Английская Википедия:Anthony D. Sayre

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox officeholder Anthony Dickinson Sayre (April 29, 1858 – November 17, 1931) was an Alabama lawyer and politician who notably served as a state legislator in the Alabama House of Representatives (1890-1893), as the President of the Alabama State Senate (1896-97), and later as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama (1909-1931).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Influential in Alabama politics for nearly half-a-century, Sayre is widely regarded by historians as the legal architect who laid the foundation for the state's discriminatory Jim Crow laws.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

According to historians, Sayre played a key role in undermining the protections guaranteed to black citizens in Alabama by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and in enabling the ideology of white supremacy.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn As an ambitious state legislator in the post-Reconstruction era, he authored and introduced the landmark 1893 Sayre Act which disenfranchised black Alabamians for seventy years and ushered in the racially segregated Jim Crow period in the state.Шаблон:SfnmШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Sayre boasted in newspaper interviews that his law forever eliminated "the Negro from politics" in the Cotton State.Шаблон:Sfn

Sayre's uncle and patron was U.S. Senator John Tyler Morgan (D-Alabama),[1]Шаблон:Sfn the second Grand Dragon of the Alabama Ku Klux Klan and one of the most notorious racist ideologues of the Gilded Age.Шаблон:SfnmШаблон:Sfnm Sayre's daughter was Jazz Age socialite Zelda Sayre, the wife of novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald.Шаблон:Sfn There is scholarly speculation regarding whether Anthony Sayre sexually abused his daughter Zelda as a child based on later writings,Шаблон:Sfn[2] but there is no evidence confirming that Zelda was a victim of incest.Шаблон:Sfn According to scholars, Zelda idolized her father as a Southern gentleman of "great integrity".[3]

Biography

Early years and education

Anthony D. Sayre was born in Tuskegee, Alabama, to affluent parents Daniel Sayre and Musidora Sayre (née Morgan).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn His family—particularly his maternal uncle, John Tyler Morgan—were prominent slave-holders and outspoken defenders of the transatlantic slave trade before the American Civil War.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnmШаблон:Sfnm His father Daniel Sayre served as the influential editor of The Montgomery Post,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn an Alabama newspaper described by historians as a propaganda outlet for the Southern Confederacy.[4]

Файл:John Tyler Morgan - Brady-Handy.jpg
John T. Morgan

According to historian J. Morgan Kousser, the young Sayre was a model of Southern conservatism and "had all the proper family connections for a conservative politician."Шаблон:Sfn His father's brother, William Sayre, owned the First White House of the Confederacy.[5]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfnm His father-in-law was Kentucky Senator Willis Benson Machen, a former Confederate general.Шаблон:Sfn His mother's uncle was the influential Alabama Senator John Tyler Morgan,Шаблон:Sfn another former Confederate general and the second Grand Dragon of the Alabama Ku Klux Klan.Шаблон:SfnmШаблон:Sfnm During Morgan's six consecutive terms as U.S. Senator from 1877 to 1907, he was an outspoken proponent of black disfranchisement, racial segregation, and lynching African-Americans.Шаблон:Sfnm

After two years of attending a wealthy private academy,Шаблон:Sfn Sayre pursued his higher education at Roanoke College, a private liberal arts college in Salem, Virginia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn At the time, Roanoke remained famous throughout the American South for its students mustering a volunteer corps and fighting alongside Confederate forces amid the American Civil War.Шаблон:Sfn

After graduation, Sayre returned to Alabama in order to study law under Judge Thomas M. Arrington (1829-1895), a former Lieutenant Colonel in the Confederate Army.Шаблон:Sfn In 1880 or 1881, Sayre was admitted to the Alabama bar,Шаблон:Sfn [6] and he soon became known as "one of the most brilliant and able lawyers" in the state.[7]

Political career and 1893 Sayre Act

Шаблон:Quote box For the next thirty years, Sayre politically aligned himself with his uncle John Tyler Morgan's Bourbon Democrat faction of the southern Democratic Party, and he represented both cities and counties in various capacities.Шаблон:Sfn Sayre served as clerk of the city court from 1883 to 1889, and next as Montgomery County's representative in the Alabama House of Representatives from 1890 to 1893.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

According to Yale political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt, Sayre—as an ambitious state legislator serving in the Alabama House of Representatives—played a pivotal role in disenfranchising the black population in the Cotton State and ushering in the Jim Crow era in Alabama.Шаблон:SfnmШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Sayre drafted and introduced the landmark 1893 Sayre Act which he publicly boasted was designed to "eliminate the Negro from politics, and in a perfectly legal way."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Drawing upon his legal expertise, Sayre's shrewdly crafted legislation used "creative ways to reduce the influence of blacks" in Alabama politics and "made the voting process difficult for poor and illiterate blacks and whites through small changes to the election system."Шаблон:Sfn According to historian C. Vann Woodward, Sayre's discriminatory legislation explicitly "prohibited assistance in marking ballots, thus providing means of disfranchising thousands of illiterate voters, white as well as black."Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Thomas Goode Jones.jpg
Alabama Governor Thomas G. Jones viewed the 1893 Sayre Act as a means to disenfranchise black voters.

Sayre's proposed bill immediately met with fierce opposition by Populist and Republican legislators as the bill effectively disenfranchised 60,000 Alabamians and turned Alabama into a one-party state ruled by the Bourbon Democrats.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Sayre and other Bourbon Democrats overcame the Populist and Republican opposition to his controversial legislation via procedural stratagems in the Alabama State Senate.Шаблон:Sfn

When the final legislation appeared on the desk of Alabama governor Thomas G. Jones, the governor—a former Confederate officer—openly proclaimed that he was eager to sign Sayre's bill to disenfranchise black Alabamians, and Jones allegedly declared: "Let me sign that bill quickly, lest my hand or arm become paralyzed, because it forever wipes out... all the niggers."Шаблон:Sfn

According to historian J. Morgan Kousser, Sayre's racist bill resulted in a precipitous decrease in black Alabamians voting after 1892: "The fact that the estimated black voting percentage dropped by 22 points from 1892 to 1894, and remained below 50 percent thereafter, shows that the Sayre law was administered to disenfranchise Negros—especially those hostile to the Democratic party".Шаблон:Sfn

With the passage of the 1893 Sayre Act, the State of Alabama undermined the protections of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution guaranteeing black Alabamians the right to vote, disenfranchised black Alabamians for seventy years, and transformed Alabama into a one-party state.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

After gaining notoriety due to the successful passage of his eponymous 1893 law, Sayre was elected as a member of the Alabama State Senate in 1894 and became the president of the Alabama State Senate in 1896 during his second term.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He resigned from the Senate when he was elected in 1897 as a Montgomery city court judge. He was re-elected in 1903.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

State Supreme Court and later years

In 1909, Associate Justice James R. Dowdell became Chief Justice, and Sayre was appointed by Governor Braxton Bragg Comer as associate justice.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He served for the next 22 years.Шаблон:Sfn He was re-elected as associate justice in 1910, elected in 1912 for a six year term, and again in 1918, 1924, and 1930.Шаблон:Sfn During his lengthy tenure on the Alabama Supreme Court, he was considered "one of the ablest justices ever to serve on the supreme court bench" and was regarded as a bedrock of Southern conservatism.Шаблон:Sfn

Sayre died after succumbing to influenza on November 17, 1931, at age 73.Шаблон:Sfn His death likely triggered Zelda's second mental health relapse in 1932.Шаблон:Sfn After her father's death, Zelda resided in and out of sanatoriums for the remainder of her life.Шаблон:Sfn

Personal life

Файл:Zelda Fitzgerald (1923 Portrait) Retouched.jpg
Anthony D. Sayre's daughter was Zelda Fitzgerald, the wife of writer F. Scott Fitzgerald.

Circa 1883, a 25-year-old Sayre met Minerva "Minnie" Buckner Machen, the daughter of U.S. Senator Willis Benson Machen (D-Kentucky) and his third wife Victoria Theresa Mims.Шаблон:Sfn The couple met while in Montgomery through Sayre's uncle and close friend Senator John Tyler Morgan.[1] Morgan hosted a New Year's Eve ball in Montgomery and invited both Anthony and Minnie to attend.[1] At the time, Minnie attended Miss Chilton's School for Girls, which stood on the site of the Sayre Street School.Шаблон:Sfn (Sayre Street in Montgomery was named after Anthony's uncle William Sayre who built the first White House of the Confederacy for Jefferson Davis.[5]) The young couple married on January 17, 1883, in Eddyville, Kentucky, and settled in downtown Montgomery.Шаблон:Sfn

The Sayres lived in the fashionable "silk hat" section of Montgomery in a lavish home with five bedrooms.Шаблон:Sfn Later, the Sayres relocated to the old Wilson Plantation home on the corner of Pleasant Avenue and Mildred Street.Шаблон:Sfn They employed half-a-dozen domestic servants, many of whom were African-American.Шаблон:Sfn They had eight children (three of whom died in infancy), including Anthony Dickinson Sayre Jr. who committed suicide in 1933 and Zelda Sayre, the wife of novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald.[8] Both Anthony Jr. and his sister Zelda suffered from mental illness.[9][10]

His daughter Zelda wrote in her semi-autobiographical novel Save Me the Waltz that her father Anthony was a remote and distant man—a "living fortress".Шаблон:Sfn According to biographies of Zelda's life, her father frequently remonstrated against his daughter Zelda's unconventional and rebellious behavior as a Jazz Age flapper.[11] There is scholarly speculation regarding whether Anthony Sayre sexually abused his daughter Zelda as a child based on later writings,Шаблон:Sfn[2] but there is no concrete evidence confirming that Zelda was a victim of incest.Шаблон:Sfn

In contrast to Zelda who venerated her father as a man of "great integrity",[3][12][13] Anthony's granddaughter Frances "Scottie" Fitzgerald felt ashamed of her grandfather and the Sayre family's political legacy.[14] While living in Alabama during the 1970s, Scottie researched the family's history and discovered that Anthony Sayre had authored the 1893 election law that "deprived the black people of Alabama, and thousands of poor whites, of the right to vote."Шаблон:Sfn As restitution, Scottie devoted herself to voter outreach programs in Alabama.Шаблон:Sfn According to Scottie, black citizens living in Montgomery still viewed the Sayre family with askance as late as the 1970s, and they would not reciprocate her social overtures.[15]

References

Citations

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Works cited

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Шаблон:Harvnb: "His good friend Senator John Tyler Morgan lived in Montgomery, and it was at a New Year's Eve ball given by the Morgans that Minnie met a nephew of Senator Morgan's, the quiet and courtly young lawyer Anthony Dickinson Sayre, whom she would eventually marry."
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Harvnb: "... that Fitzgerald introduced an incestuous rape into the plot of Tender is the Night at the end of 1931 because Zelda might have been raped by her father, Judge Anthony Sayre..."
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Harvnb: In her own words, Zelda claimed she had "enormous respect for [her] father" Anthony D. Sayre whom she believed to be a fearless man of "great integrity".
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "In the capital of the Southern Confederacy, the Montgomery Post made propaganda out of its summing-up of Lincoln's trip: ... 'We may readily anticipate that such a man [Lincoln] will be the pliant tool of ambitious [abolitionist] demagogues, and that his administration will be used to subserve Шаблон:Sic their wicked purposes."
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Harvnb: "Sayre Street, which ran through the most fashionable section of Montgomery, was named in honor of Anthony's uncle, who had built the White House of the Confederacy for Jefferson Davis".
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "Sayre graduated from Roanoke College, was admitted to the bar in 1881".
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "He is spoken of as one of the most brilliant and able lawyers in his state."
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald's brother, who was six when she was born. He became an engineer and committed suicide in 1933."
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: Scottie told a biographer that she "went to see her [mother Zelda] often. It was a strain, and so sad . . . because she began to look different—as most people with mental illness do... Sometimes she would seem very normal, but her mind would drift away into some world of her own and we'd all feel the tension."
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "In August, Zelda received the tragic news of the death of her brother, Anthony, at the age of thirty-nine. The Sayres claimed he had contracted malaria and, in his delirium, fallen through a window, but his death was commonly understood to have been a suicide. For Scott it was consummate proof of the emotional instability of Zelda's family."
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "He was disturbed by Zelda's unconventional behavior, but she ignored his prohibitions".
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: Biographer Sally Cline relates how Zelda claimed that she drew her inner strength from Montgomery's Confederate past.
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "As they lingered among the headstones of the Confederate dead, Zelda said Fitzgerald would never understand how she felt about those graves".
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "In the early 1890s Judge Anthony Sayre had introduced into the Alabama legislature the bill that had deprived the black people of Alabama, and thousands of poor whites, of the right to vote. The purpose of the Sayre Election Law, a party leader explained, was to 'maintain white supremacy, and to have a ticket selected where only white men will vote.' 'Scottie was really embarrassed by it,' said Virginia.
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "At one point, my mother [Scottie] told Virginia that she regretted not having made more friends in the black community [in Montgomery]. "Scottie had made an effort to invite blacks to her house for dinner . . . and she was surprised when she never got invited back."
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