Английская Википедия:Augusta, Georgia

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Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox settlement

Augusta (Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell) is a consolidated city-county on the central eastern border of the U.S. state of Georgia. The city lies directly across the Savannah River from North Augusta, South Carolina at the head of its navigable portion. Georgia's third most populous city (after Atlanta and Columbus), Augusta is located in the Fall Line section of the state.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Augusta–Richmond County had a 2020 population of 202,081,[1] not counting the unconsolidated cities of Blythe and Hephzibah.[2] It is the 116th most populous city in the United States and the 95th-largest metropolitan area. The process of consolidation between the city of Augusta and Richmond County began with a 1995 referendum in the two jurisdictions. The merger was completed on July 1, 1996. Augusta is the principal city of the Augusta metropolitan area. In 2020 it had a population of 611,000,[3] making it the second-largest metro area in the state (after Atlanta) and the ninth most populous urban center in the Deep South.

Augusta was established in 1736 and is named in honor of Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha (1719–1772), the bride of Frederick, Prince of Wales and the mother of the British monarch George III.[4] During the American Civil War, Augusta housed the principal Confederate Powderworks.[5] Augusta's warm climate made it a major resort town of the Eastern United States in the early and mid-20th century. Internationally, Augusta is best known for hosting the Masters golf tournament each spring. The Masters brings over 200,000 visitors from around the world to the Augusta National Golf Club. Membership at Augusta National is widely considered to be the most exclusive in the sport of golf around the world.

Augusta lies approximately two hours away from downtown Atlanta by car via I-20. The city is home to Fort Eisenhower, a major U.S. Army base. In 2016, it was announced that the new National Cyber Security Headquarters would be based in Augusta.[6]

History

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Establishment

The area along the river was long inhabited by varying cultures of indigenous peoples, who relied on the river for fish, water and transportation. The site of Augusta was used by Native Americans as a place to cross the Savannah River, because of its location on the fall line.

Файл:James Oglethorpe Statue Augusta GA.jpg
James Oglethorpe, Founder of Augusta

In 1735, two years after James Oglethorpe founded Savannah, he sent a detachment of troops to explore the upper Savannah River. He gave them an order to build a fort at the head of the navigable part of the river. The expedition was led by Noble Jones, who created a settlement as a first line of defense for coastal areas against potential Spanish or French invasion from the interior.[7] Oglethorpe named the town in honor of Princess Augusta, the mother of King George III and the wife of Frederick, Prince of Wales.

Oglethorpe visited Augusta in September 1739 on his return to Savannah from a perilous visit to Coweta Town, near present-day Phenix City, Alabama.[8] There, he had met with a convention of 7,000 Native American warriors and concluded a peace treaty with them in their territories in northern and western Georgia.[9] During the American Revolutionary War, the Siege of Augusta resulted in the retaking the city from the British by the Americans. Augusta was the second state capital of Georgia from 1785 until 1795 (alternating for a period with Savannah, the first).

Development

Augusta developed rapidly as a market town as the Black Belt in the Piedmont was developed for cotton cultivation. Invention of the cotton gin made processing of short-staple cotton profitable, and this type of cotton was well-suited to the upland areas. Cotton plantations were worked by slave labor, with hundreds of thousands of slaves shipped from the Upper South to the Deep South in the domestic slave trade. Many of the slaves were brought from the Lowcountry, where their Gullah culture had developed on the large Sea Island cotton and rice plantations.

During the American Civil War, Augusta was home to many war industries including powder-works facilities.[10] After the war, Augusta had a booming textile industry leading to the construction of many mills along the Augusta Canal to include Enterprise Mill, Sibley Mill, and King Mill.

The city experienced the Augusta Fire of 1916, which damaged 25 blocks of the town and many buildings of historical significance.

As a major city in the area, Augusta was a center of activities during Reconstruction and after. In the mid-20th century, it was a site of civil rights demonstrations. In 1970, Charles Oatman, a mentally disabled teenager, was killed by his cellmates in an Augusta jail. A protest against his death broke out in a riot involving 500 people, after six black men were killed by police,[11] each found to have been shot in the back.[12] The noted singer and entertainer James Brown was called in to help quell lingering tensions, which he succeeded in doing.[11]

Hyde Park contimination

Шаблон:Main In 1993, an area known as Hyde Park in Augusta, Georgia, was investigated by the EPA for contamination. The investigation totaled $1.2 million.[13] Air, groundwater, and soil were all believed to be contaminated, and people living in the area were hoping for government assistance to move away from Hyde Park. Two of five neighborhoods in Hyde Park appeared to have arsenic, chromium, and dioxin, while all five were found to have PCBs and lead.[13] However, residents were told it was not a risk to their health unless they somehow ingested it on a regular basis. At the time the article was written, the citizens still questioned why the EPA and ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Disease Registry) did not consider these chemicals as a threat to them. Hyde Park also has higher rates of certain illnesses (such as cancer, infections, rashes) than the average in America, and the citizens question why that is not considered.[13]

Geography

Augusta is located along the Georgia/South Carolina border, about Шаблон:Cvt east of Atlanta and Шаблон:Cvt west of Columbia. The city is located at Шаблон:Coord (33.4700, −81.9750).[14]

Файл:ISS067-E-177735 Augusta, Georgia.jpg
Augusta on July 8, 2022, with north oriented towards the upper right; taken from the International Space Station

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Augusta–Richmond County balance has a total area of Шаблон:Cvt, of which Шаблон:Cvt is land and Шаблон:Cvt (1.42%) is water.

Файл:Augusta Canal tour boat music cruise.jpg
The Augusta Canal

Augusta is located about halfway up the Savannah River on the fall line, which creates a number of small falls on the river. The city marks the end of a navigable waterway for the river and the entry to the Georgia Piedmont area.

The Clarks Hill Dam is built on the fall line near Augusta, forming Clarks Hill Lake. Farther downstream, near the border of Columbia County, is the Stevens Creek Dam, which generates hydroelectric power. Even farther downstream is the Augusta Diversion Dam, which marks the beginning of the Augusta Canal and channels Savannah River waters into the canal.[15]

Climate

As with the rest of the state, Augusta has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with short, mild winters, very hot, humid summers, and a wide diurnal temperature variation throughout much of the year, despite its low elevation and humidity. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from Шаблон:Cvt in January to Шаблон:Cvt in July; there are 53 nights with the low reaching the freezing mark, 82 days reaching or exceeding Шаблон:Cvt, and 5.5 days reaching Шаблон:Cvt annually. Extreme temperatures range from Шаблон:Cvt on January 21, 1985 up to Шаблон:Cvt on August 10, 2007, and August 21, 1983. Snowfall is not nearly as common as in Atlanta, due largely to Augusta's elevation, with downtown Augusta being about Шаблон:Cvt lower than downtown Atlanta. The heaviest recorded snowfall was in February 1973 with Шаблон:Convert[16] Freezing rain is also a threat in wintertime.

Шаблон:Weather box

Historic districts

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Файл:Sacred Heart Cultural Center.jpg
Sacred Heart Cultural Center

There are 10 historic districts throughout the city of Augusta. The most prominent, Augusta Downtown Historic District, encompasses most of downtown Augusta and its pre-Civil War area. The Augusta Downtown Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.[17]

Augusta also includes the:

Tallest buildings

Rank Name Image Height (feet) Height (meters) Floors Year Ref
1 Lamar Building Файл:Lamar Building Augusta Georgia.jpg 238 72 19 1918 [18]
2 River Place Condominiums Файл:River Place Condominiums, Augusta May 2017.jpg 222 68 18 1991 [19]
3 Augusta University on Broad Файл:Wells Fargo Building (Augusta), May 2017 1.jpg 220 67 17 1967 [20]

Demographics

Шаблон:US Census population

Augusta Richmond consolidated government (balance), Georgia – Racial and Ethnic Composition
(NH = Non-Hispanic)
Шаблон:Nobold
Race / Ethnicity Pop 2000[21] Pop 2010[22] Шаблон:Partial[23] % 2000 % 2010 Шаблон:Partial
White alone (NH) 85,340 73,277 65,721 43.72% 37.42% 32.52%
Black or African American alone (NH) 97,517 105,921 111,535 49.96% 54.08% 55.19%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 491 557 480 0.25% 0.28% 0.24%
Asian alone (NH) 2,925 3,259 3,898 1.50% 1.66% 1.93%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 222 370 386 0.11% 0.19% 0.19%
Some Other Race alone (NH) 359 305 880 0.18% 0.16% 0.44%
Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) 2,881 4,102 7,910 1.48% 2.09% 3.91%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 5,447 8,053 11,271 2.79% 4.11% 5.58%
Total 195,182 195,844 202,081 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

At the 2020 United States census, there were 202,081 people, 66,838 households, and 41,517 families residing in the city. During the 2010 U.S. census, the city's population was 195,844, up from 195,182 at the 2000 United States census.

In 2000, the city's racial and ethnic composition was 43.72% non-Hispanic white, 49.96% African American, 0.25% Native American, 1.50% Asian, 0.11% Pacific Islander, 0.18% some other race, 1.48% multiracial, and 2.79% Hispanic or Latino of any race. By the 2020 census, its racial and ethnic makeup was 35.52% non-Hispanic white, 55.19% African American, 0.24% Asian, 1.93% Asian, 0.19% Pacific Islander, 0.44% some other race, 3.91% multiracial, and 5.58% Hispanic or Latino of any race. This reflected nationwide trends of greater diversification since the beginning of the 21st century.[24][25]

Law and government

Шаблон:See also In 1995, citizens of Augusta and unincorporated parts of Richmond County voted to consolidate their city and county governments. Citizens of Hephzibah and Blythe, also located in Richmond County, voted against joining in the merger, which took effect January 1, 1996. The unified government consists of a mayor and ten commissioners. Eight commissioners represent single-member districts, while two are elected at-large, each to represent a super district that encompasses half of Augusta-Richmond's population.[26] Law enforcement in Augusta is handled by the Richmond County Sheriff's Office which patrols the main city of Augusta and the unincorporated areas of Hephzibah and Blythe although both of these towns have their own police departments. Prior to consolidation, Augusta had a city police department and the Richmond County sheriff patrolled the unincorporated areas of the county. The consolidation charter deems the sheriff as the chief law enforcement officer of Richmond County. Augusta is one of the few consolidated city-counties in the state that retain the sheriff in a law enforcement capacity.

Politics

Augusta - Richmond County Presidential Election Results[27][28]
Year Democrat Republican Other
2020 67.89% 30.75% 1.36%
2016 65.00% 32.60% 1.40%
2012 66.39% 32.64% 0.97%
2008 65.60% 33.80% 0.60%
2004 56.60% 42.90% 0.50%
2000 54.77% 44.43% 0.80%
1996 54.05% 41.62% 4.33%

Education

Файл:Augusta State University-The Belltower and Allgood Hall..jpg
Allgood Hall at Augusta University

Colleges and universities

Main campuses
Satellite campuses

K–12 schools

Файл:Richmond County Board of Education.jpg
Richmond County Board of Education central office

Public K–12 schools in Augusta are managed by the Richmond County School System. The school system contains 36 elementary schools, 10 middle schools, and the following eight high schools: Glenn Hills, Butler, Westside, Hephzibah, T. W. Josey, A.R.C. (Academy of Richmond County), Lucy Craft Laney, and Cross Creek. There are four magnet schools: C. T. Walker Traditional Magnet School, A. R. Johnson Health Science and Engineering Magnet High School, Davidson Fine Arts, and the Richmond County Technical Career Magnet School.

Private schools in Augusta include Aquinas High School, Episcopal Day School, Saint Mary on the Hill Catholic School, Immaculate Conception School, Hillcrest Baptist Church School, Curtis Baptist High School, Gracewood Baptist First Academy, Alleluia Community School, New Life Christian Academy, Charles Henry Terrell Academy, Heritage Academy, and Westminster Schools of Augusta. Augusta Christian Schools, Augusta First Seventh-day Adventist School, and Augusta Preparatory Day School serve Augusta but are located in neighboring Martinez.

Media

The daily newspaper in the city is The Augusta Chronicle. The television stations serving Augusta and its metropolitan market are: WAGT (CW Plus and NBC), WCES (PBS), WFXG (Fox), WJBF (ABC and MeTV) and WRDW (CBS).

Economy

Файл:Cyber-center-of-excellence.png
Fort Eisenhower is home to the U.S. Army Cyber Center of Excellence which has led to a large increase in cyber jobs in the Augusta metro region.

Augusta is a regional center of medicine, biotechnology, and cyber security. Augusta University, the state's only public health sciences graduate university, employs over 7,000 people. Along with Piedmont Augusta, the Medical District of Augusta employs over 25,000 people and has an economic impact of over $1.8 billion.[29]

The city's three largest employers are Augusta University, the Savannah River Site (a Department of Energy nuclear facility) and the U.S. Army Cyber Center of Excellence at Fort Eisenhower, which oversees training for Cyber, Signal Corps, and Electronic Warfare. Despite layoffs from several companies during the U.S. economic recession and a relatively high state unemployment rate,[30] the Augusta community has experienced a decrease in bankruptcy filings and saw a slight decrease in the unemployment rate from late 2009 to March 2011.[31] However, these unemployment numbers were misleading as spring brought lower unemployment rates due to the Masters Golf Tournament. While unemployment fell to a two-year low of 8.3% in April 2011, unemployment rates have since risen to 9.9% as of July 2011.[32]

Файл:TechNet Augusta 2016 (28745774802).jpg
TechNet Conference held in Augusta

With the establishment of the Georgia Cyber Center in Downtown Augusta, the Augusta metro region has become a hub for cyber security based companies looking to locate to the area in part as well to the establishment of the U.S. Army Cyber Command relocating to Fort Eisenhower from Fort Meade.[33][34] Augusta plays host to TechNet on a yearly basis which brings in various military, government, and private sector leaders to the area to showcase new cyber related products as well as discussions on cyber based collaboration efforts between the public and private sectors.

Companies that have facilities, headquarters or distribution centers in the Augusta metro area include CareSouth, NutraSweet, T-Mobile, Covidien, Solo Cup Company, Automatic Data Processing, Graphic Packaging International, Solvay S.A., Bridgestone, Teleperformance, Olin Corporation, Sitel, E-Z-GO, Taxslayer, Elanco, KSB Company (Georgia Iron Works), Club Car (Worldwide Headquarters), Halocarbon, MTU Friedrichshafen (subsidiary of Tognum), Kimberly Clark Corporation, Nutrien (formerly PotashCorp), John Deere, Kellogg's and Delta Air Lines' baggage call center.[35]

Top employers

According to the Augusta Economic Development Authority as of 2013,[36] the top manufacturing employers in the city were:

# Employer # of employees
1 Textron Specialized Vehicles 1,350
2 Graphic Packaging International 963
3 Ferrara USA 900
4 FPL Food 660
5 Thermal Ceramics 400
6 Cardinal Health 390
7 Nutrien 390
8 Augusta Coca-Cola 300
9 Solvay Advanced Partners 300
10 Starbucks 260

The top public sector employers were:

# Employer # of employees
1 Fort Eisenhower 29,252
2 Augusta University 6,775
3 NSA Georgia 6,000
4 Augusta University Health System 5,341
5 Richmond County School System 4,418
6 Piedmont Augusta 3,000
7 Augusta–Richmond County 2,840
8 Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center 2,082
9 Doctors Hospital 1,837
10 East Central Regional Hospital 1,400

Sports

Teams

The Augusta GreenJackets minor league baseball club, formerly located at Lake Olmstead Stadium in Augusta, now play at SRP Park along the Savannah River in North Augusta, South Carolina. The team began to play in 1988 as the Augusta Pirates, affiliated with the Pittsburgh Pirates. Later affiliated with the Boston Red Sox and the San Francisco Giants, the GreenJackets are now the Class A affiliate of the Atlanta Braves.[37]

The Augusta Lynx were a minor-league professional ice hockey team based in Augusta, Georgia. The Lynx played their home games at the James Brown Arena from 1998 until 2008. The Lynx, who played in the ECHL, had affiliations with the Tampa Bay Lightning of the NHL and the Norfolk Admirals of the AHL.

The Augusta RiverHawks were a professional minor league ice hockey team. They played in the Southern Professional Hockey League (SPHL) from 2010 to 2013. They played their home games at the James Brown Arena.

The Augusta Stallions were a professional Arena football team founded in 1999. They were one of the 15 original teams to join the inaugural 2000 AF2 season. They started off in the American Conference, before switching to the Southeast Division in 2001, and then the Eastern Division in 2002. The team folded in 2002.

The Augusta Rugby Football Club (ARFC)[38] is a division 2 men's club competing in the Palmetto Rugby Union,[39] part of the USA Rugby South Conference.[40]

Augusta has an all-female flat track roller derby team, the Soul City Sirens. Founded in 2008, this league is all-volunteer, and skater owned.[41]

Augusta is also home to the former Augusta 706ers, a minor league professional basketball team in the American Basketball Association. The team was founded in 2017 and stopped operations in December 2018 because of a lack of funds. The team played all home games at the James Brown Arena.

Club Sport League Venue
Augusta GreenJackets Baseball Low-A East SRP Park
Augusta Mad Dogs Rugby Palmetto Rugby Union Larry Bray Memorial Pitch
Augusta Furies Women's Rugby Carolinas Geographic Union Larry Bray Memorial Pitch
Soul City Sirens Roller derby WFTDA Red Wing Rollerway
Georgia Soul Basketball Women's American Basketball Association Butler High School Gymnasium
Georgia Soul Basketball The Basketball League H.E.A.L. Complex at Paine College

Tournaments

Файл:Tiger Woods Masters 2006.jpg
Tiger Woods at the practice rounds for the 2006 Masters Tournament

The city's famous golf course, the Augusta National Golf Club, hosts the first major golf tournament of each year, The Masters. This tournament is often regarded as the most prestigious in the sport[42] and is one of the four major championships. The best professional and amateur golfers in the world come to Augusta during the first full week of April every year. The grounds of Augusta National are known for being pristine, and the course was ranked in 2009 as the third best golf course in the world by Golf Magazine.[43]

The city also has several disc golf facilities. The Augusta Top Gun Series is a series of tournaments sanctioned by the Professional Disc Golf Association. These tournaments are held at various venues in Augusta, including Pendleton King Park and Lake Olmstead.[44] Also, Augusta hosted the 2006 Professional Disc Golf World Championships. Along with Pendleton King and Lake Olmstead, two courses in North Augusta, SC was used for the tournament. 299 disc golfers from around the world attended the event, with Ken Climo winning the tournament and his 12th world championship.

Augusta hosted the Augusta Southern Nationals billed as "World's Richest Drag Boat Race" for 30 consecutive years. The event was held on the Savannah River near downtown in July until 2016. The race was part of the Lucas Oil Drag Boat Racing Series and was sanctioned by the International Hot Boat Association. The event benefited the Augusta Chapter of the Georgia Special Olympics with over 100 racing teams from 25 states competed annually for $140,000 in purse and prizes while trying to beat the course record of Шаблон:Cvt.

Файл:Team 'Generally Speaking' finishes the IRONMAN (8054271680).jpg
Competitors cross the finish line at the Ironman 70.3 Augusta.

Augusta is the site of the Head of the South Regatta. The youth rowing regatta is held on the Savannah River and is usually scheduled for early November.

Augusta is also the host to one of the largest IRONMAN 70.3 competition in North America taking athletes through various cycling routes around Augusta, a running course through Downtown Augusta, and an opening swim on the Savannah River along Augusta's riverfront. Recently, Augusta has been the featured home of the USA Cycling Collegiate Road National Championships which leads cyclists through various routes through Downtown Augusta and Fort Eisenhower. The city has also attracted visitors during the Nike EYBL Peach Jam Basketball Tournament held in neighboring North Augusta, South Carolina which features some of the top high school basketball players and teams across the United States.

Parks and recreation

  • Riverwalk Augusta – riverfront park along and on top of the city's levee
  • Augusta Common – green space linking Broad Street to Reynolds Street, with statue of James Oglethorpe
  • Augusta Canal – historic canal with bike/pedestrian path
  • Phinizy Swamp Nature Park – wetlands park with pedestrian/bike paths and boardwalks
  • Diamond Lakes Regional Park – in south Richmond County
  • Brookfield Park – public park featuring a playground, putting green, pedestrian/bike path, and a fountain in which children can play
  • Pendleton King – public park featuring a disc golf course, dog park, amphitheater, bike and running paths, and gardens

Transportation

Шаблон:Main

Augusta is linked to Atlanta to the west and Columbia, South Carolina, to the east by Interstate 20 (I-20). I-520 (Bobby Jones Expressway) extends from I-20 exit 196 through Augusta's western and southern suburban areas, eventually crossing the Savannah River to South Carolina, in which it is known as Palmetto Parkway.

U.S. Route 1 (US 1), along with State Route 4 (SR 4), connects Wrens. US 1 also links Augusta with Aiken, South Carolina. US 25 and SR 121 connects Waynesboro with Augusta; across the state line, US 25 and South Carolina Highway 121 (SC 121) links Augusta with Edgefield, South Carolina. US 78/US 278/SR 10, known locally as Gordon Highway, connects Thomson with Augusta. In South Carolina, US 1 and US 78 go through Aiken, South Carolina. US 78 further connects with Charleston, South Carolina. US 278 bypasses Aiken and serves as a connecting route to Hilton Head Island, South Carolina.

Augusta has been mentioned as the east terminus of a proposed expansion of Interstate 14 that would begin in Midland-Odessa, Texas and run through Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia with hopes of connecting major military installations along the highway corridor such as Fort Cavazos, Fort Moore, Fort Eisenhower, and Louisiana National Guard Training Center Pineville.[45]

Augusta has also been mentioned another proposed interstate known as Interstate 3 that would go through the city from Savannah to Knoxville, Tennessee and it only runs through two states, Georgia, and Tennessee.[46]

Major roads and expressways

Parts of Augusta are served by city transit service Augusta Public Transit (APT), but the main mode of transportation within the city is by car. Augusta is also served by a number of taxi companies.

Airports

The city has two airports: Augusta Regional Airport and Daniel Field. Augusta Regional Airport is served by three passenger airlines, including Delta, which offers mainline service to Atlanta.

Rail

Until the 1960s, the city's Augusta Union Station was a passenger rail hub, with trains arriving from the Atlantic Coast Line (as spur sections from Florence, South Carolina, from trains such as the Champion, Everglades and Palmetto), Georgia Railroad and Southern Railway (for example, the Aiken-Augusta Special from New York City). The last Seaboard Coast Line (the successor to the Atlantic Coast Line) train was a Florence-Augusta section of the Champion; this section ended in 1970.[48][49] The last train to the city was the unnamed daily in-state Georgia Railroad train between Atlanta and Augusta. This latter train, unofficially called the Georgia Cannonball, ran as a mixed train, until May 6, 1983.[50] Most trains went to the Union Station at Barrett Square. The Southern Railway trains went to the Southern Railway depot at Fifth and Reynolds Street. Today, freight service is handled by Norfolk Southern Railway's Georgia Division and Piedmont Division through their Augusta Yard and Nixon Yard located near the city. Norfolk Southern Trains such as the NS 191 and 192 pass through Augusta's downtown as they "street run" at Шаблон:Convert down 6th street. They also cross the old Trestle over the Savannah River entering and leaving South Carolina. CSX Transportation Atlanta Division and Florence Division Trains also serve the Augusta, Georgia, area from the CSX Augusta Yard near Gordon Highway southwest of the city.

Pedestrians and cycling

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Notable people

Шаблон:Main

Sister cities

Шаблон:See also

Augusta is twinned with:

See also

Шаблон:Portal Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

  • Allen, Carrie. ""I Got That Something That Makes Me Want to Shout": James Brown, Religion, and Gospel Music in Augusta, Georgia." Journal of the Society for American Music 5.4 (2011): 535-555. online
  • Allen, Carrie A. " 'When We Send Up the praises': Race, Identity, and Gospel Music in Augusta, Georgia." Black Music Research Journal (2007): 79-95. online; also online at JSTOR
  • Bellamy, Donnie D., and Diane E. Walker. "Slaveholding in Antebellum Augusta and Richmond County, Georgia." Phylon 48.2 (1987): 165-177 online; also online in JSTOR.
  • Brown, Russell K. "Post-Civil War Violence in Augusta, Georgia." Georgia Historical Quarterly 90.2 (2006): 196-213 online.
  • Brown, Russell K. "Augusta's Other Voice: James Gardner and the Constitutionalist." Georgia Historical Quarterly 85.4 (2001): 592-607 online.
  • Cashin, Edward J., and Glenn T. Eskew, eds. Paternalism in a Southern City: Race, Religion, and Gender in Augusta, Georgia (U of Georgia Press, 2001).
  • Curtis, William S. "Unorthodox British Technology at the Confederate Gunpowder Works, Augusta, Georgia, 1862–1865." in Gunpowder, Explosives and the State (Routledge, 2016) pp. 263–272.
  • Fleming, Berry. Autobiography of a Colony: The First Half-century of Augusta, Georgia (U of Georgia Press, 2009).
  • Gourley, Bruce T. "A Journey of Faith and Community: The Story of the First Baptist Church of Augusta, Georgia." Baptist History & Heritage 51.3 (2016).
  • Griffin, Richard W. "The Augusta (Georgia) Manufacturing Company in Peace, War, and Reconstruction, 1847–1877." Business History Review 32.1 (1958): 60–73.
  • Herrington, Philip Mills. "Agricultural and Architectural Reform in the Antebellum South: Fruitland at Augusta, Georgia." Journal of Southern History 78.4 (2012): 855-886 online.
  • Hutchinson, Glenn, and Maurice R. Brewster. Population Mobility: A Study of Family Movements Affecting Augusta, Georgia, 1899-1939 (Federal Works Agency, Work Projects Administration of Georgia, 1942) online.
  • Jones, Charles Colcock. Memorial History of Augusta, Georgia: From Its Settlement in 1735 to the Close of the Eighteenth Century (D. Mason, 1890) online.
  • Joiner, Sean, and Gerald J. Smith. Augusta, Georgia (Arcadia Publishing, 2004); Focus on Blacks; heavily illustrated. online
  • McCrary, Peyton. "The dynamics of minority vote dilution: The case of Augusta, Georgia, 1945-1986." Journal of Urban History 25.2 (1999): 199–225.
  • Sampson, Curt. The Masters: golf, money, and power in Augusta, Georgia (Villard Books, 1999) online.
  • Souther, J. Mark. "Making 'The Garden City of the South': Beautification, Preservation, and Downtown Planning in Augusta, Georgia." Journal of Planning History 20.2 (2021): 87-116 online.
  • Werner, Randolph D. "The New South Creed and the Limits of Radicalism: Augusta, Georgia, before the 1890s." Journal of Southern History 67.3 (2001): 573-600 online.
  • Whites, LeeAnn. Civil War as a Crisis in Gender: Augusta, Georgia, 1860-1890 (University of Georgia Press, 2000).
  • Whites, LeeAnn. The Charitable and the Poor: The Emergence of Domestic Politics in Augusta, Georgia, 1860–1880 (KG Saur, 2012).
  • Zecher, Sara Elizabeth. "The economic role of universities in medium-sized cities: a case study of the Medical College of Georgia in Augusta, Georgia" (Diss. Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005) online.

External links

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  1. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок QuickFacts не указан текст
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок 2020Pop не указан текст
  4. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок autogenerated1 не указан текст
  5. ↑ "Augusta", in The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1994), p. 56.
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Memorial History of Augusta, Georgia: from Its Settlement in 1735 to the Close of the Eighteenth Century by Charles Colcock Jones, Salem Dutcher (Augusta, GA: D. Mason, 1890) page 31
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite web
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  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
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  15. ↑ "Officials consider relicensing Augusta Canal" Шаблон:Webarchive, Augusta Chronicle, June 29, 2003
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  29. ↑ HOME |augustaTomorrow.com Шаблон:Webarchive
  30. ↑ Department of Labor – State of Georgia – http://www.dol.state.ga.us/ Шаблон:Webarchive
  31. ↑ Seymour & Associates | The Bankruptcy Lawyers Шаблон:Webarchive. Augustageorgialawyer.org (July 1, 2013). Retrieved on August 9, 2013.
  32. ↑ Unemployment Rate in Augusta–Richmond County, GA-SC (MSA) (AUGU213URN) – FRED – St. Louis Fed Шаблон:Webarchive. Research.stlouisfed.org (July 30, 2013). Retrieved on August 9, 2013.
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  36. ↑ City of Augusta Largest Employers Шаблон:Webarchive Retrieved November 14, 2013
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  39. ↑ Palmetto Rugby Union Шаблон:Webarchive
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  41. ↑ Fans Vote Augusta River Hawks As Hockey Team's Name Шаблон:Webarchive. Thesphl.com (March 13, 2010). Retrieved on August 9, 2013.
  42. ↑ Super Bowl, World Series, NBA Finals: None say 'class' like the Masters Шаблон:Webarchive. Worldgolf.com (February 25, 2008). Retrieved on August 9, 2013.
  43. ↑ [4] Шаблон:Webarchive
  44. ↑ Augusta Disc Golf Шаблон:Webarchive Augusta Disc Golf Association
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  48. ↑ Seaboard Coast Line timetable, April 26, 1970, Table 3
  49. ↑ Seaboard Coast Line timetable, December 1, 1970, Table 4
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