Английская Википедия:Atlantic Bronze Age
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Multiple issues Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox archaeological culture Шаблон:See also The Atlantic Bronze Age refers to a cultural complex of the Bronze Age period in prehistoric Europe, spanning approximately 1300–700 BC. This complex includes various cultures in Britain, France, Ireland, Portugal and Spain.
Trade
The Atlantic Bronze Age is characterised by economic and cultural exchange, resulting in a high degree of cultural similarity between coastal communities from central Portugal to Galicia, Armorica, Cornwall and Scotland. This is evidenced by the frequent use of stone as chevaux-de-frise, the construction of cliff castles and domestic architecture, sometimes characterised by roundhouses.[1] Trade contacts extended from Sweden[2] and Denmark to the Mediterranean.[1] The Bronze Age was characterised by distinct regional centres of metal production, linked by regular maritime trade. The main centres were in southern England and Ireland, north-west France, and western Iberia.[3] Radiocarbon dating indicates that the Early Bronze Age began on the northern Iberian plateau in 2100 cal. BC, while the Late Bronze Age began in 1350 cal. BC.[4][5][6] Items associated with this culture are often found in hoards or deposited in ritual areas,[7][8] typically in watery contexts such as rivers, lakes, and bogs. The cultural complex includes various items, such as socketed and double-ring bronze axes, sometimes buried in large hoards in Brittany and Galicia. Military equipment such as lunate spearheads, V-notched shields, and a variety of bronze swords, including carp-tongue swords, are usually found buried in lakes, rivers, or rocky outcrops.[9] Elite feasting equipment such as spits, kettles, and meat hooks[8][10] have also been found from central Portugal to Scotland.[1]
In 2008, John T. Koch attributed the origins of the Celts to this period.[11] This theory is supported by Barry Cunliffe,[12] who argues that Celtic developed as an Atlantic lingua franca before spreading to mainland Europe.[8] The authors argue that communities in the Late Bronze Age adopted elite status markers, such as grip-tongue swords and bronze sheet metalwork, from the Urnfield period (Bronze D and Hallstatt A). They also acquired new skills for their production and ritual knowledge about their proper treatment after deposition.[13] These changes may indicate processes related to language change.[13] In 2013, Koch suggested that the emergence of Celtic languages with a Proto-Celtic homeland in west-central Europe could be explained by elite contact from east to west.[14] However, this view contrasts with the more widely accepted view that Celtic origins are linked to the central European Hallstatt C culture.
Gallery
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A Bronze Age gold hoard: Tesouro de Caldas, Galicia, Spain
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Gold torque from Stretham, England
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Bronze weapons from Lanzahíta, Spain
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Bronze Age swords, France
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The Caergwrle Bowl, Wales, Шаблон:Circa
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Casco de Leiro, Galicia, Spain
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Gold bowls from Axtroki, Spain
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Gold bracelets and neckrings, England, 1150–750 BC
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Sintra collar, Portugal, c. 10th century BC
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Bronze cauldrons. Left Шаблон:Ill, Spain. Right Chiseldon, England.[15][16]
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Gold and bronze hoard from Wrexham, Wales, 1300-1150 BC
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Gold torque or belt from Guînes, France, 1300-1150 BC[17]
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Gold torque from Guînes, Pas-de-Calais, France.[18]
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Deposito da Samieira, a hoard of Galician Bronze Age axes. Museo de Pontevedra
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Stele of Solana de Cabañas, Spain.
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Adabrock Hoard, Scotland, c. 1000 BC
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Gold torque from the Treasure of Berzocana, Extremadura, Spain
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Ceremonial bronze dirk, France, Шаблон:Circa
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Dirks from England and France
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Brazalete da Urdiñeira, Spain
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Gold torc, Saint-Jean-Trolimon, France
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Bronze axes, France
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Gold disk/ring, Extremadura, Spain, Шаблон:Circa
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Dún Aonghasa hillfort, Ireland
See also
- Magacela stele
- Bronze Age Europe
- Armorican Tumulus culture
- Argaric culture
- Bronze Age Britain
- Bronze Age Iberia
- Bronze Age France
- Cornish Bronze Age
- Urnfield culture
- Nordic Bronze Age
- Tumulus culture
- Unetice culture
References
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Europe Before History by Kristian Kristiansen Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
External links
- Spaniards search for legendary Tartessos in a marsh
- Moor Sands finds, including a remarkably well preserved and complete sword which has parallels with material from the Seine basin of northern France
- 3000-year-old shipwreck shows European trade was thriving in Bronze Age
- Scales, weights and weight-regulated artefacts in Middle and Late Bronze Age Britain (Lorenz Rahmstorf 2019)
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