Английская Википедия:Anglosphere

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Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Anglosphere_Geometry.svg

The Anglosphere, according to James Bennett (The Anglosphere Challenge) Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend

The Anglosphere is the Anglo-American sphere of influence, with a core group of nations that today maintain close political, diplomatic and military co-operation. While the nations included in different sources vary, the Anglosphere is usually not considered to include all countries where English is an official language, so it is not synonymous with the sphere of anglophones, though commonly included nations are those that were formerly part of the British Empire and retained the English language and English Common Law.

The five core countries of the Anglosphere are usually taken to be Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These countries enjoy close cultural and diplomatic links with one another and are aligned under military and security programmes (Five Eyes).

Definitions and variable geometry

The Anglosphere is the Anglo-American sphere of influence.Шаблон:Efn The term was first coined by the science fiction writer Neal Stephenson in his book The Diamond Age, published in 1995. John Lloyd adopted the term in 2000 and defined it as including English-speaking countries like the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, and the British West Indies.Шаблон:Sfn James C. Bennett defines anglosphere as "the English-speaking Common Law-based nations of the world",Шаблон:Sfn arguing that former British colonies that retained English common law and the English language have done significantly better than counterparts colonised by other European powers.Шаблон:Sfn The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines the Anglosphere as "the countries of the world in which the English language and cultural values predominate".Шаблон:Efn However the Anglosphere is usually not considered to include all countries where English is an official language, so it is not synonymous with anglophone.

Core Anglosphere

The definition is usually taken to include Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States in a grouping of developed countries called the core Anglosphere. This term can also less frequently encompass Ireland, Malta and the Commonwealth Caribbean countries.Шаблон:Sfn

The five core countries in the Anglosphere are developed countries that maintain close cultural and diplomatic links with one another. They are aligned under such military and security programmes as:Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

• ABCANZ Armies
• Air and Space Interoperability Council (air forces)
• AUSCANNZUKUS (navies)
• Border Five
• Combined Communications Electronics Board (communications electronics)
• Five Eyes (intelligence)
• Five Nations Passport Group
• Migration 5
• The Technical Cooperation Program (technology and science)
• The UKUSA Agreement (signals intelligence).

Relations have traditionally been warm between Anglosphere countries, with bilateral partnerships such as those between Australia and New Zealand, the United States and Canada and the United States and the United Kingdom (the Special Relationship) constituting the most successful partnerships in the world.

In terms of political systems, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom have Charles III as head of state, form part of the Commonwealth of Nations and use the Westminster parliamentary system of government. Most of the core countries have first-past-the-post electoral systems, though Australia and New Zealand have reformed their systems and there are other systems used in some elections in the UK. As a consequence, most core Anglosphere countries have politics dominated by two major parties.

Below is a table comparing the five core countries of the Anglosphere (data for 2022/2023):

Country	Population	Land area (km2)	GDP Nominal (USD bn)	GDP PPP (USD bn)	GDP PPP per capita (USD)	National wealth PPP (USD bn)	Military spending PPP (USD bn)
Шаблон:Flag	26,009,249	Шаблон:Nts	1,707	Шаблон:Nts	65,366	Шаблон:Nts	Шаблон:Nts
Шаблон:Flag	38,708,793	Шаблон:Nts	2,089	Шаблон:Nts	60,177	Шаблон:Nts	Шаблон:Nts
Шаблон:Flag	5,130,623	Шаблон:Nts	251	Шаблон:Nts	54,046	Шаблон:Nts	Шаблон:Nts
Шаблон:Flag	67,081,234	Шаблон:Nts	3,158	Шаблон:Nts	56,471	Шаблон:Nts	Шаблон:Nts
Шаблон:Flag	332,718,707	Шаблон:Nts	26,854	Шаблон:Nts	80,035	Шаблон:Nts	Шаблон:Nts
Core Anglosphere	Шаблон:Nts	Шаблон:Nts	34,059	Шаблон:Nts	Шаблон:Nts	Шаблон:Nts	Шаблон:Nts
... as % of World	5.9%	18.4%	32.3%	20%	3.3×	24.9%	32.9%

Culture and economics

Due to their historic links, the Anglosphere countries share many cultural traits that still persist today. Most countries in the Anglosphere follow the rule of law through common law rather than civil law, and favour democracy with legislative chambers above other political systems. Private property is protected by law or constitution.

Market freedom is high in the five core Anglosphere countries, as all five share the Anglo-Saxon economic model – a capitalist model that emerged in the 1970s based on the Chicago school of economics with origins from the 18th century United Kingdom. The shared sense of globalisation led cities such as New York, London, Los Angeles, Sydney, and Toronto to have considerable impacts on the financial markets and the global economy. Global popular culture has been highly influenced by the United States and the United Kingdom.Шаблон:Cn

Proponents and critics

Proponents of the Anglosphere concept typically come from the political right (such as Andrew Roberts of the UK Conservative Party), and critics from the centre-left (for example Michael Ignatieff of the Liberal Party of Canada).

Proponents

As early as 1897, Albert Venn Dicey proposed an Anglo-Saxon "intercitizenship" during an address to the Fellows of All Souls at Oxford. Шаблон:Further The American businessman James C. Bennett, a proponent of the idea that there is something special about the cultural and legal (common law) traditions of English-speaking nations, writes in his 2004 book The Anglosphere Challenge:

Bennett argues that there are two challenges confronting his concept of the Anglosphere. The first is finding ways to cope with rapid technological advancement and the second is the geopolitical challenges created by what he assumes will be an increasing gap between anglophone prosperity and economic struggles elsewhere.

British historian Andrew Roberts claims that the Anglosphere has been central in the First World War, Second World War and Cold War. He goes on to contend that anglophone unity is necessary for the defeat of Islamism.

According to a 2003 profile in The Guardian, historian Robert Conquest favoured a British withdrawal from the European Union in favour of creating "a much looser association of English-speaking nations, known as the 'AnglosphereШаблон:'".Шаблон:Sfn

CANZUK

Шаблон:Main Favourability ratings tend to be overwhelmingly positive between countries within a subset of the core Anglosphere known as CANZUK (consisting of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom),Шаблон:Says who? whose members form part of the Commonwealth of Nations and retain Charles III as head of state. In the wake of the United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union (Brexit) as a result of a referendum held in 2016, there has been mounting political and popular support for a loose free travel and common market area to be formed among the CANZUK countries.

Criticisms

In 2000, Michael Ignatieff wrote in an exchange with Robert Conquest, published by the New York Review of Books, that the term neglects the evolution of fundamental legal and cultural differences between the US and the UK, and the ways in which UK and European norms drew closer together during Britain's membership in the EU through regulatory harmonisation. Of Conquest's view of the Anglosphere, Ignatieff writes: "He seems to believe that Britain should either withdraw from Europe or refuse all further measures of cooperation, which would jeopardize Europe's real achievements. He wants Britain to throw in its lot with a union of English-speaking peoples, and I believe this to be a romantic illusion".Шаблон:Sfn

In 2016, Nick Cohen wrote in an article titled "It's a Eurosceptic fantasy that the 'Anglosphere' wants Brexit" for The Spectator's Coffee House blog: Шаблон:"'Anglosphere' is just the right's PC replacement for what we used to call in blunter times 'the white Commonwealth'." He repeated this criticism in another article for The Guardian in 2018. Similar criticism was presented by other critics such as Canadian academic Srđan Vučetić.

In 2018, amidst the aftermath of the Brexit referendum, two British professors of public policy Michael Kenny and Nick Pearce published a critical scholarly monograph titled Shadows of Empire: The Anglosphere in British Politics (Шаблон:ISBN). In one of a series of accompanying opinion pieces, they questioned:

They stated in another article:

Opinion polls

A 2020 poll by YouGov revealed that Australia was the most positively viewed country by Americans outside of the United States, followed by Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Italy and New Zealand. Another 2020 poll by YouGov showed that New Zealand, Canada and Australia were the most positively viewed countries by British people, and more favourably viewed by British people than the United Kingdom itself, with the United States ranking 34th.

A 2023 poll by the Lowy Institute similarly indicated that New Zealand was the country most positively viewed by Australians, with Canada ranking second, the UK third and the United States twelfth. A 2020 poll by the Macdonald–Laurier Institute suggested that Australia was the most positively viewed country by Canadians. In a 2019 Pew Research Center poll, a plurality of Canadians and Australians named the United States as their country's closest ally.

See also

• Anglophile
• Anglo-Americans
• AUKUS
• British diaspora
• Canadian Red Ensign
• Commonwealth realm
• Dominion
• English-speaking world
• Eurosphere; Francosphere (French), Hispanosphere (Spanish), Lusosphere (Portuguese)
• Five Power Defence Arrangements
• History of the English-Speaking Peoples (Winston Churchill)
• JUSCANZ
• List of countries and territories where English is an official language
• List of countries by English-speaking population
• White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP)

References

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Cite news
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite news
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite news
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite news
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal

External links

• James C. Bennett (2002) An Anglosphere Primer, presented to the Foreign Policy Research Institute
• BBC Radio 4: Archive on 4 (2017-12-16): Return of the Anglosphere
• From Insularity to Exteriority: How the Anglosphere is Shaping Global Governance – Centre for International Policy Studies