Английская Википедия:Annunciation

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Файл:Leonardo Da Vinci - Annunciazione.jpeg

Annunciation (Шаблон:C.), Uffizi, is thought to be Leonardo da Vinci's earliest complete work

The Annunciation (from the Latin Шаблон:Lang; Шаблон:Lang-grc; also referred to as the Annunciation to the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Annunciation of Our Lady, or the Annunciation of the Lord) is, according to the Gospel of Luke, the announcement by the archangel Gabriel to Mary that she would conceive and bear a son through a virgin birth and become the mother of Jesus Christ, the Christian Messiah and Son of God, marking the Incarnation.Шаблон:Sfnp Gabriel told Mary to name her son Jesus.

Файл:Annunciation from 13th century Armenian Gospel.jpg

Annunciation by Armenian manuscript illuminator Toros Roslin, 13th century

According to LukeШаблон:Nbsp1:26, the Annunciation occurred "in the sixth month" of Elizabeth's pregnancy with John the Baptist. Many Christians observe this event with the Feast of the Annunciation on 25Шаблон:NbspMarch,Шаблон:Sfnp an approximation of the northern vernal equinox nine full months before Christmas, the ceremonial birthday of Jesus.

The Annunciation is a key topic in Christian art in general, as well as in Marian art in the Catholic Church, having been especially prominent during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. A work of art depicting the Annunciation is sometimes itself called an Annunciation.

Religious sources

Файл:Bartolomé Esteban Perez Murillo 023.jpg

The Annunciation by Murillo, 1655–1660, Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg

Gospel of Luke

The Gospel of Luke recounts the Annunciation to the Blessed Virgin Mary:

The archangel Gabriel's greeting to Mary forms the first part of the prayer Hail Mary. Mary's response to the archangel forms the second versicle and response of the Angelus prayer. Various Bible translations also give Gabriel's salutation as a variation on: "Greetings, you who are highly favored!" (Luke 1:28, NIV).

Gospel of Matthew

Файл:The annunciation (Trinity-Serguis Lavra).jpg

The Annunciation, Russian icon, 14th century

A separate, briefer and different annunciation is that given to Joseph in Matthew 1:18:

Apocryphal Gospel of James

There is a different version contained in the apocryphal Gospel of James, which includes a first appearance of the archangel at the well.Шаблон:Refn

Manuscript 4Q246

Шаблон:Main Manuscript 4Q246 of the Dead Sea Scrolls reads:

It has been suggested that the similarity in content is such that Luke's version may in some way be dependent on the Qumran text.

In the Quran

Файл:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries - Annunciation.jpg

Islamic Annunciation, from The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries, copied in 1307

Шаблон:Main The Annunciation is described in the Quran, in Surah Al Imran, verses 45–51: Шаблон:Blockquote Surah Maryam, verses Шаблон:Qref, also refers to the Annunciation.

Location

Both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches hold that the Annunciation took place at Nazareth, but differ slightly as to the precise location. Catholic tradition holds that the Annunciation occurred in Mary's home, while Eastern Orthodox tradition holds that it occurred at the town well, known as Mary's Well. The Basilica of the Annunciation marks the site preferred by the former, while the Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation (around half a mile away) marks that preferred by the latter.

Feast day

Catholicism

Шаблон:Main The feast of the Annunciation is usually held on 25 March.Шаблон:Sfnp It is moved in the Catholic Church, Anglican and Lutheran liturgical calendars when that date falls during Holy Week or Easter Week or on a Sunday. The Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, and Eastern Catholic Churches do not move the feast. Instead they have special combined liturgies for those years when the Annunciation coincides with another feast. In these churches, even on Good Friday a Divine Liturgy is celebrated when it coincides with the Annunciation.

When the calendar system of Anno Domini was first introduced by Dionysius Exiguus in AD 525, he assigned the beginning of the new year to 25 March since, according to Catholic theology, the era of grace began with the Incarnation of Christ. The first certain mentions of the feast are in a canon of the 656 Council of Toledo, where it is described as celebrated throughout the church.Шаблон:Sfnp The 692 Council of Constantinople "in Trullo" forbade observance of any festivals during Lent, excepting Sunday and the Feast of the Annunciation. An earlier origin had been claimed for it on the grounds that it appeared in manuscripts of the sermons of Athanasius and Gregory Thaumaturgus but they were subsequently discovered to be spurious.Шаблон:Sfnp

Along with Easter, 25 March was used as the New Year's Day in many pre-modern Christian countries. The holiday was moved to January 1 in France by Charles IX's 1564 Edict of Roussillon. In England, the feast of the Annunciation came to be known as Lady Day,Шаблон:Sfnp and Lady Day marked the beginning of the English new year until 1752.Шаблон:Sfnp Also in England, the 1240 Synod of Worcester banned all servile work during the Feast of the Annunciation, making it a day of rest.Шаблон:Sfnp

Eastern Christianity

Файл:Annunciation to Zechariah British Library Add. MS 59874 Ethiopian Bible.jpg

Annunciation to Zechariah, taken from an Ethiopian Bible (Шаблон:C.), British Library

Шаблон:Refimprove section In the Eastern Orthodox, Eastern Catholic, and Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Feast of the Annunciation is one of the twelve "Great Feasts" of the liturgical year, and is among the eight of them that are counted as "feasts of the Lord". Throughout the Orthodox Church, the feast is celebrated on 25 March. In the churches that use the new style Calendar (Revised Julian or Gregorian), this date coincides with 25 March on the civil calendar, while in those churches using the old style Julian calendar, 25 March is reckoned to fall on 7 April on the civil calendar, and will fall on 8 April starting in the year 2100. Greek Independence Day is celebrated on the feast of the Annunciation and 25 March is also a national holiday in the Lebanon.

Файл:Nazaret Gabrielskirche BW 11.JPG

Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation, Nazareth

The traditional hymn (troparion) for the feast of the Annunciation goes back to Athanasius of Alexandria. It runs:

As the action initiating the Incarnation of Christ, the Annunciation has such an important place in Orthodox Christian theology that the festal Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom is always celebrated on the feast, even if it falls on Great and Holy Friday, the day when the crucifixion of Jesus is remembered. The Divine Liturgy is celebrated on Great and Holy Friday only when the latter coincides with the feast of the Annunciation. If the Annunciation falls on Pascha (Easter Sunday) itself, a coincidence which is called Шаблон:Transliteration, then it is celebrated jointly with the Resurrection, which is the focus of Easter. Due to these and similar rules, the rubrics surrounding the celebration of the feast are the most complex of all in Orthodox Christian liturgics.

Ephraim the Syrian taught that the date of the conception of Jesus Christ fell on 10 Nisan on the Hebrew calendar, the day in which the passover lamb was selected according to Exodus 12 (Hymn 4 on the Nativity). Some years 10 Nisan falls on 25 March, which is the traditional date for the Feast of the Annunciation and is an official holiday in Lebanon.

In art

The Annunciation has been one of the most frequent subjects of Christian art. Depictions of the Annunciation go back to early Christianity, with the Priscilla catacomb including the oldest known fresco of the Annunciation, dating to the 4th century. It has been a favorite artistic subject in both the Christian East and as Roman Catholic Marian art, particularly during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and figures in the repertoire of almost all of the great masters. The figures of the virgin Mary and the angel Gabriel, being emblematic of purity and grace, were favorite subjects of Roman Catholic Marian art, where the scene is also used to represent the perpetual virginity of Mary via the announcement by the angel Gabriel that Mary would conceive a child to be born the Son of God.

Works on the subject have been created by artists such as Sandro Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Caravaggio, Duccio, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Jan van Eyck, and Murillo among others. The mosaics of Pietro Cavallini in Santa Maria in Trastevere in Rome (1291), the frescos of Giotto in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua (1303), Domenico Ghirlandaio's fresco at the church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence (1486), and Donatello's gilded sculpture at the church of Santa Croce, Florence (1435) are famous examples.

• The Annunciation by Johann Christian Schröder, Шаблон:C.

  The Annunciation by Johann Christian Schröder, Шаблон:C.

• The Annunciation by Paolo de Matteis, 1712, Saint Louis Art Museum, Saint Louis. The white lily in the angel's hand is symbolic of Mary's purity[n 1] in Marian art.[14]

  The Annunciation by Paolo de Matteis, 1712, Saint Louis Art Museum, Saint Louis. The white lily in the angel's hand is symbolic of Mary's purity in Marian art.

• The Annunciation in Armenian art by Toros Taronetsi, 1323

  The Annunciation in Armenian art by Toros Taronetsi, 1323

Music

Hans Leo Hassler composed a motet Dixit Maria, setting Mary's consent. Johann Sebastian Bach and others composed cantatas for the feast of the annunciation which is still celebrated in the Lutheran Church, such as Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern, BWV 1.

See also

• Angelus
• Annunciade, religious order
• Annunciation of Ustyug
• Basilica of the Annunciation
• Chronology of Jesus
• Expectation of the Blessed Virgin Mary
• Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation, Nazareth
• Incarnation (Christianity)
• Order of the Most Holy Annunciation
• Roman Catholic Marian art
• Perpetual Virginity of Mary

References

• Шаблон:Cite EB9
• Шаблон:Cite EB1911
• Шаблон:Cite EB1911

Further reading

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book

External links

• The Annunciation Icons
• The Annunciation at art-threads