Английская Википедия:Bagua
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Multiple issues
Шаблон:Infobox Chinese The bagua (Шаблон:Zh) is a set of symbols from China intended to illustrate the nature of reality as being composed of mutually opposing forces reinforcing one another. Bagua is a group of trigrams—composed of three lines, each either "broken" or "unbroken", which represent yin and yang, respectively.[1] Each line having two possible states allows for a total of 2Шаблон:Times2Шаблон:Times2 = 8 trigrams, whose early enumeration and characterization in China has had an effect on the history of Chinese philosophy and cosmology.
The trigrams are related to the divination practice as described within the I Ching and practiced as part of the Shang and Zhou state religion, as well as with the concepts of taiji and the five elements within traditional Chinese metaphysics.Шаблон:Cn The trigrams have correspondences in astronomy, divination, meditation, astrology, geography, geomancy (feng shui), anatomy, decorative arts, the family, martial arts (particularly tai chi and baguazhang), Chinese medicine and elsewhere.[2][3]
The bagua can appear singly or in combination, and is commonly encountered in two different arrangements: the Primordial (Шаблон:Lang), "Earlier Heaven",[4] or "Fuxi" bagua (Шаблон:Lang) and the Manifested (Шаблон:Lang), "Later Heaven",[4] or "King Wen" bagua.
In the I Ching, two trigrams are stacked together to create a six-line figure known as a hexagram. There are 64 possible permutations. The 64 hexagrams and their descriptions make up the book. The trigram symbolism can be used to interpret the hexagram figure and text. An example from Hexagram 19 commentary is "The earth above the lake: The image of Approach. Thus the superior man is inexhaustible in his will to teach, and without limits in his tolerance and protection of the people."[5] The trigrams have been used to organize Yijing charts as seen below.
Trigrams
There are eight possible combinations to render the various trigrams:
| Trigram figure | Possible binary value[6] | Possible decimal sequential number[6] | Name | Translation: Wilhelm[7] | Image in nature (pp.l-li) | Phase | Later Heaven's Direction (p. 269)Шаблон:Cn | Later Heaven's Equinox or SolsticeШаблон:Cn | Earlier Heaven's DirectionШаблон:Cn | Earlier Heaven's Equinox or SolsticeШаблон:Cn | Family relationship (p. 274) | Body part (p. 274) | Attribute (p. 273) | Stage/ state (pp.l-li) | Animal (p. 273) | Obtained Images[8] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Шаблон:Huge | 111 | 7 | Шаблон:Zh Шаблон:Zhi |
the Creative, '(natural) force' | heaven, sky Шаблон:Lang |
metal | northwest | south | Summer Solstice | father | head | strong, persisting | creative | Шаблон:Lang horse |
Шаблон:Lang three lines | |
| 2 | Шаблон:Huge | 110 | 6 | Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Zhi |
the Joyous, 'open (reflection)' | lake, marsh Шаблон:Lang |
metal | west | Fall Equinox | southeast | third daughter | mouth | pleasure | tranquil (complete devotion) | Шаблон:Lang sheep, goat |
Шаблон:Lang flawed above | |
| 3 | Шаблон:Huge | 101 | 5 | Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Zhi |
the Clinging, 'radiance' | fire, glow Шаблон:Lang |
fire | south | Summer Solstice | east | Spring Equinox | second daughter | eye | light-giving, humane "dependence" | clinging, clarity, adaptable | Шаблон:Lang pheasant |
Шаблон:Lang hollow middle |
| 4 | Шаблон:Huge | 100 | 4 | Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Zhi |
the Arousing, 'shake' | thunder Шаблон:Lang |
wood | east | Spring Equinox | northeast | first son | foot | inciting movement | initiative | Шаблон:Lang dragon |
Шаблон:Lang face-up jar | |
| 5 | Шаблон:Huge | 011 | 3 | Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Zhi |
the Gentle, 'ground' | wind, air Шаблон:Lang |
wood | southeast | southwest | first daughter | thigh | penetrating | gentle entrance | Шаблон:Lang fowl |
Шаблон:Lang broken below | ||
| 6 | Шаблон:Huge | 010 | 2 | Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Zhi |
the Abysmal, 'gorge' | water Шаблон:Lang |
water | north | Winter Solstice | west | Fall Equinox | second son | ear | dangerous | in-motion | Шаблон:Lang pig |
Шаблон:Lang full middle |
| 7 | Шаблон:Huge | 001 | 1 | Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Zhi |
Keeping Still, bound | mountain Шаблон:Lang |
earth | northeast | northwest | third son | hand | resting, stand-still | completion | Шаблон:Lang dog |
Шаблон:Lang face-down bowl | ||
| 8 | Шаблон:Huge | 000 | 0 | Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Zhi |
the Receptive, field | ground, earth Шаблон:Lang |
earth | southwest | north | Winter Solstice | mother | belly | devoted, yielding | receptive | Шаблон:Lang cow |
Шаблон:Lang six fragments |
Relation to other principles
The Book of Changes listed two sources for the eight trigrams. The chapter Шаблон:Zhi explains the first source thus:[10][11]
<poem>Шаблон:Zhi</poem> <poem>Шаблон:Transliteration</poem> <poem>Legge's translation: [I]n (the system of) the Yi there is the Grand Terminus, which produced the two elementary Forms. Those two Forms produced the Four emblematic Symbols, which again produced the eight Trigrams.</poem>
<poem> Adler's translation In Change there is the Supreme Polarity, which generates the Two Modes (Шаблон:Lang; liangyi). The Two Modes generate the Four Images (sixiang), and the Four Images generate the Eight Trigrams.</poem>
This explanation would later be modified to:Шаблон:Cn
Шаблон:Blockquote The two forms produce four phenomena named lesser yang, great yang (tai yang also means the Sun), lesser yin, and great yin (tai yin also means the Moon). The four phenomena act on the eight trigrams (ba gua), eight eights are sixty-four hexagrams.
Another chapter, Шаблон:Zh, characterizes the Шаблон:Zh trigram, which represents Heaven, and Шаблон:Zh, which represent earth, as father and mother, respectively, of the six other trigrams, who are their three sons (Шаблон:Zh, Шаблон:Zh, Шаблон:Zh) and three daughters (Шаблон:Zh, Шаблон:Zh, Шаблон:Zh).[12]
The trigrams are related to the five elements of Wu Xing, which are used by feng shui practitioners and in traditional Chinese medicine. The elements are Water, Wood, Fire, Earth and Metal. The Water and Fire trigrams correspond directly with the Water and Fire elements. The element of Earth corresponds with the trigrams of Earth and Mountain. The element of Wood corresponds with the trigrams of Wind (as a force that can erode and penetrate stone) and Thunder. The element of Metal corresponds with the trigrams of Heaven and Lake.[12]
Hexagram lookup table
Fuxi's "Earlier Heaven"
| Шаблон:Lang Name |
Шаблон:Lang Nature |
Шаблон:Lang Season |
Шаблон:Lang Personality |
Шаблон:Lang Family |
Шаблон:Lang Direction |
Шаблон:Lang Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Nowrap | Шаблон:Nowrap | Summer | Creative | Шаблон:Lang Father | Шаблон:LangSouth | Шаблон:Lang Expansive energy, the sky. For further information, see tiān. |
| Шаблон:Nowrap | Шаблон:Nowrap | Summer | Gentle | Шаблон:Lang Eldest Daughter | Шаблон:LangSouthwest | Шаблон:Lang Gentle penetration, flexibility. |
| Шаблон:Nowrap | Шаблон:Nowrap | Autumn | Abysmal | Шаблон:Lang Middle Son | Шаблон:Lang West | Шаблон:Lang Danger, rapid rivers, the abyss, the moon. |
| Шаблон:Nowrap | Шаблон:Nowrap | Autumn | Still | Шаблон:Lang Youngest Son | Шаблон:Lang Northwest | Шаблон:Lang Stillness, immovability. |
| Шаблон:Nowrap | Шаблон:Nowrap | Winter | Receptive | Шаблон:Lang Mother | Шаблон:Zh North | Шаблон:Lang Receptive energy, that which yields. For further information, see dì. |
| Шаблон:Nowrap | Шаблон:Nowrap | Winter | Arousing | Шаблон:Lang Eldest Son | Шаблон:Lang Northeast | Шаблон:Lang Excitation, revolution, division. |
| Шаблон:Nowrap | Шаблон:Nowrap | Spring | Clinging | Шаблон:Lang Middle Daughter | Шаблон:Lang East | Шаблон:Lang Rapid movement, radiance, the sun. |
| Шаблон:Nowrap | Шаблон:Nowrap | Spring | Joyous | Шаблон:LangYoungest Daughter | Шаблон:Lang Southeast | Шаблон:Lang Joy, satisfaction, stagnation. |
King Wen's "Later Heaven"
| Шаблон:Lang Name |
Шаблон:Lang Nature |
Шаблон:Lang Season |
Шаблон:Lang Personality |
Шаблон:Lang Family |
Шаблон:Lang Direction |
Шаблон:Lang Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Nowrap | Шаблон:Nowrap | Summer | Clinging | Шаблон:Lang Middle Daughter | Шаблон:Lang South | Шаблон:Lang Pulsing motion, radiance, the luminaries. |
| Шаблон:Nowrap | Шаблон:Nowrap | Summer | Receptive | Шаблон:Lang Mother | Шаблон:Lang Southwest | Шаблон:Lang Receptive energy, that which yields. |
| Шаблон:Nowrap | Шаблон:Nowrap | Autumn | Joyous | Шаблон:LangYoungest Daughter | Шаблон:LangWest | Шаблон:Lang Joy, satisfaction, stagnation. |
| Шаблон:Nowrap | Шаблон:Nowrap | Autumn | Creative | Шаблон:Lang Father | Шаблон:Lang Northwest | Шаблон:Lang Expansive energy, the sky. |
| Шаблон:Nowrap | Шаблон:Nowrap | Winter | Abysmal | Шаблон:Lang Middle Son | Шаблон:Lang North | Шаблон:Lang Danger, rapid rivers, the abyss, the moon. |
| Шаблон:Nowrap | Шаблон:Nowrap | Winter | Still | Шаблон:Lang Youngest Son | Шаблон:LangNortheast | Шаблон:Lang Stillness, immovability. |
| Шаблон:Nowrap | Шаблон:Nowrap | Spring | Arousing | Шаблон:Lang Eldest Son | Шаблон:Lang East | Шаблон:Lang Excitation, revolution, division. |
| Шаблон:Nowrap | Шаблон:Nowrap | Spring | Gentle | Шаблон:Lang Eldest Daughter | Шаблон:Lang Southeast | Шаблон:Lang Gentle penetration, flexibility. |
In feng shui
The bagua is a tool in the majority of feng shui schools. The bagua used in feng shui can appear in two different versions: the Earlier Heaven bagua, used for burial sites, and the Later Heaven bagua, used for residences.
Primordial bagua
Primordial bagua is also known as Fuxi bagua or Earlier Heaven bagua. In traditional Chinese medicine, this sequence is known as the prenatal sequence and is used to understand familial risk for illness or disease, similar to western medicine's understanding of formative medicine and the study of genetics. The Heaven trigram is at the top, the Earth trigram is at the bottom (the South was located at the top in Chinese maps of this period) of the bagua. The Fire trigram is located on the left, while the Water trigram is on the right. Thunder and wind form another pair, being the opposites of each other; the first is on the bottom left next to fire, while the second is next to Heaven on the top right of the bagua. Mountain and Lake form the last pair, with one opposite the to other. The adjustment of the trigrams is symmetrical by forming exact contrary pairs. They symbolize the opposite forces of Yin and Yang and represent a state in which everything is in balance.
Later Heaven bagua
The sequence of trigrams in the Later Heaven bagua is attributed to King Wen. It is also known as the postnatal bagua arrangement in traditional Chinese medicine; it is used to understand physical, emotional and environmental patterns that influence health or disease, similarly to western medicine's inquiry into functional medical science.[13] In this arrangement, Water is placed downwards and Fire at the top; Thunder is in the East, while Lake is in the West. Contrary to the Earlier Heaven bagua, the Later Heaven bagua is dynamic; energies and the aspects of each of its trigrams flow towards the following. It is the sequence used by the Luo Pan compass, which is used in feng shui and referred to as the manifest pattern; it analyzes the movement of the qi that practitioners believe affect them.
Western bagua
The popularity of feng shui increased in the West because of the bagua of the eight aspirations. Each trigram corresponds to an aspect of life that also corresponds to one of the cardinal directions. Applying feng shui using the bagua of the eight aspirations (or bagua map for short) made it possible to simplify feng shui and to use it for the general public. Western bagua focuses more heavily on intention than the traditional forms of feng shui.[14]
Experienced practicers of traditional feng shui disregard Western bagua[15] for its simplicity, since it does not take into account the forms of the landscape, time, or the annual cycles. The bagua of the eight aspirations is divided into two branches: the first, which uses the compass and cardinal directions, and the second, which uses the bagua by using the main door. It is clear that, not taking into account the cardinal directions, the second is even more simplified.
Bagua map
A bagua map is a tool used in Western forms of feng shui to map a room or location and see how the different sections correspond to different aspects in one's life. These sections are believed to relate to every area or aspect of life and are divided into categories such as fame, relationships/marriage, children/creativity, helpful people/travel, career, inner knowledge, family/ancestors/health, and wealth/blessings.
In this system, the map is intended to be used over the land, one's home, office or desk to find areas lacking good chi, and to show where there are spaces that may need rectifying or enhancing in life or the environment.
For example, if the bagua grid is placed over an entire house plan and it shows the toilet, bathroom, laundry, or kitchen in the wealth/blessings area of the map, it would be said that the money coming into that particular environment would disappear very fast.
In Unicode
The bagua symbols in the Miscellaneous Symbols block of Unicode include the following:
| Official Name | Glyph | Unicode # | HTML | Element |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trigram for Heaven | Шаблон:Huge | U+2630 | ☰ | Metal |
| Trigram for Lake | Шаблон:Huge | U+2631 | ☱ | |
| Trigram for Fire | Шаблон:Huge | U+2632 | ☲ | Fire |
| Trigram for Thunder | Шаблон:Huge | U+2633 | ☳ | Wood |
| Trigram for Wind | Шаблон:Huge | U+2634 | ☴ | |
| Trigram for Water | Шаблон:Huge | U+2635 | ☵ | Water |
| Trigram for Mountain | Шаблон:Huge | U+2636 | ☶ | Earth |
| Trigram for Earth | Шаблон:Huge | U+2637 | ☷ |
The Miscellaneous Symbols block also encodes the constituents ⚊ (yang—U+268A; ⚊) and ⚋ (yin—U+268B; ⚋), as well as the digrams ⚌ (greater yang—U+268C; ⚌), ⚍ (lesser yin—U+268D; ⚍), ⚎ (lesser yang—U+268E; ⚎), and ⚏ (greater yin—U+268F; ⚏).
The hexagrams they form are separately encoded in the Yijing Hexagram Symbols Unicode block U4DC0..U4DFF.
In culture
In traditional Chinese medicine, including the profession of acupuncture, the Earlier Heaven and Later Heaven arrangements are used to understand the pathogenesis of disease or illness and to select treatment plans specifically related and tailored to a patient's constitution.
In Peking opera, a role with Daoist techniques or military strategy wears a costume decorated with taijitu and bagua.
Baguazhang and tai chi are two Chinese martial arts based on principles derived from bagua.
The 2004 Philippine horror film Feng Shui and its 2014 sequel, Feng Shui 2, revolve around a cursed bagua mirror that kills those who stare into it.
Representations
- Singapore dollar: the one dollar coin is shaped like a bagua.
- Flag of South Korea: a flag that has four cardinal trigrams (qian, kun, kan, li) surrounding the taegeuk, the taijitu or yin-yang symbol.
- Flag of South Vietnam: the three stripes is said as a trigram representing "south".
- Tekes County and Zhuge Village: both these communities has a layout based on bagua.
See also
- Tian gan and Di zhi: the archaic calendar system of East Asia.
- Ba Xian, Eight Taoist Immortals
- Ba Mai
- Ba Duan Jin
- Chinese ritual mastery traditions
- Chinese spiritual world concepts
- Fuji (planchette writing)
- Fulu
- Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state
- Octal
Note
References
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ TSUEI, Wei. Roots of Chinese culture and medicine Шаблон:Webarchive Chinese Culture Books Co., 1989.
- ↑ ZONG, Xiao-Fan and Liscum, Gary. Chinese Medical Palmistry: Your Health in Your Hand, Blue Poppy Press, 1999.
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book. The quote is from the "Image" commentary, which is one of the Ten Wings, part of the Yijing.
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 "Understanding Bagua sequence" (December 6, 2015) Shanghai Daily. Quote: "According to the authentic rules of binary method, the value conversion is bottom-up. The ID numbers of Mountain (☶, 100) and Thunder (☳, 001) should be reversed, [i.e. Mountain (☶)'s binary value should be 001 while Thunder (☳)'s binary value should be 100] [...] their sequential numbers are 0-Earth, 1-Mountain, 2-Water, 3-Wind, 4-Thunder, 5-Fire, 6-Valley, and 7-Sky."
- ↑ Wilhelm, R. & Baynes, C., (1967): "The I Ching or Book of Changes", With foreword by Carl Jung, Introduction, Bollingen Series XIX, Princeton University Press, (1st ed. 1950)
- ↑ Zhouyi Jie (Explaining the Zhou's [Book of] Changes) "Bagua Quxiang Ge (Song about how the Eight Trigrams Obtained Their Images)"《八卦取象歌》 (Bagua Quxiang Ge (Song about how the Eight Trigrams Obtained Their Images), quote:「☰乾三連，☷坤六斷，☳震仰盂，☶艮覆碗，☲離中虛，☵坎中滿，☱兌上缺，☴巽下斷。」
- ↑ "Understanding Bagua sequence" (December 6, 2015) Shanghai Daily. Quote: "Leibniz came up with the ID number of each 3-yao gua's based on the position of yao from top down to base. He defined yang yao (whole line) as 1 and yin yao (broken line) as 0. Here are some examples according to Leibniz-Shao Yong approach. Mountain (☶) can be converted to 100. [...]"
- ↑ Book of Changes "繫辭上 - Xi Ci I (The Great Treatise) 11.3" with James Legge's translation
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 Yi Jing "Shuo Gua 10". Translated by James Legge
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Cisek, Jan. Feng Shui London blog, 2007.
- ↑ Moran, Elizabeth and Master Yu, Joseph. The Complete Idiot's Guide to Feng Shui, 3rd Edition, Penguin, 2005.
