Английская Википедия:Armenian–Jewish relations
Armenian–Jewish relations are complex, often due to political and historical reasons.
Comparisons
The Armenians and the Jews have been often compared in both academic and non-academic literature since at least the early 20th century, often in the context of the Armenian genocide and the Holocaust,[1][2] which along with the Cambodian genocide and the Rwandan genocide are considered among the most notorious genocides of the 20th century.[3] Historians, journalists, political experts have pointed out a number of similarities between the two ethnic groups: the wide dispersion around the world, the relatively small size, the former lack of statehood, the fact that both countries are largely surrounded by Muslim and mainly hostile countries, their influential lobby in the United States, their success in business and as model minorities, and even their success in chess.[4][5][6][7][8]
Charles William Wilson wrote in the 11th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica (1911):[9] Шаблон:Quote frame
During her visit to Armenia in 2012, the Israeli Minister of Agriculture Orit Noked stated, "We are like each other with our history, character, with our small number of population and having communities abroad−."[10]
History
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The first contacts between the Armenians and the Jews date back to the antiquity. Tigranes the Great, under whom Armenia reached its greatest extent, settled thousands of Jews into Armenia in 1st century BC.[11] Today, there is only a small, mostly Russified Jewish community of 800 in Armenia still remaining.[12]
Armenians have had a presence in Israel for centuries. The Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem was founded in 638. It is located in the Armenian Quarter, the smallest of the four quarters of the Old City of Jerusalem. According to a 2006 study, 790 Armenians live in the Old City alone.[13]
One of the earliest mentions of the Armenians and the Jews is in the 1723 book Travels Through Europe, Asia, and Into Parts of Africa by French traveler Aubry de La Motraye, where the author writes that the Armenians and Jews are "reckon'd more honest" compared to the Greeks in the Ottoman Empire.[14]
Israel supported Azerbaijan in the first Nagorno-Karabakh War against Armenia in the early 1990s.[15][16][17] According to the Journal of Turkish Weekly, "Turkey's and Israel's good relations with Georgia and Azerbaijan cause conspiracy theories in Yerevan, and the radical Armenians argue that the Jews play the main role in this 'anti-Armenian great strategy'."[18] Israel has also provided considerable support in weapons and ammunitions to Azerbaijan during the second Nagrono-Karabakh War, reportedly this is done in exchange for Azerbaijani energy and access to Iran.[19] Israel's arms sales to Azerbaijan has been criticised both in Armenia and Israel[20][21] and has strained the relations between the 2 countires.[22]
In 2004, a private TV company named ALM owned by Tigran Karapetyan has "used the platform to air views that portrayed Jews as an unsavory race bent on dominating Armenia and the wider world." In 2005, Armen Avetisyan, the leader of a small radical nationalist party, Armenian Aryan Union, was arrested on charges of inciting ethnic hatred. The Holocaust memorial in a Yerevan park was vandalized in 2004.[23]
Nourhan Manougian, the Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem, stated that Armenians are treated as "third-class citizens".[24] An increasing number of hateful incidents towards the Armenian patriarchate, its priests and Armenian businesses occurred in 2023,[25] while a general rise in the number of attacks on Christians in Jerusalem by Jews was observed.[26] The Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem and the Greek Orthodox Church condemned an attack at a holy site in the Armenian-Greek church of St. Mary, deploring inadequate action from law-enforcement and lack of condemnation that has led to further increase of attacks.[27][28]
Antisemitism in Armenia
According to the ADL's 2014 survey, around 58 percent of Armenians expressed antisemitic tendencies and prejudices, while 90 percent of Armenians, when asked about The Holocaust, stated that "The Holocaust did actually happen".[29]
The president of the Jewish Community in Armenia, Rima Varzhapetyan-Feller, has stated on January 23, 2015, that "The Jewish community feels itself protected in Armenia, and the authorities respect their rights, culture, and traditions. There is no anti-Semitism in Armenia, and we enjoy good relations with the Armenians. Of course, the community has certain problems that originate from the general situation of the country."[30]
According to the 2022 Country Report on Human Rights Practices published by US Department of State "Observers estimated the country’s Jewish population at between 500 and 1,000 persons. Members of the Jewish community reported a notable improvement during the year and decrease of antisemitism compared with the previous year, when, following the intensive fighting with Azerbaijan in the fall of 2020, antisemitic sentiments in society increased, reportedly due to Azerbaijani use of Israeli-produced weapons. A representative of the Jewish community reported that the hundreds of Jews who had arrived from Russia since February reported only positive experiences in the country."[31]
Jewish/Israeli position on the Armenian genocide
Ambassador Morgenthau's Story (1918), one of the major primary sources discussing the Armenian genocide, was written by Henry Morgenthau, Sr., an American Jew. Similarly, The Forty Days of Musa Dagh (1933), one of the best-known novels about the genocide, was written by Franz Werfel, an Austrian Jew.[32] Raphael Lemkin, a Polish Jewish lawyer, coined the concept of genocide as a crime against humanity, basing it on the Armenian experience.[33][34][35]
There has been a controversy around the recognition of the Armenian genocide by Israel. It is suggested by Yair Auron that Israel doesn't want to hurt its relations with Turkey and wants to retain the "uniqueness" of the Holocaust.[36]
In 2001, Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres described the Armenian genocide as "meaningless". In response, historian and genocide expert Israel Charny accused Peres of going "beyond a moral boundary that no Jew should allow himself to trespass." In his letter to Peres, Charny stated: Шаблон:Cquote
In 2008, Yosef Shagal, former Israeli parliamentarian from right wing Yisrael Beiteinu in an interview to Azerbaijan media stated: "I find it is deeply offensive, and even blasphemous to compare the Holocaust of European Jewry during the Second World War with the mass extermination of the Armenian people during the First World War. Jews were killed because they were Jews, but Armenians provoked Turkey and should blame themselves."[37]
The Knesset failed to vote for the Armenian genocide bill in 2011.[38] Knesset Speaker Reuven Rivlin, among its supporters, stated "It is my duty as a Jew and Israeli to recognize the tragedies of other peoples."[39]
After some previous opposition, Jewish lobby groups in the United States have joined in the call for recognition of the Armenian genocide by the U.S. government. Grassroots activism by Jewish Americans was influential regarding this issue.[40] In 2014, the prominent American Jewish Committee paid tribute to the memories of the victims of the genocide of Armenians. The AJC called on the government of Turkey to not only provide full access to the historical record of that dark period but also to address the realities the records reveal.[41] In 2015, the Jewish Council for Public Affairs adopted a resolution on Armenian genocide that calls on the U.S. Congress and U.S. president to recognize the Armenian genocide.[42]
Notable people of mixed Armenian-Jewish descent
- Levon Aronian (Jewish father, Armenian mother), Armenian chess grandmaster[43]
- Yelena Bonner (Armenian father, Jewish mother), Soviet and Russian human rights activist[44][45]
- Sergei Dovlatov (half-Jewish father, Armenian mother), Soviet journalist and writer[46]
- Garry Kasparov (Jewish father, Armenian mother), Soviet and Russian chess grandmaster, considered by many the greatest chess player[47][48][49]
- Yevgeny Petrosyan (Armenian father, Jewish mother), Russian comedian[50]
- Aram Saroyan (Armenian father, Jewish mother), American poet (son of William Saroyan and Carol Grace)
- Richard Shepard (Jewish father, Armenian mother), American film and television director[51]
- Jackie Speier (Jewish father, Armenian mother), US Congresswoman from California[52]
- Michael Vartan (Armenian, Bulgarian, and Hungarian father, Jewish mother), French-American film and television actor[53][54]
- Zurab Zhvania (Georgian father, mixed Jewish-Armenian mother), Georgian politician[55][56]
- Michael Artin (half-Armenian father and half-Jewish mother), American mathematician[57]
- Joe Strummer (Armenian great-grandfather and German-Jewish great-grandmother), British musician[58]
- Armen Weitzman (Armenian and European Jewish descent), American actor[59]
- Maxine Cassin, American poet[60]
- Peter Gabel (half-Armenian mother, Jewish father; son of Arlene Francis and Martin Gabel),[61][62] law academic, editor of Tikkun magazine
- Artem Oganov, Russian theoretical crystallographer[63]
Notable Armenian-Jewish marriages
- Dolores Zohrab (Armenian) and Henry L. Liebmann (Jewish)
- William Saroyan (Armenian) and Carol Grace (Jewish)[64]
- Tigran Petrosian (Armenian) and Rona Yakovlevna Avinezer (Jewish)[65][66]
- Mikhail Botvinnik (Jewish) and Gayane Davidovna Ananova (Armenian)[65]
- Levon Ter-Petrosyan (Armenian) and Lyudmila Ter-Petrosyan (Jewish)[67]
- Ruben Vardanyan (Armenian) and Veronika Zonabend (Jewish)[68]
- Emil Artin (Armenian father) and Natalie "Natascha" Naumovna Jasny (Jewish father)[57]
- Garik Martirosyan (Armenian) and Zhanna Levina (Jewish)[69]
- Leonid Khachiyan (Armenian) and Olga Pischikova Reynberg (Jewish)[70]
- Abram Alikhanov and Slava Solomonovna Roshal (Jewish)
See also
Works
Books
- Шаблон:In lang Turabian, Aram. La France: les Arméniens et les juifs [English: The Armenians and the Jews]. 1938
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Articles
- Шаблон:In lang Sofer, Leo: Armenier und Juden. Zeitschrift für Demographie und Statistik der Juden, Jg 3 (1907) Nr 5, S. 65–69.
- Шаблон:In lang Weissenberg, Samuel. "Armenier und Juden". Sonderabdruck aus dem Archiv für Anthropologie Braunschweig 13, no. 4 (1914), 383–387.
- Nadel-Golobič, Eleonora. "Armenians and Jews in Medieval Lvov. Their Role in Oriental Trade 1400–1600", Cahiers du Monde russe et soviétique, Vol. 20, No. 3/4 (Jul. - Dec., 1979), pp. 345–388, École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Paris
- Charny, Israel W. "The Turks, Armenians and Jews". The Book of the International Conference on the Holocaust and Genocide: Book One. The Conference Program and Crisis. 1983.
- Dekmejian, R. Hrair. "Determinants of genocide: Armenians and Jews as case studies". The Armenian Genocide in Perspective (1986): 92–94.
- Dadrian, Vahakn N. "The Convergent Aspects of the Armenian and Jewish Cases of Genocide. A Reinterpretation of the Concept of Holocaust". Holocaust and Genocide Studies 3.2 (1988): 151-169
- Шаблон:In lang Heinsohn, G. "Armenier und Juden als Testfall für die Streichung von drei Jahrhunderten durch Heribert Illig" Ethik und Sozialwissenschaften: Streitforum für Erwägungskultur (EuS) 8.4 (1997): 490.
- Шаблон:In lang Cohen, Raya. "Le génocide arménien dans la mémoire collective juive". Les cahiers du judaïsme 3 (1998): 113–122.
- Dadrian, Vahakn N. "The Historical and Legal Interconnections between the Armenian Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust: From Impunity to Retributive Justice". The Yale Journal of International Law 23 (1998): 503
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Other
References
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- ↑ Sanjian, Ara. "Richard Hovannisian and David Myers, Enlightenment and Diaspora: The Armenian and Jewish Cases (book review in English)", Haigazian Armenological Review, vol. 21 (2001), pp. 405–410. See here "This is not the first attempt, of course, to compare certain aspects of Armenian and Jewish history. Previous comparative endeavors, however, had mostly dealt with the Armenian Genocide of 1915 in relation to the Jewish Holocaust of the Second World War."
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB1911
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- ↑ R. Hrair Dekmejian & Hovann H. Simonian. Troubled Waters: The Geopolitics of the Caspian Region, 2003, p. 125 "In addition to commercial links, Israel has given strong backing to Azerbaijan in its conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh, which reportedly has included military assistance."
- ↑ Sedat Laçiner, Mehmet Özcan, İhsan Bal. USAK Yearbook of International Politics and Law 2010, Vol. 3, p. 322 "Israel was one of the strategic partners and supporters of Azerbaijan in the Nagorno-Karabakh War with Armenia."
- ↑ Bahruz Balayev, The Right to Self-Determination in the South Caucasus: Nagorno Karabakh in Context, Lexington Books, 2013, p. 73 "Israel has supported Azerbaijan in its conflict with Armenia for the enclave of Nagorno Karabakh."
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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- ↑ Yair Auron. The Banality of Denial: Israel and the Armenian Genocide. Transaction Publishers, 2004. p. 9: "when Raphael Lemkin coined the word genocide in 1944 he cited the 1915 annihilation of Armenians as a seminal example of genocide"
- ↑ William Schabas. Genocide in International Law: The Crimes of Crimes. Cambridge University Press, 2000. p. 25: "Lemkin's interest in the subject dates to his days as a student at Lvov University, when he intently followed attempts to prosecute the perpetration of the massacres of the Armenians"
- ↑ A. Dirk Moses. Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History. Berghahn Books, 2004. p. 21: "Indignant that the perpetrators of the Armenian genocide had largely escaped prosecution, Lemkin, who was a young state prosecutor in Poland, began lobbying in the early 1930s for international law to criminalize the destruction of such groups."
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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- ↑ 57,0 57,1 Шаблон:MacTutor Biography
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- ↑ 65,0 65,1 Шаблон:Cite book
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- ↑ Khachiyan's daughter, Anna, a blogger: Шаблон:Cite web; Шаблон:Cite web
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