Английская Википедия:Assiniboine language
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language Шаблон:Infobox ethnonym
The Assiniboine language (Шаблон:IPAc-en; also known as Assiniboin, Hohe, or Nakota, Nakoda, Nakon or Nakona,[1] or Stoney) is a Nakotan Siouan language of the Northern Plains. The name Assiniboine comes from the term Шаблон:Transliteration, from Ojibwe, meaning 'Stone Siouans'. The reason they were called this was that Assiniboine people used heated stone to boil their food. In Canada, Assiniboine people are known as Stoney Indians, while they called themselves Nakota or Nakoda, meaning 'allies'.
Classification
The Dakotan group of the Siouan family has five main divisions: Dakota (Santee-Sisseton), Dakota (Yankton-Yanktonai), Lakota (Teton), Nakoda (Assiniboine) and Nakoda (Stoney).Шаблон:Sfn[2] Along with the closely related Stoney, Assiniboine is an n variety of the Dakotan languages, meaning its autonym is pronounced with an initial n (thus: Шаблон:Lang as opposed to Dakʰóta or Lakʰóta, and Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang as opposed to Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang). The Assiniboine language is also closely related to the Sioux language and to the Stoney language (likewise called Nakoda or Nakota), although they are hardly mutually intelligible.
Official status
The Assiniboine language is not a government-recognized official language of any state or region where Assiniboine people live. There are two reservations located in Montana, but the official language of the state is English.[3] An estimate of native speakers ranges from less than 50,Шаблон:Sfn to about 100,Шаблон:Sfn to about 150 Assiniboine people, most of them elderly.[4]
Related languages
Sioux, Assiniboine, and Stoney are closely related languages of the Dakota family. Many linguists consider Assiniboine and Stoney to be dialects. However, they are mutually unintelligible. Parks and DeMallie report that they are not variant forms of a single dialect, but that Assiniboine is closer to the Sioux dialects than it is to Stoney. The exact number of interrelationships among the subdialects and dialects comprising this continuum is unknown.Шаблон:Sfn
| Dialect group | Self-designation | Political designation |
|---|---|---|
| Santee-Sisseton | Dakhóta | Sioux |
| Yankton-Yanktonai | Dakȟóta | Sioux |
| Teton | Lakȟóta | Sioux |
| Assiniboine | Nakhóta | Assiniboine |
| Stoney | Nakhóda | Stoney |
Geographic distribution
The languages of the Dakotan group are spoken in the following regions:
| Reservation or reserve | Dialect |
|---|---|
| Alberta | |
| Alexis | Stoney |
| Big Horn | Stoney |
| Eden Valley | Stoney |
| Paul | Stoney |
| Stoney (Morley) | Stoney |
| Saskatchewan | |
| Carry the Kettle | Assiniboine |
| Moose Woods (White Cap) | Sioux (Sisseton, Yanktonai) |
| Mosquito-Grizzly Bear's Head | Assiniboine |
| Sioux Wahpeton (Round Plain) | Sioux (Sisseton, Yanktonai) |
| Standing Buffalo | Sioux (Sisseton, Yanktonai) |
| Whitebear | Assiniboine |
| Wood Mountain | Sioux (Teton) |
| Manitoba | |
| Birdtail | Sioux (Santee) |
| Oak Lake | Sioux (Santee) |
| Sioux Valley | Sioux (Santee) |
| Sioux Village-Long Plain | Sioux (Santee) |
| North Dakota | |
| Devil's Lake | Sioux (Sisseton, Yanktonai) |
| Standing Rock | Sioux (Yanktonai) |
| South Dakota | |
| Cheyenne River | Sioux (Teton) |
| Crow Creek | Sioux (Yanktonai) |
| Flandreau | Sioux (Santee) |
| Lower Brule | Sioux (Teton) |
| Pine Ridge | Sioux (Teton) |
| Rosebud | Sioux (Teton) |
| Sisseton | Sioux (Teton) |
| Standing Rock | Sioux (Teton) |
| Yankton | Sioux (Yankton) |
| Nebraska | |
| Santee | Sioux (Santee) |
| Minnesota | |
| Lower Sioux | Sioux (Santee) |
| Prairie Island | Sioux (Santee) |
| Prior Lake | Sioux (Santee) |
| Upper Sioux | Sioux (Santee) |
| Montana | |
| Fort Belknap | Assiniboine |
| Fort Peck | Assiniboine, Sioux (Yanktonai, Sisseton) |
D-N-L classification system
The Assiniboine language (Nakota), the Dakota language and the Lakota language are usually classified into a group with D-N-L subgroup classification. As suggested by the name of the system, the variation in pronunciations of certain words follows the D-N-L rule. A typical example is given below:Шаблон:Sfn
| Language group | 'greasy' |
|---|---|
| Santee-Sisseton | Шаблон:Lang |
| Yankton-Yanktonai | Шаблон:Lang |
| Teton | Шаблон:Lang |
| Assiniboine | Шаблон:Lang |
| Stoney | Шаблон:Lang |
Santee-Sisseton and Yankton-Yanktonai are languages that belong to the Dakotan group and Teton is a language in the Lakotan group. The table above illustrates a typical variation amongst these three languages. Just as the name of these three tribes suggest, the Dakota language, the Lakota language and the Nakota (Assiniboine) language have respective inclinations towards Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:IPA in some substitutable consonants.
Arguments against the classification system
Some scholars argue that the D-N-L classification system may not be totally accurate due to the non-rigidness of the substitution form.Шаблон:Sfn Siouan Indians live on an expansive continuum such that the distinction between different languages does not manifest in a rigid, clear-cutting criterion. Historically, linguists have debated on Yankton-Yanktonai languages and their proper positions into the D-N-L classification system, but the coexistence of Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA phonemes made such classification doubtful. This example of lexical difference between the languages of the Siouan group illustrates another possible distinction besides the D-N-L variations.Шаблон:Sfn
| Language group | 'horse' |
|---|---|
| Santee-Sisseton | Шаблон:Lang |
| Yankton-Yanktonai | Шаблон:Lang |
| Teton | Шаблон:Lang |
| Assiniboine | Шаблон:Lang |
| Stoney | Шаблон:Lang |
Phonology
The phonemic inventory has 27 consonants, which includes aspirated, plain, and ejective stops. In addition to this, it has five oral vowels and three nasal vowels. It is a structure-preserving language. Assiniboine has no definite or indefinite articles, no nominal case system, and no verbal tense marking. Clauses unmarked are "realized," while clauses marked as "potential" by means of verbal enclitic, which is successful in producing a future/non-future distinction. The verbal system is split into active and stative (split-intransitive). The active object pronominal affixes coincide with the stative verbs of the subject pronominal affixes.Шаблон:Sfn
The affricates and stops of Assiniboine are often described as voiced rather than voiceless, due to intervocalic voicing rules which result in surface voiced forms.Шаблон:Sfn
Oral vowels
| Character used | IPA symbol | Assiniboine pronunciation |
|---|---|---|
| i | i | i as in police |
| u | u | oo as in book |
| e | e | e as in a in mate |
| o | o | o as in vote |
| a | a | a as in father |
Nasal vowels
| Character | IPA symbol | Also used as |
|---|---|---|
| ą | ã | aⁿ, an, aη, aN |
| į | ĩ | iⁿ, in, iη, iN |
| ų | ũ | uⁿ, oⁿ, un, uη, uN |
There are five oral vowels in Assiniboine, Шаблон:IPA, and three nasal vowels, Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfn
Words that follow the above rules:
- Шаблон:IPA 'hill'
- Шаблон:IPA 'hair'
- Шаблон:IPA 'fog'
- Шаблон:IPA 'otter'
- Шаблон:IPA 'heavy'
- Шаблон:IPA 'rice'
- Шаблон:IPA 'to sneeze'
Syllable structure
Syllables are primarily of CV structure. While codas are possible, they are restricted and uncommon, often becoming restructured as the onset of the following syllable. Onsets may include up to two consonants but codas must be simplex. Possible onset clusters are given in the following table:[6]
Grammar
Morphology
Morphological processes for Assiniboine language are primarily agglutinating.Шаблон:Sfn In addition, the character of morpheme alternation in Assiniboine may be classified in terms of phoneme loss, phoneme shift, contraction, nasalization loss, syllable loss, syntactic contraction, and syntactic alternation.[7]
Morphophonemics
Examples from Levin (1964).[7]
Contraction->When two syllabics come into contact they contract as in:
Шаблон:Interlinear Шаблон:Interlinear
Phoneme loss: Syllabics
when Шаблон:IPA is in medial position between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA:
when Шаблон:IPA is in the medial position between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA:
when Шаблон:IPA is in medial position between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA:
Phoneme loss: semi-syllabics
- Шаблон:IPA > Шаблон:IPA when
- Шаблон:IPA follows Шаблон:IPA
Phoneme loss: non-syllabics
Шаблон:IPA is in medial position between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:Interlinear Шаблон:Interlinear
Phoneme shift: syllabics
- Шаблон:IPA > Шаблон:IPA before Шаблон:IPA
Phoneme shift: non-syllabics
When Шаблон:IPA--Шаблон:IPA is in medial position between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA
When Шаблон:IPA--Шаблон:IPA is in medial position between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA
When Шаблон:IPA is in medial position between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA
Nasalization loss exists as follows:
Syllable loss occurs as follows:
- Шаблон:IPA > Шаблон:IPA Ex) Шаблон:Lang 'to pay' so, Шаблон:Lang + Шаблон:Lang + Шаблон:Lang > Шаблон:Lang 'I pay'
Syntactic contraction: personal inflectional morphemes
- Шаблон:Lang 'I' + Шаблон:Lang 'you' > Шаблон:Lang 'I...you';
Syntactic contraction with verbal themes occurs as follows:
- Шаблон:IPA + Шаблон:IPA – Шаблон:IPA > c;
Syntactic alternation
- Шаблон:IPA > Шаблон:IPA in verbal theme
- Шаблон:IPA>Шаблон:IPA in nomial theme
- Шаблон:IPA>Шаблон:IPA with the future suffix;
Syntax
Assiniboine has SOV word order. The order of elements may differ from canonical SOV; this is not free nor scrambling word order, but instead, the result of topicalization or other movements. Out-of-context sentences are always interpreted as SOV order even if it sounds odd. For example, 'the man bit the dog', unless an element is moved into a focus position. Focused element sentences are highly marked, and practically, a strange semantic reading is preferred over an interpretation of OSV. For example, the following sentence was interpreted as 'A banana ate the boy' by a native speaker, and to get the OSV reading out of it the object must be stressed, for example if the sentence was given as a reply to the question 'What did the boy eat?'.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Interlinear
Vocabulary
- Шаблон:Lang – one
- Шаблон:Lang – two
- Шаблон:Lang – three
- Шаблон:Lang – four
- Шаблон:Lang – five
- Шаблон:Lang – six
- Шаблон:Lang – seven
- Шаблон:Lang – eight
- Шаблон:Lang – nine
- Шаблон:Lang – ten
- Шаблон:Lang – black
- Шаблон:Lang – white
- Шаблон:Lang – red
- Шаблон:Lang – blue
More words can be found in the Dakota-English Dictionary.[8]
Writing system
Class 1
- Шаблон:Lang 1st person+singular
- Шаблон:Lang 2nd person
Class 2
- Шаблон:Lang 1st person+singular
- Шаблон:Lang 2nd person
For both class 1 and 2
- Шаблон:Lang 1st person-singular
- Шаблон:Lang 3rd person
- Шаблон:Lang 3rd person
- Шаблон:Lang 1st person + singular subject/ 2nd person objectШаблон:Sfn
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
- A video of Fred Spyglass (Mosquito First Nation) counting
- Video on Assiniboine history
- Language Geek:Assiniboine
- Native Languages: Assiniboine
- Online dictionary of Assniboine, American Indian Studies Research Institute
Шаблон:Siouan languages Шаблон:Languages of Montana
- ↑ For the usage of the term "nakona" by Fort Peck's Assiniboine, cf. Fort Peck Community College and NHE
- ↑ Miller, D., Smith, D., McGeshick, J. R., Shanley, J., & Shields, C. (2008). The History of the Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation, Montana, 1800-2000. Montana: Montana Historical Society Press.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Ethnologue (cf. above).
- ↑ Hollow, R. C.. (1970). A Note on Assiniboine Phonology. International Journal of American Linguistics, 36(4), 296–298. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/1264256
- ↑ Reproduced from Шаблон:Harvtxt.
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Levin, N. B. (1964).The Assiniboine language. Bloomington: Indiana University.
- ↑ Riggs, S. R. (1892). A Dakota-English Dictionary. Washington: US Government Printing
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