Английская Википедия:Arbëresh language

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Multiple issues Шаблон:Infobox language Шаблон:Albanians

Arbëresh (Шаблон:Lang; also known as Arbërisht) is the variety of Albanian spoken by the Arbëreshë people of Italy. It is derived from the Albanian Tosk spoken in Albania, in Epirus and is also spoken by the Arvanites, with endonym Arvanitika.

History

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Italian language Between the 11th and 14th centuries, Albanian-speaking mercenaries from the areas of medieval Albania, Epirus and Morea now Peloponesse, were often recruited by the Franks, Aragonese, Italians and Byzantines.

The invasion of the Balkans by the Ottoman Turks in the 15th century caused large waves of emigration from the Balkans to southern Italy. In 1448, the King of Naples, Alfonso V of Aragon, asked the Albanian noble Skanderbeg to transfer to his service ethnic Albanian mercenaries. Led by Demetrio Reres and his two sons, these men and their families were settled in twelve villages in the Catanzaro area of Calabria. The following year, some of their relatives and other Albanians were settled in four villages in Sicily.[1][2] In 1459 Ferdinand I of Naples also requested assistance from Skanderbeg. After victories in two battles, a second contingent of Albanians was rewarded with land east of Taranto, in Apulia, where they founded 15 villages.[3][4] After the death of Skanderbeg (1468), resistance to the Ottomans in Albania came to an end. Subsequently, many Albanians fled to neighbouring countries and some settled in villages in Calabria.

There was a constant flow of ethnic Albanians into Italy into the 16th century, and other Albanian villages were formed on Italian soil.[5][4] The new immigrants often took up work as mercenaries with Italian armies. For instance, between 1500 and 1534, Albanians from central Greece were employed as mercenaries by Venice, to evacuate its colonies in the Peloponnese, as the Turks invaded. Afterwards these troops reinforced defences in southern Italy against the threat of Turkish invasion. They established self-contained communities, which enabled their distinct language and culture to flourish. Arbëreshë, as they became known, were often soldiers for the Kingdom of Naples and the Republic of Venice, between the 16th and 19th centuries.

Despite an Arbëreshë cultural and artistic revival in the 19th century, emigration from southern Italy significantly reduced the population. In particular, migration to the Americas between 1900 and 1940 caused the total depopulation of approximately half of the Arbëreshë villages. The speech community forms part of the highly heterogenous linguistic landscape of Italy, with 12 recognised linguistic minorities Italian state law (law 482/1999).[6] The exact Arbëresh speech population is uncertain, as the Italian national census does not collect data on minority language speakers. This is also further complicated by the Italian state's protection of the Albanian culture and population as a whole and not Arbëresh Albanian specifically. This law theoretically implements specific measures in various fields such as education, communication, radio, press and TV public service, but in the case of the Arberesh community the legal construction of the language as "Albanian" and the community as the "Albanian population" effectively homogenises the language and has not led to adequate provision for the linguistic needs of the communities.Шаблон:Citation needed

Classification

Шаблон:Paleo-Balkanic family tree Arbëresh derives from a medieval variety of Tosk, which was spoken in southern Albania and from which the modern Tosk is also derived. It follows a similar evolutionary pattern to Arvanitika, a similar language spoken in Greece. Arbëresh is spoken in Southern Italy in the regions of Abruzzi, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Molise, Apulia and Sicily. The varieties of Arbëresh are closely related to each other but are not always entirely mutually intelligible.

Arbëresh retains many features of medieval Albanian from the time before the Ottoman invasion of Albania in the 15th century. It also retains some Greek elements, including vocabulary and pronunciation, most of which it shares with its relative Arvanitika. Many of the conservative features of Arbëresh were lost in mainstream Albanian Tosk. For example, it has preserved certain syllable-initial consonant clusters which have been simplified in Standard Albanian (cf. Arbëresh Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('language/tongue'), vs. Standard Albanian Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA). Arbëresh most resembles the dialect of Albanian spoken in the southern region of Albania, and also that of Çam Albanians.

Arbëresh was commonly called Шаблон:Lang ('Albanian' in the Italian language) in Italy until the 1990s. Until the 1980s Arbëresh was mostly a spoken language, except for its written form used in the Italo-Albanian Byzantine Church, and Arbëreshë people had no practical connection with the Standard Albanian language used in Albania, as they did not use the standard Albanian form of writing.[7]

Since the 1980s, some efforts have been organized to preserve the cultural and linguistic heritage of the language.Шаблон:Citation needed

Arbëresh has been replaced by local Romance languages and by Italian in several villages, and in others is experiencing contact-induced language shift. Many scholars have produced language learning materials for communities, including those by Giuseppe Schirò Di Maggio , Gaetano Gerbino, Matteo Mandalà, Zef Chiaramonte, Martin Hasan di Maggio.

Файл:Arvanitic.svg
Varieties of Albanian

Language or dialect

Arbëresh language beside medieval mainland Tosk Albanian is also descended from Arvanitika which evolved separately from other forms of Albanian since the 13th century when its first speakers emigrated to Morea from Southern Albania and Epirus.Шаблон:Sfn A dialect is defined linguistically as closely related and, despite their differences, by mutual intelligibility. In the absence of rigorous linguistic intelligibility tests, the claim cannot be made whether one is a dialect or a separate variant of the same language group.[8][7][9][10]

Varieties

The varieties of Arbëresh largely correspond with the regions where they are spoken, while some settlements have distinctive features that result in greater or lesser degrees of mutual intelligibility.

The Siculo-Arbëresh variety is spoken exclusively in the Province of Palermo and in three villages: Piana degli Albanesi, Santa Cristina Gela and Contessa Entellina; while the varieties of Piana and Santa Cristina Gela are similar enough to be entirely mutually intelligible, the variety of Contessa Entellina is not entirely intelligible. Therefore a further dialect within Siculo-Arbëresh known as the Palermitan-Arbëresh variety can be identified,[11] as well as a Cosenza variety, a Basilicata variety, and a Campania variety represented by the speech of one single settlement of Greci. There is also a Molisan-Arbëresh and an Apulio-Arbëresh.

Within the Cosenza Calabrian varieties of Arbëresh, the dialect of Vaccarizzo Albanese is particularly distinct. Spoken in the villages of Vaccarizzo Albanese and San Giorgio Albanese in Calabria by approximately 3,000 people, Vaccarizzo Albanian has retained many archaic features of both Gheg and Tosk dialects.

Phonology

Some features of Arbëresh distinguish it considerably from standard Albanian while also maintaining features still used in other Tosk Albanian dialects. In some cases these are retentions of older pronunciations.

Vowels

Ë

The letter Шаблон:Angbr is pronounced as either a mid central vowel Шаблон:IPA or as a close back unrounded vowel Шаблон:IPA. So the word Шаблон:Wikt-lang is pronounced either Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA depending on the dialect.

Y to I

Arbëresh lacks the close front rounded vowel Шаблон:IPA of Albanian, which is replaced by the close front unrounded vowel Шаблон:IPA. For example Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('you') becomes Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('enter') becomes Шаблон:Lang.

Consonants

GJ, Q

The letters Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr are pronounced as a palatalized voiced velar plosive Шаблон:IPA and a palatalized voiceless velar plosive Шаблон:IPA, rather than a voiced palatal plosive Шаблон:IPA and a voiceless palatal plosive Шаблон:IPA as in standard Albanian. E.g. the word Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('all') is pronounced Шаблон:IPA rather than Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('heaven') is pronounced Шаблон:IPA rather than Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('Albanian') is pronounced Шаблон:IPA.

GL, KL

In some words, Arbëresh has preserved the consonant clusters Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA. In Standard Albanian these have mostly become the palatal stops gj and q, e.g. Шаблон:Lang not Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('s/he looks like ... '), Шаблон:Lang not Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('milk'), and Шаблон:Lang instead of Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('church').

H, HJ

The letter Шаблон:Angbr is pronounced as a voiceless velar fricative Шаблон:IPA (a sound also found in Greek: Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA, 'joy'). As such, the Albanian word Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('eat') is pronounced Шаблон:IPA, not Шаблон:IPA. Arbëresh additionally has the palatalized counterpart, Шаблон:IPA. Therefore, the word Шаблон:Wikt-lang ('throw') is pronounced Шаблон:IPA. The letter combination Шаблон:Angbr is present in a few standard Albanian words (without a voiceless velar fricative), but is not treated as a separate letter of the alphabet as it is in Arbëresh.

LL, G, GH

The letters Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr are realised as a voiced velar fricative Шаблон:IPA (also found in Greek: Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:IPA, 'milk'). The vast majority of these words originate in Sicilian, but the sound also occurs in words of Albanian origin. Often Шаблон:Angbr when pronounced Шаблон:IPA is replaced by Шаблон:Angbr in the Arbëresh orthography, with Шаблон:Angbr in theory reserved for /g/ (although in practice it is inconsistent). This feature is very strong that it is carried over into the Italian speech of inhabitants of Piana degli Albanesi and Santa Cristina Gela in words such as Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang etc. which are realised respectively as Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA etc.[12][13] In Piana degli Albanesi the tendency is to treat Italian loanwords differently from Sicilian, which results in the difference between Шаблон:Lang, pronounced as Шаблон:IPA (from Шаблон:Wikt-lang, 'lamp post'), and Шаблон:Lang, pronounced as Шаблон:IPA (from Italian Шаблон:Wikt-lang). In the first example, the Шаблон:Angbr becomes Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPA because it comes from Sicilian,Шаблон:Why whereas in the process of transference from the Italian Шаблон:Lang to Arbëresh Шаблон:Lang, the Шаблон:Angbr does not change but the Шаблон:Angbr becomes Шаблон:IPA.

Words of Albanian Origin
Written Pronounced English
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA joy
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA invite
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA eat until stuffed
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA baptism
Words of Sicilian Origin
Written Pronounced
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA

Final devoicing of consonants

Arbëresh has retained an archaic systemШаблон:Citation needed of final devoicing of consonants in contrast with Standart Albanian. The consonants that change when in final position or before another consonant are the voiced stops b, d, g, gj; the voiced affricates x, xh; and the voiced fricatives dh, ll, v, z, zh.

Original voiced b Шаблон:IPAblink d Шаблон:IPAblink g/gh Шаблон:IPAblink/Шаблон:IPAblink gj Шаблон:IPA x Шаблон:IPAblink xh Шаблон:IPAblink dh Шаблон:IPAblink ll Шаблон:IPAblink v Шаблон:IPAblink z Шаблон:IPAblink zh Шаблон:IPAblink
Devoiced p Шаблон:IPAblink t Шаблон:IPAblink k Шаблон:IPAblink q Шаблон:IPA c Шаблон:IPAblink ch Шаблон:IPAblink th Шаблон:IPAblink h Шаблон:IPAblink f Шаблон:IPAblink s Шаблон:IPAblink sh Шаблон:IPAblink

Examples:

Stress

Stress in Arbëresh is usually on the penultimate syllable, as in Italian.

Morphology

In Arbëresh the first person present indicative (e.g. "I work") is marked by the word ending in NJ, whereas in Albanian this is normally marked by J. So, 'I live' is rrónj in Arbëresh and rroj in standard Albanian. The present continuous or gerund differs from Standard Albanian; Arbëresh uses the form "jam'e bënj" instead of "po bej" (I am doing).

Non-Albanian derived elements

Vocabulary

The adoption of words of ancient Greek origin or of the Koine comes above all from their use in Byzantine religious practices, when the corresponding use in Albanian declined, the "courtly" one of the church was used. The Arberesh use ancient Greek in their liturgies. Thus synonyms are created, such as parkales or lutje for the word "prayer".

Some Arbëresh words appear to be of Koine Greek influence. Examples:

Some Arbëresh words appear to be of Albanian Arvanitika which has influenced the current Greek areas since the Middle Ages. Examples:

  • dhomat (bundle, pack), < Gr. δεμάτιον.
  • argomē (fallow, plowing), < όργωμα. Today surviving in the toponym Argomazit of Piana dei Albanesi.
  • kalogreshza (little woman monk), < καλόγρια = woman monk.
  • gjitonia (neighbourhood), < γειτονία.
  • dhaskal (teacher), < δάσκαλος.

On the Koine Greek elements in the Italo-Albanian dialects see T. Jochalas (1975).[14]

Archaic Latin-Sicilianisms

In the Arbëresh varieties of Sicily and Calabria there are loanwords from the Sicilian language that have crystallized into the Arberesh language matrix at some time in the past but have now mostly disappeared, or evolved in the Romance vocabulary of the local population. This also occurs in other Arberesh varieties outside of Sicily with the local Romance varieties of their communities.

Examples:

  • ghranet ('money') < Sic. granna, meaning 'grains'. It is still used in some contexts by modern Sicilian speakers, but in all situations in Arbëresh. Another Arbëresh word for 'money' is haromë, but is no longer used.
  • qaca ('square') < Sic. chiazza; used in all Arbëresh dialects as well as Sicilian. The Albanian word sheshi which means 'square' in standard Albanian means 'plateau' in Arbëresh.
  • rritrenjet ('toilets') < Norman French via Sic. retained in Arbëresh, but no longer in use in modern Sicilian.
  • rritrat ('photograph') < Sic. 'picture' (ritrattu), more common in Arbëresh than in modern Sicilian.
  • zdar (to go to the countryside) < Sic. sdari; no longer commonly used in Sicilian.
  • zgarrar (to make a mistake; to err) < Sic. sgarrari (now carries a different meaning in Sicilian).

Incorporation

Alongside the Sicilian vocabulary element in Siculo-Arbëresh, the language also includes grammatical rules for the incorporation of Sicilian-derived verbs in Arbëresh, which differs from the rules concerning Albanian lexical material.

Examples:

  • pincar ('think'), originally mendonj – mbanj mend but also mëndinj; derived from the Sicilian 'pinzari'. Which conjugates in the present tense as follows:
  • U pincar = I think
  • Ti pincar = You think
  • Ai/Ajo pincar = He/She thinks
  • Na pincarjëm = We think
  • Ju pincarni = You (pl) think
  • Ata/Ato pincarjën = They think

In the past tense this conjugates as follows:

  • U pincarta = I thought
  • Ti pincarte = You thought
  • Ai/Ajo pincarti = He/She thought
  • Na pincartëm = We thought
  • Ju pincartët = You (pl.) thought
  • Ata/Ato pincartën = They thought

Contractions

Шаблон:Lang He told it to me (feminine object)
Шаблон:Lang He did not tell it to me (masculine object)
Шаблон:Lang I tell you it (feminine object)
Шаблон:Lang I tell you it (masculine object)

Diminutives and augmentatives

The Arbëresh diminutive and augmentative system is calqued from Sicilian and takes the form of /-ats(-ɛ)/ = Sic. -azz(u/a); for example "kalac" (cavallone/big horse), and the diminutive takes the form of /-tʃ-ɛl(-ɛ) from Sic. /-c-edd(u/a); for example "vajziçele" (raggazzina/little girl).The Arbëresh word for "swear word" is "fjalac" and comes from a fusion of the Arbëresh word of Albanian etymology: "fjalë" plus the Sicilian augmentative /-azz[a]/ minus the feminine gendered ending /-a/; this calques the Sicilian word 'palurazza' which is cognate with Italian 'parolaccia'.[13]

Comparison with other forms of Albanian

There are many instances in which Arberisht differs greatly from Standard Albanian, for instance:

Arbërisht Shqip (Standard Albanian) Meaning
Falem (Falemi if more than one person) Përshëndetje / Tungjatjeta Hello
Mirë se na jerdhët / Mirë se vini Mirë se erdhët Welcome
Mirëmenat Mirëmëngjes Good morning (morning, until noon)
Vjen’ më rarë or vjen më thënë do të thotë or do me thënë It means
Bëjëm të shkonj (Piana degli Albanesi) më le të kaloj Let me pass
Shkòmë musturën më jep piperin Pass me the pepper
Zotërote ë një "zot"? Zotëri, jeni prift? Sir, are you a priest?
E ghrish zotërisë satë për një pasjatë ju ftoj për një shëtitje I invite you for a stroll
Zglith/djovasë mirë lexo mirë Read well
qëroi isht burinë i lik moti është shumë i keq The weather is very bad
U rri Sëndahstinë jetoj në Shën Kristinë I live in Santa Cristina
Ka bëjëm të ngrënit do ta gatuajmë ushqimin We will prepare the food
U ka jecur njera qacës unë kam ecur tek sheshi I have walked to the square
Ghajdhuri isht ndë horë/katund gomari është në katund/fshat The donkey is into the village
Jam e vete ngulem/flë unë do të shtrihem/fle I'm going to sleep
lip ndjesë se zgarrarta/gabova shumë më fal se gabova shumë I'm sorry that I've made so many errors
Ajo isht jime shoqe ajo është gruaja ime/Im shoqe She is my wife
Flit t'arbrisht fol shqip Speak Albanian
Jim shoq isht e ngulet burri im/Im'shoq është duke fjetur My husband is sleeping
Më përqen rritëratin tënd më pëlqen fotografia jote I like our photograph
Mortatë or motrëmëmë hallë or tezë Aunt
Lalë or vovi xhaxha or Lalë (dialect) Uncle or Older brother
Lalbukri burri i hallës Uncle uncle in law (father's sister's husband)
Vova motra e madhe Older sister
Tata babai or at/tata (dialect) Father
Mëmë nënë or mama Mother
Mëdhè edhe/ende Also
ghua vëlla brother
Ndrëngova Kuptova I understood
Sprasmja Fund end
Jot'ëm sempri të thëshjë të mos haje nga tajuri çë ngë ka' klënë pastruar! Jot'ëmë përherë/gjithmonë të thoshte të mos haje nga pjata që nuk është pastruar! Your mother always said don't eat from plates that haven't been cleaned!
Kemi besë se ai ngë i ftes besojmë se ai nuk ka faj We believe he is not at fault
The Lord's Prayer Arbëresh by Sicily (first row)

Compared with Standard Tosk Albanian (second row),
and Gheg Albanian (third row).

Áti jinë çë je në qiell, shejtëruar kloft embri jít.
Ati ynë që je në qiell, u shënjtëroftë emri yt.
Ati ynë që je në qiell, shejtnue kjoftë emni yt.
Our father who art in heaven hallowed be thy name
arthët rregjëria jóte; u bëftë vullimi jít,
arthtë mbretëria jote; u bëftë dëshira jote,
ardhtë mbretnia jote; u baftë vullnesa jote,
thy kingdom come thy will be done
si ndë qiell, ashtú në dhé;
si në qiell, edhe mbi dhe.
si në qiell ashtu në dhe.
on earth as it is in heaven
bukën tënë të përditshme ëna neve sòt;
bukën tonë të përditëshme jepna neve sot;
bukën tonë të përditshme epna ne sot;
give us this day our daily bread
ndëjena dëtyrët tóna,
edhe falna fajet tona,
e ndiejna ne fajet e mëkatet tona,
and forgive us our trespasses
ashtù si na ja ndëjejëm dëtyruamëvet tanë;
sikundër edhe ne ua falim fajtorëvet tanë;
si i ndiejmë na fajtorët tanë;
as we forgive those who trespass against us
e mos na le të biem në ngarje, pó lirona nga i ligu;
edhe mos na shtjerë në ngasje, po shpëtona nga i ligu;
e mos na len me ra në keq, por largona prej gjith së keq;
and lead us not into temptation but deliver us from evil
Ashtu kloft.
Ashtu qoft.
Amin.

Grammar comparison

There are many elements of Arberesh grammar that differ considerably from Albanian, for example:

Arbërisht Shqip Meaning Notes
ka shkosh do të kalosh You will pass Arbërisht uses the common Balkan participle ka, whereas Shqip uses do which translates as 'want', which is also a feature of the Balkan sprachsbund
flini alluras/anangasij folni/flisni shpejt Speak fast (pl.)
flëni flini Sleep! (pl.)
bëjëm të shkonj më lër të kaloj Let me pass Shqip uses 'allow me to pass' whereas Arbërisht uses 'we do to pass' and 'able to pass'.
vajta Vajta/shkova I went Arbërisht conjugates from the Tosk word të vete whereas shkova means 'I passed' in Arbërisht
ke gjegjur ke dëgjuar You have heard
Zoti/prifti zën fill parkalesin/lutjen Prifti fillon lutjen The priest starts the prayer
Stis Ndërtoj I build
Jo, nëng/ngë e kam parë Jo, nuk e kam parë No, I haven't seen it
jam e flas, je flet, ai isht e flet, ajo isht e flet, jem'e flasjëm, jan'e flasjën, jan'e flini po flas, ti po flet, ai po flet, ajo po flet, po flasim, po flasin, po flisni I am talking, you are talking, he is talking, she is talking, we are talking, they are talking, you (pl) are talking The present continuous is marked with the structure 'I am, You are, He is, She is, We are, They are etc. Whereas Shqip uses po which literally means 'yes'
ki’ të zgjoneshjëm duhet të ishim zgjuar We should have got up
Ku ë/isht/osht Mëria? Ku është Maria? Where is Maria? The locative marker te which literally means 'to' is added before ku 'where'. (A similar phenomena occurs in Welsh English and West Country English i.e. 'Where to you going?' or 'Where's he to?')
Mërìa rri alartë Maria jeton lartë Maria lives upstairs
Si ë Zotërote? Si jeni ju, Zotëri? How are you sir? The polite or formal is marked by use of Zotërote with ju being reserved for the plural only

Name

The name Arbërishte is derived from the ethnonym "Albanoi", which in turn comes from the toponym "Arbëria" (Greek: Άρβανα), which in the Middle Ages referred to a region in what is today Albania (Babiniotis 1998). Its native equivalents (Arbërorë, Arbëreshë and others) used to be the self-designation of Albanians in general. Both "Arbëria" and "Albania/Albanian" go further back to name forms attested since antiquity.

Within the Arbëresh community the language is often referred to as "Tarbrisht" or "Gjegje." The origin of the term "gjegje" is uncertain, however this does mean "listen" in Arbërisht. Gheg is also the name of one of the two major dialects of Albanian as spoken in the Balkans. According to the writer Arshi Pipa, the term Gegë was initially used for confessional denotation, being used in pre-Ottoman Albania by its Orthodox population when referring to their Catholic neighbors.

[15]

Arbëresh names

Every Italo-Albanian person is given a legal Italian name and also a name in Albanian Arbërisht. Quite often the Arbëresh name is merely a translation of the Italian name. Arbëresh surnames are also used amongst villagers but do not carry any legal weight; the Arbëresh surname is called an "ofiqe" in Arbërisht. Some Arbëresh 'ofiqe' are 'Butijuni', 'Pafundi', 'Skarpari' (shoemaker from Italian word 'scarpa').

Examples of Italian names and their Arbëresh equivalents:

Italian Arbëresh
Giuseppe Zef, Josif
Marco Marku
Luca Lekë, Lekini/u
Francesco Frangjishk, Nxhiku, Çiku
Nicola Kola, Koll, Nikoll
Angelica Ëngjëlliqe
Gabriele Gavril, Bjelli
Alessandro Lishëndër-i
Elena, Elenuccia Lena, Lenuca
Giacomo Minu, Minikeli, Jakini
Mario, Mariuccio Marjani, Marjucë
Emanuele, Manuele Manuel-i
Maria Mëria
Martino Martini, Tinuçë
Gaetano Tani
Eleuterio Lëfteri
Antonio Ndon, Nton, Gjon
Gaspare Ghaspani
Domenica Mima
Lorenzo Lloreu
Giovanni Jani, Xhuan, Vanù
Demetrio Dhimitër-i
Spiridione Spiridhon, Dhoni, Spiro
Rosalia, Rosario Sallja, Saridu
Tommaso, Tommasino Masinë
Cosimo Gësmëni
Saverio Shaverë
Andrea Ndrica

Writing system

The language is not usually written outside of the church and a few highly educated families, but officials are now using the standard Albanian alphabet, which is used on street signs in villages as well as being taught in schools.

Language samples

Pronouns

  Personal pronouns Possessive pronouns
1Sg. u I jim mine
2Sg. ti you jytë yours
3Sg.m. aji he i/e tíj his
3Sg.f. ajo she i/e saj hers
1Pl. na we jynë ours
2Pl. ju you juaj yours
3Pl.m. ata they (m.) atyre theirs (m.)
3Pl.f. ato they (f.) atyre theirs (f.)

Verbs

Personal moods
Mood Tense Number and person English
equivalent
(only sg. 1st)
Singular Plural
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Indicative Pluperfect kisha burë kishe burë kishë burë kishëm burë kishni burë kishin burë I had done
Imperfect ish'e buja (she buja) ish'e buje (she buje) ish'e bun (she bun) ishm'e bujëm ishn'e buni ishn'e bujën I was doing
Perfect bura bure burë burëm burën burën I did
Present perfect ka burë ka burë ka burë ka burë ka burë ka burë I have done
Present bunj bun bun bujëm buni bujën I do, I am doing
Future ka bunj ka bush ka buje ka bujëm ka buni ka bujën I will do
Imperative Present – buje! – – buni! – do! (2nd person only)
Verbals
Type Form English
Infinitive të bunj to do
Gerund jam e bunj doing
  The verb HAVE The verb BE
  Pres. Imperf. Subj.Impf. Subj.Perf. Pres. Imperf. Subj.Impf. Subj.Perf.
1Sg. kam keshë të kem të keshë jam jeshë të jem të jeshë
2Sg. ke keshe të kesh të keshe je jeshe të jesh të jëshe
3Sg. ka kish të ket të kish ishtë, është ish të jet të ish
1Pl. kemi keshëm të kemi te keshëm jemi jeshëm të jeshëm të jeshëm
2Pl. kini keshëtë të kini te keshëtë jini jeshëtë të jeshëtë të jeshëtë
3Pl. kanë kishnë të kenë të kishnë janë ishnë të jenë të ishnë

Some common phrases

Arberesh English
Falem Hello.
Çë bun? Si rri? What are you doing? How are you?
Jam shum mirë I am very well
Të haristis, je mirë? Thank you, and are you well?
O, jam edhe u mirë. Yes, I'm fine too.
Flet arbreshin? Do you speak Arbërisht?
Ka vjen? Where are you from?
Jam arbëresh I'm Italo-Albanian
Mëma isht ka Srigari My mother is from San Cosmo Albanese
Ju parkales Please
Gëzonem të të njoh Pleased to meet you
Mirëdita Good morning
Shihemi See you soon
Gjegjemi njize We'll speak soon
Si të thon? What's your name?
Mua më thonë Marieja My name is Maria
Ëj/ò Yes (Piana degli Albanesi)
Arà/ëj Yes (Santa Cristina Gela)
Ora/ëj Yes (Contessa Entellina)
Jo No

Prepositions

Arbëresh English
te to
nga/ka from
prapa behind
te ana e beside, next to
mbatanë on the other side
kundër against
me with
'e (f), i (m), të (n & pl) of
brënda within, inside
jashtë outside
sipër on, above
njera until
për for
nën under
mjes/midis/ndër between, among

Demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns replace nouns once they are able to be understood from their context.

Arbëresh English
ai/ajo that (m/f)
ata/ato those (m/f)
ki/kjo this (m/f)
rta/rto these
mosgjë/farëgjë none

Sample text

Shërbesa e Kurorës - The Arbëresh Marriage Ceremony

Zoti : Gjergji, do ti të marsh për gruja Linën çë ë ke këtú te ana, si urdhuron Klisha Shejte, e të qëndrosh lidhur me atë në të mirën si edhé në të ligën gjithë ditët e gjellës tënde?

Priest: Do you George want to take as your wife Lina who is present here according to the instructions of the Holy Church and to be faithful through the good and the bad all of your life?

Dhëndërri: O, e dua!

Groom: Yes, I want!

Zoti: Bekuar kloft Perëndia jínë nga herë, naní e për gjithëmonë e për jetë të jetëvet.

Priest: blessed be our God for all time, now and always in the centuries of centuries.

Populli: Amín.

People: Amen.

Zoti: Në paqe parkalesjëm t'ën Zonë.

Priest: In peace we pray to the Lord.

Populli: Lipisí, o i Madh'yn'Zot.

People: Our Great God, we beseech you.

Bekimi të unazavet

Zoti: Me këtë unazë shërbëtori i Perëndis, Gjergji, lidhet me shërbëtorën e Perëndis, Lina, në embër të Atit, të Birit e të Shpirtit Shejt.

Priest: The servant of God, George, is tied to the servant of God, Lina, in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.

Zoti jep krinjët e këndon Msalmin 127: Të limë atá çë i trëmben t'ynë Zoti e çë jecjën te udhët e Tij.

the priest delivers the candles and intones Psalm 127 Make happy those who fear the Lord and may they walk in His ways.

Lëvdi tij, o i madh'yn'Zot, lëvdi tij. Dhóksa si, o Theós imón, dhóksa si Glory to you, our God, glory to you.

Se ti ka hashë bukën e shërbëtyrës s'duarvet tote. Lumë ti e fatbardhë ka jeshë. Jotë shoqe ka jet si dhri me pemë te muret e shpis tënde. Bijët tatë si degë ullinjësh rrethë triesës tënde. Shi kështú ka jet bekuar njeriu çë ka trëmbësirën e Perëndisë.

That you will eat the bread of the work of your hands. You will be happy and enjoy all that is good. See your wife as a fertile vine in the intimacy of your home. That your daughters will be like olive branches around your table. That those who fear the Lord will be blessed.

Swadesh list (comparative list)

Шаблон:Swadesh list 207 plain

Footnotes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

  • Babiniotis, Georgios (1985): Συνοπτική Ιστορία της ελληνικής γλώσσας με εισαγωγή στην ιστορικοσυγκριτική γλωσσολογία. ["A concise history of the Greek language, with an introduction to historical-comparative linguistics] Athens: Ellinika Grammata.
  • Babiniotis, Georgios (1998), Λεξικό της Νέας Ελληνικής Γλώσσας ["Dictionary of Modern Greek"]. Athens: Kentro Lexikologias.
  • Breu, Walter (1990): "Sprachliche Minderheiten in Italien und Griechenland." ["Linguistic minorities in Italy and Greece"]. In: B. Spillner (ed.), Interkulturelle Kommunikation. Frankfurt: Lang. 169-170.
  • GHM (=Greek Helsinki Monitor) (1995): "Report: The Arvanites". Online report
  • Hammarström, Harald (2005): Review of Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th Edition. LINGUIST List 16.2637 (5 Sept 2005). Online article Шаблон:Webarchive Vol. II. Livadia: Exandas, 1999 PDF.
  • Η Καινή Διαθήκη στα Αρβανίτικα: Διάτα ε Ρε ['The New Testament in Arvanitika']. Athens: Ekdoseis Gerou. No date.
  • Kloss, Heinz (1967): "Abstand-languages and Ausbau-languages". Anthropological linguistics 9.
  • Шаблон:Cite book
  • Salminen, Tapani (1993–1999): Unesco Red Book on Endangered Languages: Europe. [1].
  • Strauss, Dietrich (1978): "Scots is not alone: Further comparative considerations". Actes du 2e Colloque de langue et de littérature écossaises Strasbourg 1978. 80-97.
  • Thomason, Sarah G. (2001): Language contact: An introduction. Washington: Georgetown University Press. Online chapter
  • Trudgill, Peter (2004): "Glocalisation [sic] and the Ausbau sociolinguistics of modern Europe". In: A. Duszak, U. Okulska (eds.), Speaking from the margin: Global English from a European perspective. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. Online article

External links

Шаблон:Incubator

Шаблон:Arbëreshë settlements Шаблон:Languages of Italy Шаблон:Albanian language

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ The Italo-Albanian villages of southern Italy Issue 25 of Foreign field research program, report, National Research Council (U.S.) Division of Earth Sciences Volume 1149 of Publication (National Research Council (U.S.)) Foreign field research program, sponsored by Office of Naval research, report ; no.25 Issue 25 of Report, National Research Council (U.S.). Division of Earth Sciences Volume 1149 of (National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council. Publication) Author George Nicholas Nasse Publisher National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, 1964 page 24-25 link
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ The Italo-Albanian villages of southern Italy Issue 25 of Foreign field research program, report, National Research Council (U.S.). Division of Earth Sciences Volume 1149 of Publication (National Research Council (U.S.))) Foreign field research program, sponsored by Office of Naval research, report ; no.25 Issue 25 of Report, National Research Council (U.S.). Division of Earth Sciences Volume 1149 of (National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council. Publication) Author George Nicholas Nasse Publisher National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, 1964 page 25 link
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ The Italo-Albanian villages of southern Italy Issue 25 of Foreign field research program, report, National Research Council (U.S.). Division of Earth Sciences Volume 1149 of Publication (National Research Council (U.S.))) Foreign field research program, sponsored by Office of Naval research, report ; no.25 Issue 25 of Report, National Research Council (U.S.). Division of Earth Sciences Volume 1149 of (National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council. Publication) Author George Nicholas Nasse Publisher National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, 1964 page 26 link
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 New Albanian Immigrants in the Old Albanian Diaspora: Piana Degli Albanesi. Eda Derhemi
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Derhemi, Eda. Language endangerment and maintenance in the Arbresh of Piana degli Albanesi. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2003.
  10. ↑ Di Maggio, Martin Hasan. "Arbëresh: language mixing, translanguaging and possible solutions to maintenance problems."
  11. ↑ Mandala', M., & Mandala' M (2005). Siculo-arbëresh e siciliano a contatto: alcune verifiche. In Der Einfluss des Italienischen auf die Grammatik der Minderheitensprachen. Morphologische und syntaktische Probleme (pagg. 13-21)
  12. ↑ A. Guzzetta, La Parlata di Piana degli Albanesi, Parte I - Fonologia, Palermo 1978
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite report
  14. ↑ Jochalas Titos, "Sulla problematica dei prestiti Bizantini e Neo-Greci nei dialetti Italo-Albanesi", Balkan Studies 16, 1, 1975, p. 49.
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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