till:end   color:nl1         text:"(NL)"

---1883

bar:COL  from:1883 till:1885  color:navy        text:"Columbus~Buckeyes"         textcolor:white  $Up
bar:NYM  from:1883 till:1888  color:black       text:"New York~Metropolitans"    textcolor:white  $Up

---1884

bar:BRK  from:1884 till:1885  color:blue        text:"Brooklyn~Atlantics"                         $Up
bar:BRK  from:1885 till:1888  color:gray        text:"Brooklyn~Grays"                             $Up
bar:BRK  from:1888 till:1890  color:navy        text:"Brooklyn~Bridegrooms"      textcolor:white  $Up
bar:BRK  from:1890 till:end   color:nl1         text:"(NL)"

bar:IND  from:1884 till:1885  color:sand        text:"Indianapolis~Hoosiers"                      $Up
bar:TLB  from:1884 till:1885  color:skyblue     text:"Toledo Blue~Stockings"                      $Up
bar:WAS  from:1884 till:1885  color:blue        text:"Washington~Statesmen (1)"     textcolor:white  $Up
bar:RCHM from:1884 till:1885  color:gold        text:"Richmond~Virginians (1)"                       $Up

---1887

bar:CLE  from:1887 till:1889  color:black       text:"Cleveland~Spiders"         textcolor:white  $Up
bar:CLE  from:1889 till:end   color:nl1         text:"(NL)"

---1888

bar:KCC  from:1888 till:1890  color:iceblue     text:"Kansas City~Cowboys"                        $Up

---1889

bar:CLB  from:1889 till:1892  color:red         text:"Columbus~Solons"                            $Up

---1890

bar:BKN  from:1890 till:1891  color:purple      text:"Brooklyn~Gladiators"                        $Up
bar:RCHT from:1890 till:1891  color:darkred     text:"Rochester~Broncos"         textcolor:white  $Up
bar:SYR  from:1890 till:1891  color:yellow      text:"Syracuse~Stars"                             $Up
bar:TLM  from:1890 till:1891  color:kelleygreen text:"Toledo~Maumees"                             $Up

---1891

bar:PHI2  from:1890 till:1891 color:nl1         text:"Philadelphia~Quakers (PL)"                  $Up
bar:PHI2  from:1891 till:1892 color:skyblue     text:"Philadelphia~Athletics (2)"                     $Up
bar:BOS  from:1890 till:1891  color:nl1         text:"(PL)"
bar:BOS  from:1891 till:1892  color:red         text:"Boston~Reds"                                $Up
bar:CINP from:1891 till:1892  color:pink        text:"Cincinnati~Kelly's Killers"                         $Up
bar:MIL  from:1891 till:1892  color:vegasgold   text:"Milwaukee~Brewers (3)"                          $Up
bar:WSH  from:1891 till:1892  color:blue        text:"Washington~Statesmen"      textcolor:white  $Up
bar:WSH  from:1892 till:end   color:nl1         text:"(NL)"

</timeline>

The 1884 Washington Statesmen were replaced during the season by the Richmond Virginians.
For the 1891 season, the Philadelphia Athletics were replaced by the Philadelphia Quakers of the Player's League.
The 1891 Cincinnati Kelly's Killers folded during the season and were replaced by the Milwaukee Brewers.

1882 – AA forms with six teams
1883 – AA expands to eight teams
1884 – AA expands to twelve teams in response to Union Association threat
1885 – AA returns to eight teams
1887 – Allegheny ("Pittsburgh Alleghenys") leave AA to join NL
1889 – Cleveland Spiders leave AA to join NL
1890 – Cincinnati Red Stockings and Brooklyn Bridegrooms leave AA to join NL
1892 – Baltimore Orioles, Louisville Colonels, St. Louis Browns, and Washington Senators join National League after the folding of the AA

AA presidents

H. D. McKnight (1882–1885)
Wheeler C. Wyckoff (1886–1889)
Zach Phelps (1890)
Allen W. Thurman (1890–1891)
Louis Kramer (1891)
Ed Renau (1891)
Zach Phelps (1891)

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

General

Specific

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

"American Association Remembered", MLB.com

Шаблон:American Association (1882–1891) Шаблон:Professional Baseball Шаблон:Authority control

[SABR-1] 1,0 ^1,1 Шаблон:Cite journal

[2] The Encyclopedia of Louisville, John E. Kleber

[3] Шаблон:Cite web

[4] Шаблон:Cite web

[5] Шаблон:Cite web

[6] Шаблон:Cite web

[7] Шаблон:Cite web

[8] Шаблон:Cite web

[9] Шаблон:Cite web

[10] Шаблон:Cite web

[11] Шаблон:Cite web

[12] Шаблон:Cite web

[13] Шаблон:Cite web

[14] Шаблон:Cite web

[15] Шаблон:Cite web

[16] Шаблон:Cite web

[17] Шаблон:Cite web

[18] Шаблон:Cite web

[19] Шаблон:Cite web

[20] Шаблон:Cite web

[21] Шаблон:Cite web

[22] Шаблон:Cite web

[23] Шаблон:Cite web

[24] Шаблон:Cite web

[25] Шаблон:Cite web

[26] Шаблон:Cite web

[27] Шаблон:Cite web

[28] Шаблон:Cite web

[Ridgewood_Park_II_in_New_York-29] 29,0 ^29,1 Шаблон:Cite web

[30] Шаблон:Cite web

[31] Шаблон:Cite web

[32] Шаблон:Cite web

[33] Шаблон:Cite web

[34] Шаблон:Cite web

[35] Шаблон:Cite web

[36] Шаблон:Cite web

[37] Шаблон:Cite web

[38] Шаблон:Cite web

[39] Шаблон:Cite web

[40] Шаблон:Cite web

[41] Шаблон:Cite web

[42] Шаблон:Cite web

[43] Шаблон:Cite web

[44] Шаблон:Cite web

[45] Шаблон:Cite web

[46] Шаблон:Cite web

[47] Шаблон:Cite web

[48] Шаблон:Cite web

[49] Шаблон:Cite web

[50] Шаблон:Cite web

[51] Шаблон:Cite web

[52] Шаблон:Cite web

[53] Шаблон:Cite web

[54] Шаблон:Cite web

[55] Шаблон:Cite web

[56] Шаблон:Cite web

[57] Шаблон:Cite web

[58] Шаблон:Cite web

[59] Шаблон:Cite web

[60] Шаблон:Cite web

[61] Шаблон:Cite web

[62] Шаблон:Cite web

[63] Шаблон:Cite web

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты	Обмен криптовалют - www.bestchange.ru Криптовалютная биржа CoinEx Криптовалютная биржа Binance HIVE OS - операционная система для майнинга e4pool - Мультивалютный пул для майнинга.
Магазины	AliExpress — глобальная виртуальная (в Интернете) торговая площадка, предоставляющая возможность покупать товары производителей из КНР; computeruniverse.net - Интернет-магазин компьютеров(Промо код 5 Евро на первую покупку:FWWC3ZKQ);
Хостинг	DigitalOcean - американский провайдер облачных инфраструктур, с главным офисом в Нью-Йорке и с центрами обработки данных по всему миру;
Разное	Викиум - Онлайн-тренажер для мозга Like Центр - Центр поддержки и развития предпринимательства. Gamersbay - лучший магазин по бустингу для World of Warcraft. Ноотропы OmniMind N°1 - Усиливает мозговую активность. Повышает мотивацию. Улучшает память. Санкт-Петербургская школа телевидения - это федеральная сеть образовательных центров, которая имеет филиалы в 37 городах России. Lingualeo.com — интерактивный онлайн-сервис для изучения и практики английского языка в увлекательной игровой форме. Junyschool (Джунискул) – международная школа программирования и дизайна для детей и подростков от 5 до 17 лет, где ученики осваивают компьютерную грамотность, развивают алгоритмическое и креативное мышление, изучают основы программирования и компьютерной графики, создают собственные проекты: игры, сайты, программы, приложения, анимации, 3D-модели, монтируют видео. Умназия - Интерактивные онлайн-курсы и тренажеры для развития мышления детей 6-13 лет SkillBox - это один из лидеров российского рынка онлайн-образования. Среди партнеров Skillbox ведущий разработчик сервисного дизайна AIC, медиа-компания Yoola, первое и самое крупное русскоязычное аналитическое агентство Tagline, онлайн-школа дизайна и иллюстрации Bang! Bang! Education, оператор PR-рынка PACO, студия рисования Draw&Go, агентство performance-маркетинга Ingate, scrum-студия Sibirix, имидж-лаборатория Персона. «Нетология» — это университет по подготовке и дополнительному обучению специалистов в области интернет-маркетинга, управления проектами и продуктами, дизайна, Data Science и разработки. В рамках Нетологии студенты получают ценные теоретические знания от лучших экспертов Рунета, выполняют практические задания на отработку полученных навыков, общаются с экспертами и единомышленниками. Познакомиться со всеми продуктами подробнее можно на сайте https://netology.ru, линейка курсов и профессий постоянно обновляется. StudyBay Brazil – это онлайн биржа для португалоговорящих студентов и авторов! Студент получает уникальную работу любого уровня сложности и больше свободного времени, в то время как у автора появляется дополнительный заработок и бесценный опыт. Автор24 — самая большая в России площадка по написанию учебных работ: контрольные и курсовые работы, дипломы, рефераты, решение задач, отчеты по практике, а так же любой другой вид работы. Сервис сотрудничает с более 70 000 авторов. Более 1 000 000 работ уже выполнено. StudyBay – это онлайн биржа для англоязычных студентов и авторов! Студент получает уникальную работу любого уровня сложности и больше свободного времени, в то время как у автора появляется дополнительный заработок и бесценный опыт.

Английская Википедия:American Association (1882–1891)

Содержание

History

Pennant winners of the AA

American Association franchises

Timeline

AA presidents

Notes

References

External links

Навигация

Действия на странице

Действия на странице

Персональные инструменты

Навигация

Поиск

Инструменты