Английская Википедия:Amritabindu Upanishad

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Infobox Upanishad

The Amritabindu Upanishad (Sanskrit:अमृतबिन्दु उपनिषद्) is one of the minor Upanishads of Hinduism.Шаблон:Sfn It is one of the five Bindu Upanishads, attached to the Atharvaveda,Шаблон:Sfn and one of twenty Yoga Upanishads in the four Vedas.Шаблон:Sfn[1]

The text is notable for condemning "bookish learning" and emphasizing practice, as well as for presenting a six limbed Yoga system which match five stages of the eight stage Patanjali's Yogasutras and offering a unique, different sixth stage.Шаблон:Sfn

The Amṛitabindu is listed at number 20 in the serial order of the Muktika enumerated by Rama to Hanuman in the modern era anthology of 108 Upanishads.Шаблон:Sfn The text sometimes appears under the title Brahmabindu Upanishad or Amritanada Upanishad, in some anthologies.Шаблон:Sfn[2] It shares over 20 Vedanta-philosophy related verses with Amritanada Upanishad in compilations where these two texts are separated into independent Upanishads.[2]

Nomenclature

Paul Deussen states that the title has two meanings, first being "the esoteric doctrine of a bindu (point) or nada (reverberation) of the word Om which signifies Brahman", while the second meaning is a drop which grants immortality.Шаблон:Sfn The discussion of Om by the text, states Deussen, suggests that the former meaning may be more appropriate.Шаблон:Sfn It is one of five Upanishads whose title has the suffix "bindu" meaning "drop", while “amrita” represents nectar of immortality like ambrosia in Greek literature parlance, but here its real emphasis is on mind.Шаблон:Sfn Amritabindu Upanishad, also meaning "Immortal Point," differentiates between vocal recitation of the Om syllable and its non-vocal practice.Шаблон:Sfn

The different names of similar texts may be the result of a scribal error that persisted as the text spread across India.Шаблон:Sfn However, the number of verses vary between the manuscripts, ranging from twenty two verses in Ayyangar translation,Шаблон:Sfn and 38 in Deussen translation.Шаблон:Sfn

The text, states Deussen, has also been referred to as Amritanada Upanishad by medieval Indian scholars such as Sayana of the Vijayanagara Empire.Шаблон:Sfn David Gordon White states that Bindu and Nada Upanishads were related, deriving their nomenclature from the symbol Om and its relation to meditation on the Brahman metaphysical reality, the Nada texts "all show some similarities to the bindu texts", and may have origins in the Tantric traditions.[3] The text of Amritabindu Upanishad, states White, appears under the title of Brahmabindu Upanishad in some older anthology.[2]

Chronology and anthology

Mircea Eliade suggests that Amritabindu Upanishad was possibly composed in the same period as the didactic parts of the Mahabharata, the chief Sannyasa Upanishads and along with other early Yoga Upanishads: Brahmabindu (probably composed about the same time as Maitri Upanishad), Ksurika, Tejobindu, Brahmavidya, Nadabindu, Yogashikha, Dhyanabindu and Yogatattva Upanishad.[4] Eliade's suggestion places these in the final centuries of BCE or early centuries of the CE. All these, adds Eliade, were likely composed earlier than the ten or eleven later Yoga Upanishads such as the Yoga-kundali, Varaha and Pashupatabrahma Upanishads.[4]

Paul Deussen states that this text may have preceded Patanjali's Yogasutras text, because it lists six instead of eight limbs for yoga, and both Maitri Upanishad in section 6.18 and Amritabindu place Dharana after Dhyana, a sequence that is reverse of what is found in the Yogasutras and all later Yoga texts of Hinduism.Шаблон:Sfn Both Maitri and Amritabindu, adds Deussen, include the concept of Tarka in their verses, which may be important to their relative dating.Шаблон:Sfn

Gavin Flood dates the Amritabindu text, along with other Yoga Upanishads, to be probably from the 100 BCE to 300 CE period.Шаблон:Sfn

This Upanishad is among those which have been differently attached to two Vedas, depending on the region where the manuscript was found. Deussen states it and all Bindu Upanishads are attached to the Atharvaveda,Шаблон:Sfn while Ayyangar states it attached to the Krishna Yajurveda.Шаблон:Sfn[5]

In Colebrooke's version of 52 Upanishads popular in north India, the text is listed at number 19 along with the other four Bindu Upanishads with similar theme.Шаблон:Sfn The Narayana anthology also includes this Upanishad at number 11 in Bibliothica Indica.Шаблон:Sfn In the collection of Upanishads under the title "Oupanekhat", put together by Sultan Mohammed Dara Shikhoh in 1656, consisting of a Persian translation of 50 Upanishads and who prefaced it as the best book on religion, it is listed at number 26 and is named Ambart bandeh(also known as Amrtabindu or Brahmabindu).Шаблон:Sfn

Structure

The text opens with an introduction consisting of four verses, followed by four sections of which three discuss the practice, rules and rewards of yoga, followed by a discourse on life-force (Prana, breath). The text ends with a one verse summary.Шаблон:Sfn

Like almost all other Yoga Upanishads, the text is composed in verse form.Шаблон:Sfn

The Amritabindu Upanishad is part of a group of five Bindu Upanishads, all dedicated to Yoga.[6] All five of Bindu Upanishads emphasize the practice of Yoga and Dhyana (meditation) with Om, to apprehend Atman (soul, self).Шаблон:Sfn

Contents

Introduction

Шаблон:Quote box The text opens stating that it is the wise, who after reading the text books repeatedly, throw away the books and proceed to the practice of yoga with meditation on the silent, invisible Om, in their pursuit of the Brahman-knowledge (ultimate unchanging reality).Шаблон:Sfn[7] This lack of interest and esteem in learning or study of the Vedas is found in other Bindu Upanishads, states Deussen, and may reflect ancient trend among Yogins.Шаблон:Sfn In the initial verses the Upanishad differentiates the mind under pure and impure states, and assigns its character as "bondage and liberation". Further enquiry into the crux of the matter reveals that Truth is realized within Vasudev, which is one's Self.Шаблон:Sfn

The practice of yoga

The Amritabindu Upanishad states that there are six limbs of yoga, whose sequence and one limb is different from Patanjali's Yogasutras:Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

  1. Pratyahara: the withdrawal of mind and sensory organs from external objects, and redirecting them to introspection. (Verses 5–6)Шаблон:Sfn
  2. Dhyanam: meditation. (Verses 5–6)Шаблон:Sfn
  3. Pranayama: breathing exercises consisting of Rechaka (exhaling completely), Paraka (inhaling deeply) and Kumbhaka (retaining breath for various intervals). (Verses 7–14)Шаблон:Sfn
  4. Dharana: concentrated introspection on Atman (soul, self) with one's mind. (Verse 15)Шаблон:Sfn
  5. Tarka: reflecting and inner reasoning between one's mind and soul.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This is missing in the Yogasutras. (Verse 16)Шаблон:Sfn
  6. Samadhi: communion with and in one's soul. (Verse 16)Шаблон:Sfn

The verse 10 of the Upanishad recommends internally reciting Gayatri, Vyahrtis and Pranava (Om) mantras as counters to time the length of the breathing exercises, while the section reminds the yogi to drink water and breath deeply to cleanse the body and senses.Шаблон:Sfn

The rules of yoga

Шаблон:Quote box The verse 17 of the text begins the rules and recommendation for yoga practice. It begins by stating that one must pick a proper place for yoga, which translates Deussen, is "a level surface of ground, pleasant and free from faults".Шаблон:Sfn Place a mat, settle in, and enter an Asana, states the Upanishad, such as Padmasana, Svastikasana or even Bhadrasana.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The yogi should face north, perform breathing exercises, alternating with the two nostrils, then in the state of comfort and being pacific, say Om and begin meditating.Шаблон:Sfn

Close and cast your eyes within, asserts the text in verse 22, sit motionless, practice yoga.Шаблон:Sfn Reach rhythmic breathing, concentrate, chain in the mind, reflect and reason, and proceed towards the union in the soul. It is unclear, states Deussen, whether the text implies union of individual soul with highest soul (Anquetil's interpretation), or Prana and Apana (Narayana's interpretation), or is a choice left to the yogi.Шаблон:Sfn

The yogi should be silent, still, lost from the outer world, reflecting or remembering the sacred syllable (Om) internally.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In verse 27, the Upanishad lists the Yamas (ethics of yogi with others) and Niyamas (ethics of yogi with one's own body).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The rewards of yoga

Three months of dedicated yoga practice, asserts verse 28 of the text, begins to bring rewards to body.Шаблон:Sfn In four months the yogi sees the Devas within, strength marks the yogi in five months, and after six months from starting yoga there is an "absoluteness of will" and sense of blissful aloneness, independence (Kaivalya) in the yogi states verse 29.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The verses 30–31 describe how meditation and concentration on different moras of the Om syllable, the yogi thinks through soul and in soul alone.Шаблон:Sfn

Theory of Prana

In some versions of the manuscript found in India, this section is much larger or called as Amritabindu Upanishad while the yoga part is titled separately as Amritanada Upanishad. Many medieval Indian scholars considered these as one.Шаблон:Sfn Ayyangar has translated this as a separate Upanishad.Шаблон:Sfn The two Upanishads when separate, states White, share over 20 similar verses.[2] This section, adds White, represent exclusively classical Vedanta philosophy methods and goals.[2]

To quote Swami Madhavananda – "the Amritabindu Upanishad inculcates, first, the control of the mind in the shape of desire-less-ness for sense-objects, as the most effective way to the attainment of liberation and the realisation of the One who is Knowledge and Bliss Absolute. Then, it discusses the real nature of the soul and the realisation of the highest truth which leads to unity. Thus, the central theme of all the Upanishads – viz., "that the Jiva and Brahman are eternally one, and that all duality is a mere superimposition due to ignorance" is described in this text.[8] Шаблон:Quote box

मन एव मनुष्याणां कारणं बन्धमोक्षयोः |
बन्धाय विषयासक्तं मुक्तं निर्विषयं स्मृतम् |२|

In the above verse, Amritabindu Upanishad states that the mind is the cause of bondage and liberation.[9] A mind that craves for something else is in bondage, one that doesn't is liberated.Шаблон:Sfn Spirituality is geared to obtain inner purity, calmness of the mind, and ultimately, liberation. In the state of liberation the mental components like virtue and vice become irrelevant.[10]

This section of Amritabindu text presents the Vedanta theory of non-dualism (Advaita).[7] It states that "there is only one Self in all creatures, that one appears many just as the moon appears many when reflected in many droplets", and the toughest connection yet most liberating connection one can make is with one's own Self (soul), which is difficult because it is concealed by Maya.[11] When one successfully removes this veil, look within, one realizes the Self and its unity with the eternal, indestructible, unchanging truth that is one with the universe.[11]Шаблон:Sfn

Conclusion

The text concludes with a single verse, asserting that one who has realized this knowledge is never reborn again, no matter where he dies.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Hindudharma Шаблон:Mukhya Upanishads

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  1. ↑ GM Patil (1978), Ishvara in Yoga philosophy, The Brahmavadin, Volume 13, Vivekananda Prakashan Kendra, pages 209–210
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 David Gordon White (2011), Yoga in Practice, Princeton University Press, Шаблон:ISBN, pages 109–110
  3. ↑ David Gordon White (2011), Yoga in Practice, Princeton University Press, Шаблон:ISBN, pages 107–110, 240
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Mircea Eliade (1970), Yoga: Immortality and Freedom, Princeton University Press, Шаблон:ISBN, pages 128–129
  5. ↑ Alain Danielou (1991), Yoga: Mastering the Secrets of Matter and the Universe, Inner Traditions, Шаблон:ISBN, page 168
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 H Zimmer (1969), Philosophies of India, Routledge, Шаблон:ISBN, page 370 with footnote 43; Quote: "Amritabindu Upanishad 17–18: Vijnana (the plenitude of knowledge): the vi here refers to infinity, which is all comprehensive and leaves no margin wherein any not included, second entity might exist. Vijnana is therefore nondual (advaita) knowledge (jnana), and as such synonymous with the state known to Vedanta as Turiya, the Fourth."
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Eknath Easwaran (1987), The Upanishads, Nilgiri Press, Шаблон:ISBN, pages 179–180, Amritabindu Translation Archive Шаблон:Webarchive
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