Английская Википедия:Ba (Indic)
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Too short Шаблон:Infobox Indic letter
Ba is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ba is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter Файл:Gupta allahabad b.svg.
Āryabhaṭa numeration
Шаблон:Further Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of ब are:[1]
- ब Шаблон:IPA-hi = 23 (२३)
- बि Шаблон:IPA-hi = 2,300 (२ ३००)
- बु Шаблон:IPA-hi = 230,000 (२३० ०००)
- बृ Шаблон:IPA-hi = 23,000,000 (२३० ०० ०००)
- बॢ Шаблон:IPA-hi = 23Шаблон:E (२३×१०८)
- बे Шаблон:IPA-hi = 23Шаблон:E (२३×१०१०)
- बै Шаблон:IPA-hi = 23Шаблон:E (२३×१०१२)
- बो Шаблон:IPA-hi = 23Шаблон:E (२३×१०१४)
- बौ Шаблон:IPA-hi = 23Шаблон:E (२३×१०१६)
Historic Ba
There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ba as found in standard Brahmi, Ba was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Ba. The Tocharian Ba Ba did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of ba, in Kharoshthi (Ba) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.
Brahmi Ba
The Brahmi letter Ba, Ba, is probably derived from the Aramaic Bet Файл:Beth.svg, and is thus related to the modern Latin B and Greek Beta.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ba can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
| Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE) |
Girnar (~150 BCE) |
Kushana (~150-250 CE) |
Gujarat (~250 CE) |
Gupta (~350 CE) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Brahmi b.svg | Файл:Gupta girnar b.svg | Файл:Gupta ashoka b.svg | Файл:Gupta gujarat b.svg | Файл:Gupta allahabad b.svg |
Tocharian Ba
The Tocharian letter Ba is derived from the Brahmi Ba, but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.
| Ba | Bā | Bi | Bī | Bu | Bū | Br | Br̄ | Be | Bai | Bo | Bau | Bä |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Tocharian letter ba.gif | Файл:Tocharian letter baa.gif | Файл:Tocharian letter bi.gif | Файл:Tocharian letter bii.gif | Файл:Tocharian letter bu.gif | Файл:Tocharian letter buu.gif | Файл:Tocharian letter br.gif | Файл:Tocharian letter bo.gif | Файл:Tocharian letter bä.gif |
Kharoṣṭhī Ba
The Kharoṣṭhī letter Ba is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Bet Файл:Beth.svg, and is thus related to B and Beta, in addition to the Brahmi Ba.[2]
Devanagari Ba
Шаблон:Devanagari abugida sidebar Ba (ब) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ka, after having gone through the Gupta letter Файл:Gupta allahabad b.svg. Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter બ, and the Modi letter 𑘤.
Devanagari-using Languages
In all languages, ब is pronounced as Шаблон:IPA-hi or Шаблон:IPAblink when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
| Ba | Bā | Bi | Bī | Bu | Bū | Br | Br̄ | Bl | Bl̄ | Be | Bai | Bo | Bau | B |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ब | बा | बि | बी | बु | बू | बृ | बॄ | बॢ | बॣ | बे | बै | बो | बौ | ब् |
Conjuncts with ब
Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]
Ligature conjuncts of ब
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Ra for an initial "R" instead of repha.
- Repha र্ (r) + ब (ba) gives the ligature rba: Шаблон:Ref
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct RBa.svg
- Eyelash र্ (r) + ब (ba) gives the ligature rba:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RBa.svg
- ब্ (b) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature bra:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct BRa.svg
- ब্ (b) + न (na) gives the ligature bna:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct BNa.svg
- द্ (d) + ब (ba) gives the ligature dba:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DBa.svg
- द্ (d) + ब্ (b) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature Шаблон:Lang:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DBRa.svg
Stacked conjuncts of ब
Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.
- ब্ (b) + ब (ba) gives the ligature bba:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct BBa.svg
- ब্ (b) + च (ca) gives the ligature bca:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct BCa.svg
- ब্ (b) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature bcʰa:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct BCha.svg
- ब্ (b) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature bḍa:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct BDda.svg
- ब্ (b) + ग (ga) gives the ligature bga:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct BGa.svg
- ब্ (b) + ज (ja) gives the ligature bja:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct BJa.svg
- ब্ (b) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature bjña:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct BJNya.svg
- ब্ (b) + क (ka) gives the ligature bka:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct BKa.svg
- ब্ (b) + ल (la) gives the ligature bla:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct BLa.svg
- ब্ (b) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature bŋa:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct BNga.svg
- ब্ (b) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature bña:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct BNya.svg
- ब্ (b) + व (va) gives the ligature bva:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct BVa.svg
- च্ (c) + ब (ba) gives the ligature cba:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct CBa.svg
- छ্ (cʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature cʰba:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChBa.svg
- ड্ (ḍ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ḍba:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DdBa.svg
- ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ḍʱba:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DdhBa.svg
- ह্ (h) + ब (ba) gives the ligature hba:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct HBa.svg
- झ্ (jʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature jʰba:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct JhBa.svg
- क্ (k) + ब (ba) gives the ligature kba:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct KBa.svg
- ख্ (kʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature kʰba:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct KhBa.svg
- ल্ (l) + ब (ba) gives the ligature lba:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct LBa.svg
- ळ্ (ḷ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ḷba:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct LlBa.svg
- ङ্ (ŋ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ŋba:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct NgBa.svg
- ञ্ (ñ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ñba:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct NyBa.svg
- फ্ (pʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature pʰba:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct PhBa.svg
- स্ (s) + ब (ba) gives the ligature sba:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct SBa.svg
- श্ (ʃ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ʃba:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ShBa.svg
- त্ (t) + ब (ba) gives the ligature tba:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct TBa.svg
- ट্ (ṭ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ṭba:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct TtBa.svg
- ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ṭʰba:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct TthBa.svg
- व্ (v) + ब (ba) gives the ligature vba:
Файл:Devanagari Conjunct VBa.svg
Bengali Ba
The Bengali script ব is derived from the Siddhaṃ Файл:Siddham v.svg, not Файл:Siddham b.svg. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ব will sometimes be transliterated as "bo" instead of "ba". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /bo/. Like all Indic consonants, ব can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".
| ba | bā | bi | bī | bu | bū | br | br̄ | be | bai | bo | bau | b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ব | বা | বি | বী | বু | বূ | বৃ | বৄ | বে | বৈ | বো | বৌ | ব্ |
ব in Bengali-using languages
ব is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.
Conjuncts with head ব
Шаблон:See also Bengali ব exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures. When used in a non-head position in a conjunct, ব is normally not pronounced, but often geminates (doubles) the preceding consonant.[5]
- ব্ (b) + ব (ba) gives the ligature bba:
- ব্ (b) + দ (da) gives the ligature bda:
- ব্ (b) + জ (ja) gives the ligature bja:
- ব্ (b) + ল (la) gives the ligature bla:
- ব্ (b) + র (ra) gives the ligature bra, with the ra phala suffix:
- ব্ (b) + য (ya) gives the ligature bya, with the ya phala suffix:
- র্ (r) + ব্ (b) + য (ya) gives the ligature Шаблон:Lang, with the repha prefix and ya phala suffix:
Файл:Bengali Conjunct Rbya.svg
Gujarati Ba
Ba (બ) is the twenty-third consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ba Ba with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Ba.
Gujarati-using Languages
The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, બ is pronounced as Шаблон:IPA-gu or Шаблон:IPAblink when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
| Ba | Bā | Bi | Bī | Bu | Bū | Br | Bl | Br̄ | Bl̄ | Bĕ | Be | Bai | Bŏ | Bo | Bau | B |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Gujarati Ba Matras.svg | ||||||||||||||||
| Gujarati Ba syllables, with vowel marks in red. | ||||||||||||||||
Conjuncts with બ
Gujarati બ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.
- ર્ (r) + બ (ba) gives the ligature RBa:
Файл:Gujarati conjunct RBa.svg
- બ્ (b) + ર (ra) gives the ligature BRa:
Файл:Gujarati conjunct BRa.svg
- દ્ (d) + બ (ba) gives the ligature DBa:
Файл:Gujarati conjunct DBa.svg
- બ્ (b) + ન (na) gives the ligature BNa:
Файл:Gujarati conjunct BNa.svg
Javanese Ba
Telugu Ba
Шаблон:Multiple image Ba (బ) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter B. It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಬ. Since it lacks the v-shaped headstroke common to most Telugu letters, బ remains unaltered by most vowel matras, and its subjoined form is simply a smaller version of the normal letter shape. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.
Malayalam Ba
Ba (ബ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter B, via the Grantha letter Ba Ba. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
Conjuncts of ബ
As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.
- ബ് (b) + ദ (da) gives the ligature bda:
Файл:Malayalam conjunct BDa.svg
- ബ് (b) + ബ (ba) gives the ligature bba:
Файл:Malayalam conjunct BBa.svg
Odia Ba
Шаблон:Multiple image Ba (ବ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter B, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ba Ba. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
| Ba | Bā | Bi | Bī | Bu | Bū | Br̥ | Br̥̄ | Bl̥ | Bl̥̄ | Be | Bai | Bo | Bau | B |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big |
Conjuncts of ବ
As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The subjoined form of Ba is one of these mismatched forms, and is referred to as "Ba Phala" or "Wa Phala". The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.
- ବ୍ (b) + ବ (ba) gives the ligature bba:
Odia Wa and Va
Шаблон:Multiple image Wa (ୱ) and Va (ଵ) are consonants of the Odia abugida that are largely unified with ବ. ବ is used to represent all three sounds /b/, /w/ and /v/ in different context, while ୱ is only pronounced as /w/. ଵ is an alternate to ୱ with less widespread usage, but all three letters share the same subjoined form.
| Odia Wa with vowel matras | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wa | Wā | Wi | Wī | Wu | Wū | Wr̥ | Wr̥̄ | Wl̥ | Wl̥̄ | We | Wai | Wo | Wau | W |
| Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big |
| Odia Va with vowel matras | ||||||||||||||
| Va | Vā | Vi | Vī | Vu | Vū | Vr̥ | Vr̥̄ | Vl̥ | Vl̥̄ | Ve | Vai | Vo | Vau | V |
| Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big |
Kaithi Ba
Ba (𑂥) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter B, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ba Ba. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
| Ba | Bā | Bi | Bī | Bu | Bū | Be | Bai | Bo | Bau | B |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big | Шаблон:Big |
Conjuncts of 𑂥
As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.
- 𑂥୍ (b) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature bra:
- 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂥 (ba) gives the ligature rba:
Comparison of Ba
The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ba, are related as well. Шаблон:Indic glyph
Character encodings of Ba
Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ba in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ba from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII. Шаблон:Indic encoding
References
- Шаблон:Note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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