Английская Википедия:Argead dynasty

Шаблон:Babylon dynasties sidebar The Argead dynasty (Шаблон:Lang-gr), also known as the Temenid dynasty (Шаблон:Lang-el, Tēmenídai) was an ancient Macedonian royal house of Dorian Greek provenance.^[1]^[2]^[3] They were the founders and the ruling dynasty of the kingdom of Macedon from about 700 to 310 BC.^[4]

Their tradition, as described in ancient Greek historiography, traced their origins to Argos, of Peloponnese in Southern Greece, hence the name Argeads or Argives.^[5]^[6]^[1] Initially rulers of the tribe of the same name,^[7] by the time of Philip II they had expanded their reign further, to include under the rule of Macedonia all Upper Macedonian states. The family's most celebrated members were Philip II of Macedon and his son Alexander the Great, under whose leadership the kingdom of Macedonia gradually gained predominance throughout Greece, defeated the Achaemenid Empire and expanded as far as Egypt and India. The mythical founder of the Argead dynasty is King Caranus.^[8]^[9] The Argeads claimed descent from Heracles through his great-great-grandson Temenus, also king of Argos.

Origin

Шаблон:Multiple image

The words Argead and Argive derive (via Latin Argīvus)^[10] from the Greek Шаблон:Lang (Argeios meaning "of or from Argos"),^[11] which is first attested in Homer where it was also used as a collective designation for the Greeks (Шаблон:Lang, Argive Danaans).^[12]^[13] The Argead dynasty claimed descent from the Temenids of Argos, in the Peloponnese, whose legendary ancestor was Temenus, the great-great-grandson of Heracles.^[1]

In the excavations of the royal palace at Aegae, Manolis Andronikos discovered in the "tholos" room (according to some scholars "tholos" was the throne room) a Greek inscription relating to that belief.^[14] This is testified by Herodotus, in The Histories, where he mentions that three brothers of the lineage of Temenus, Gauanes, Aeropus and Perdiccas, fled from Argos to the Illyrians and then to Upper Macedonia, to a town called Lebaea, where they served the king. The latter asked them to leave his territory, believing in an omen that something great would happen to Perdiccas. The boys went to another part of Macedonia, near the garden of Midas, above which mount Bermio stands. There they made their abode and slowly formed their own kingdom.^[15]

Herodotus also relates the incident of the participation of Alexander I of Macedon in the Olympic Games in 504 or 500 BC where the participation of the Macedonian king was contested by participants on the grounds that he was not Greek. The Hellanodikai, however, after examining his Argead claim confirmed that the Macedonian kings were Greeks and allowed him to participate.^[16]

Файл:Route of Karanos to establish his own kingdom.png

The route of the Argeads from Argos, Peloponnese, to Macedonia according to Herodotus.

Another theory supported by the Greek historian Miltiades Hatzopoulos, following the opinion of the ancient author Appian, is that the Argead dynasty actually came from Argos Orestikon.^[17]^[18]Шаблон:Egyptian Dynasty list

Файл:House of Argos.svg

House of Argos

According to Thucydides, in the History of the Peloponnesian War, the Argeads were originally Temenids from Argos, who descended from the highlands to Lower Macedonia, expelled the Pierians from Pieria and acquired in Paionia a narrow strip along the river Axios extending to Pella and the sea. They also added Mygdonia in their territory through the expulsion of the Edoni, Eordians, and Almopians.^[19]

History

Succession disputes

The death of the king almost invariably triggered dynastic disputes and often a war of succession between members of the Argead family, leading to political and economic instability.^[20] These included:

Six-year Macedonian interregnum (399–393 BCE), after the death of king Archelaus, between Orestes, Aeropus II, Amyntas II and Pausanias^[21]
Macedonian war of succession (393–392 BCE), after the death of king Pausanias, between Amyntas III and Argaeus II^[22]
Macedonian war of succession (369–368 BCE), after the death of king Amyntas III, between Ptolemy of Aloros and Alexander II of Macedon Шаблон:CN
Macedonian war of succession (360–359 BCE), after the death of king Perdiccas III, between Philip II (who deposed Amyntas IV), Argeus (supported by Athens), Pausanias (supported by Thrace) and Archelaus (supported by the Chalcidian League)^[20]
Wars of the Diadochi (323–277 BCE), after the death of king Alexander the Great, between his Diadochi ("Successors")

Additionally, long-established monarchs could still face a rebellion by a relative when the former's kingship was perceived to be weak. An example was Philip's rebellion against his older brother, king Perdiccas II, in the prelude to the Peloponnesian War (433–431 BCE).

List of rulers

**Argead Rulers**
Image	Reign	Monarch Name	Comments
	Шаблон:Circa-778 BC	Karanos	Founder of the Argead dynasty and the first king of Macedon. (Possibly Fictional)
	Шаблон:Circa-750 BC	Koinos	(Possibly Fictional)
	Шаблон:Circa-700 BC	Tyrimmas	(Possibly Fictional)
	Шаблон:Circa-678 BC	Perdiccas I
	Шаблон:Circa-640 BC	Argaeus I
	Шаблон:Circa-602 BC	Philip I
	Шаблон:Circa-576 BC	Aeropus I
	576-547 BC	Alcetas
	547-498 BC	Amyntas I	Vassal of the Achaemenid Empire in 512/511 BC. Historians recognize Amyntas as the first Macedonian monarch of historical importance.
Файл:KINGS of MACEDON. Alexander I. 498-454 BC. AR Obol (8mm, 0.46 g). Struck circa 460-450 BC. Young male head right, wearing petasos.jpg	497-454 BC	Alexander I	Fully subordinate part of the Achaemenid Empire after 492 BC, then full Independence after 479 BC following the withdrawal of the Achaemenid army.
Файл:Perdikkas II, Tetrobol, 451-413 BC, HGC 3-1-791.jpg	454-413 BC	Perdiccas II
Файл:Didrachm of Archelaos I King of Macedonia.jpg	413-399 BC	Archelaus
	399-396 BC	Orestes	Ruled jointly with Aeropus II, until he was murdered by Aeropus II
Файл:Aeropos II. 398-395-4 BCE.jpg	399-394/393 BC	Aeropus II	Joint rule with Orestes until 396 BC, then sole rule
Файл:Amyntas II, Bronze, c.395-393 BC, HGC 3-I-820.jpg	393 BC	Amyntas II	Very brief reign ended with his assassination by an Elimieotan nobleman named Derdas
Файл:Pausanias AR Stater. Circa 395-4-393 BCE.jpg	393 BC	Pausanias	Assassinated by, Amyntas III in the year of his accession
Файл:Coin of Amyntas III-161113.jpg	393 BC	Amyntas III (First Reign)
	393-392 BC	Argaeus II	Usurped throne from Amyntas III for about a year with the aid of the Illyrians
Файл:Coin of Amyntas III-161113.jpg	392-370 BC	Amyntas III (Second Reign)	Restored to the throne after around one year
	370-368 BC	Alexander II	Assassinated by his maternal uncle Ptolemy of Aloros
Файл:Coin of Perdikkas III. 365-359 BCE.jpg	368-359 BC	Perdiccas III	Ptolemy of Aloros was his regent from 368-365 BC, until he was murdered by Perdiccas III
	359 BC	Amyntas IV	Young son of Perdiccas III, throne usurped by Philip II
Файл:Phillip II, king of Macedonia, Roman copy of Greek original, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen (36420294055).jpg	359-336 BC	Philip II	Expanded Macedonian territory and influence to achieve a dominant position in the Balkans, confederated most of the Greek city-states in the League of Corinth under his hegemony.
Файл:Alexander the Great-British Museum.jpg	336-323 BC	Alexander III the Great	The most notable Macedonian king and one of the most celebrated kings and military strategists of all time. By the end of his reign, Alexander was simultaneously King of Macedonia, Pharaoh of Egypt and King of Persia, and had conquered the entire former Achaemenid Empire as well as parts of the western Indus Valley.
Файл:Théodule Devéria (French) - (Close-up of a Sculpture (Profile of a Head), Karnak) - Google Art Project.jpg	323-317 BC	Philip III Arrhidaeus	Half-Brother of Alexander the Great, Titular figurehead king of the Macedonian Empire, during the early Wars of the Diadochi; was mentally disabled to at least some degree. Executed by Olympias.
Файл:Alexander IV coin.png	323/317-309 BC	Alexander IV	Son of Alexander the Great and Roxana of Bactria, who was yet unborn at the time of his father's death. A pretender upon his birth, from 317 BC the titular figurehead king of the Macedonian Empire, during the early-middle Wars of the Diadochi. Executed by Cassander.

Family tree

Modern historians disagree on a number of details concerning the genealogy of the Argead dynasty. Robin Lane Fox, for example, refutes Nicholas Hammond's claim that Ptolemy of Aloros was Amyntas II's son, arguing that Ptolemy was neither his son nor an Argead.^[23] Consequently, the charts below do not account for every chronological, genealogical, and dynastic complexity. Instead, they represent one common reconstruction of the Argeads advanced by historians such as Hammond, Elizabeth Carney, and Joseph Roisman.^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Library resources box

Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia

Шаблон:Pharaohs Шаблон:Royal houses of Greece Шаблон:Authority control

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 Шаблон:Harvnb: "In historical times the royal house traced its descent from the mythical Temenus, king of Argos, who was one of the Heracleidae, and more immediately from Perdiccas I, who left Argos for Illyria, probably in the mid-seventh century BC, and from there captured the Macedonian plain and occupied the fortress of Aegae (Vergina), setting himself up as king of the Macedonians. Thus the kings were of largely Dorian Greek stock (see PHILIP (1)); they presumably spoke a form of Dorian Greek and their cultural tradition had Greek features."
↑ Шаблон:Harvnb.
↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
↑ Шаблон:Harvnb.
↑ Argive, Oxford Dictionaries.
↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "In the early 5th century the royal house of Macedonia, the Temenidae was recognised as Macedonian by the Presidents of the Olympic Games. Their verdict considered themselves to be of Macedonian descent."
↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "According to Strabo, 7.11 ff., the Argeadae were the tribe who were able to make themselves supreme in early Emathia, later Macedonia."
↑ Шаблон:Harvnb.
↑ According to Pausanias (Description of Greece 9.40.8–9), Caranus set up a trophy after the Argive fashion for a victory against Cisseus: "The Macedonians say that Caranus, king of Macedonia, overcame in battle Cisseus, a chieftain in a bordering country. For his victory Caranus set up a trophy after the Argive fashion, but it is said to have been upset by a lion from Olympus, which then vanished. Caranus, they assert, realized that it was a mistaken policy to incur the undying hatred of the non-Greeks dwelling around, and so, they say, the rule was adopted that no king of Macedonia, neither Caranus himself nor any of his successors, should set up trophies, if they were ever to gain the good-will of their neighbors. This story is confirmed by the fact that Alexander set up no trophies, neither for his victory over Dareius nor for those he won in India."
↑ Шаблон:Harvnb.
↑ Шаблон:Harvnb.
↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
↑ Homer. Iliad, 2.155–175, 4.8; Odyssey, 8.578, 4.6.
↑ The Greek inscription found in the tholos room of the royal palace at Aegae reads "ΗΡΑΚΛΗΙ ΠΑΤΡΩΙΩΙ" (Шаблон:Harvnb
↑ Herodotus. Histories, 8.137.
↑ Herodotus. Histories, 5.22.
↑ Appian. Syrian Wars, 11.10.63.
↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
↑ Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, 2.99.
↑ ^20,0 ^20,1 Шаблон:Cite book
↑ Шаблон:Cite book
↑ Шаблон:DGRBM
↑ Fox, Robin Lane (2011). "399–369 BC". In Fox, Robin Lane (ed.). Brill's Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC – 300 AD. Boston: Brill. pp. 231–232.
↑ N.G.L., Hammond; Griffith, G.T. (1979). A History of Macedonia Volume II: 550-336 B.C. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 179. ISBN 9780198148142
↑ Roisman, Joseph (2010). "Classical Macedonia to Perdiccas III". In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 158.
↑ Шаблон:Cite book
↑ Шаблон:Cite journal

[Howatson-Harvey-1] 1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 Шаблон:Harvnb: "In historical times the royal house traced its descent from the mythical Temenus, king of Argos, who was one of the Heracleidae, and more immediately from Perdiccas I, who left Argos for Illyria, probably in the mid-seventh century BC, and from there captured the Macedonian plain and occupied the fortress of Aegae (Vergina), setting himself up as king of the Macedonians. Thus the kings were of largely Dorian Greek stock (see PHILIP (1)); they presumably spoke a form of Dorian Greek and their cultural tradition had Greek features."

[2] Шаблон:Harvnb.

[3] Шаблон:Harvnb

[4] Шаблон:Harvnb.

[5] Argive, Oxford Dictionaries.

[6] Шаблон:Harvnb: "In the early 5th century the royal house of Macedonia, the Temenidae was recognised as Macedonian by the Presidents of the Olympic Games. Their verdict considered themselves to be of Macedonian descent."

[7] Шаблон:Harvnb: "According to Strabo, 7.11 ff., the Argeadae were the tribe who were able to make themselves supreme in early Emathia, later Macedonia."

[8] Шаблон:Harvnb.

[9] According to Pausanias (Description of Greece 9.40.8–9), Caranus set up a trophy after the Argive fashion for a victory against Cisseus: "The Macedonians say that Caranus, king of Macedonia, overcame in battle Cisseus, a chieftain in a bordering country. For his victory Caranus set up a trophy after the Argive fashion, but it is said to have been upset by a lion from Olympus, which then vanished. Caranus, they assert, realized that it was a mistaken policy to incur the undying hatred of the non-Greeks dwelling around, and so, they say, the rule was adopted that no king of Macedonia, neither Caranus himself nor any of his successors, should set up trophies, if they were ever to gain the good-will of their neighbors. This story is confirmed by the fact that Alexander set up no trophies, neither for his victory over Dareius nor for those he won in India."

[10] Шаблон:Harvnb.

[11] Шаблон:Harvnb.

[12] Шаблон:Harvnb

[13] Homer. Iliad, 2.155–175, 4.8; Odyssey, 8.578, 4.6.

[14] The Greek inscription found in the tholos room of the royal palace at Aegae reads "ΗΡΑΚΛΗΙ ΠΑΤΡΩΙΩΙ" (Шаблон:Harvnb

[15] Herodotus. Histories, 8.137.

[16] Herodotus. Histories, 5.22.

[17] Appian. Syrian Wars, 11.10.63.

[18] Шаблон:Harvnb

[19] Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, 2.99.

[Roisman-20] 20,0 ^20,1 Шаблон:Cite book

[21] Шаблон:Cite book

[Argaeus_II-22] Шаблон:DGRBM

[23] Fox, Robin Lane (2011). "399–369 BC". In Fox, Robin Lane (ed.). Brill's Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC – 300 AD. Boston: Brill. pp. 231–232.

[24] N.G.L., Hammond; Griffith, G.T. (1979). A History of Macedonia Volume II: 550-336 B.C. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 179. ISBN 9780198148142

[25] Roisman, Joseph (2010). "Classical Macedonia to Perdiccas III". In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 158.

[26] Шаблон:Cite book

[27] Шаблон:Cite journal

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Английская Википедия:Argead dynasty

Содержание

Origin

History

Succession disputes

List of rulers

Family tree

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

External links

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