Английская Википедия:Baklava
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Infobox food Baklava (Шаблон:IPAc-en,[1] or Шаблон:IPA-cen;[2] Шаблон:Lang-ota Шаблон:Audio) is a layered pastry dessert made of filo pastry sheets, filled with chopped nuts, and sweetened with syrup or honey. It was one of the most popular sweet pastries in the Ottoman Empire.[3]
There are many competing proposals for the origin of baklava, but there is no consensus on which of the options is true.[4][5] In modern times, it is a common dessert of Greek, Turkish, Iranian and Arab cuisines, in other countries of the Levant and Maghreb, as well as in South Caucasus, Balkans, Somalia and Central Asia.
Etymology
The word baklava is first attested in English in 1650,[6] a borrowing from Шаблон:Lang-ota Шаблон:IPA.[7][8] The name baklava is used in many languages with minor phonetic and spelling variations. The earliest known reference to baklava is in a poem by the 15th century mystic Kaygusuz Abdal.[9]Шаблон:Page needed
The historian Paul D. Buell argues that the word baklava may come from the Mongolian root Шаблон:Lang 'to tie, wrap up, pile up' composed with the Turkic verbal ending -v;[10] baγla- itself in Mongolian is a Turkic loanword.[11] The lexicographer Sevan Nişanyan considers its oldest known forms (pre-1500) to be baklağı and baklağu, and labels it as being of Proto-Turkic origin.[12] Another form of the word is also recorded in Persian, Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang).[13] Though the suffix -vā might suggest a Persian origin,[14][15] the baqla- part does not appear to be Persian and remains of unknown origin.[16] The linguist Tuncer Gülensoy states that the origin of baklava is Шаблон:Lang (feed) in proto-Turkish and suffixes Шаблон:Lang are added. The word changes as Шаблон:Lang > Шаблон:Lang > Шаблон:Lang.[17]
The Arabic name Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang originates from Turkish.[18]
History
Although the history of baklava is not well documented, its current form was probably developed in the imperial kitchens of the Topkapı Palace in Constantinople (modern Istanbul).[19][20] The Sultan presented trays of baklava to the Janissaries every 15th of the month of Ramadan in a ceremonial procession called the Шаблон:Lang.[21][22][23]
The three main proposals for the pre-Ottoman roots of baklava are the Ancient Greek/Roman placenta cake,[24] the Шаблон:Lang,[21] and the Central Asian Turkic tradition of layered breads.[19] There are also claims attributing baklava to the Assyrians, according to which baklava was already prepared by them in the 8th century BC.[25]
There are also some similarities between baklava and the Ancient Greek desserts Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang),[26] Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang), and Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) found in book XIV of the Шаблон:Lang.[27][28] However, the recipe there is for a filling of nuts and honey, with a top and bottom layer of honey and ground sesame similar to modern Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang, and no dough, certainly not a flaky dough.[29]
Another recipe for a similar dessert is Шаблон:Lang, a dessert found in Turkish cuisine and considered by some as the origin of baklava.[30] It consists of layers of filo dough that are put one by one in warmed up milk with sugar. It is served with walnut and fresh pomegranate and generally eaten during Ramadan. The first known documentation of Шаблон:Lang is attested in a food and health manual, written in 1330 that documents Mongol foods called Yinshan Zhengyao (Шаблон:Lang, Important Principles of Food and Drink), written by Hu Sihui, an ethnic Mongol court dietitian of the Yuan dynasty.[10]
Placenta cake theory
Many claim that the placenta, and therefore likely baklava derived from a recipe from Ancient Greece.[31] Homer's Odyssey, written around 800 BC, mentions thin breads sweetened with walnuts and honey.[31] In the fifth century BC, Philoxenos states in his poem "Dinner" that, in the final drinking course of a meal, hosts would prepare and serve cheesecake made with milk and honey that was baked into a pie.[32]
The word "placenta" originally comes from the Greek language Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang), which means something "flat and broad".[33][34] An early Greek language mention of plakous as a dessert (or second table delicacy) comes from the poems of Archestratos. He describes plakous as served with nuts or dried fruits and commends the honey-drenched Athenian version of plakous.[35] Antiphanes, a contemporary of Archestratos, provided an ornate description of plakous:[35][36]
In the Byzantine Empire, the traditional placenta cake (known as "koptoplakous", Шаблон:Lang), a dish similar to baklava, was consumed.[37][38]Шаблон:Sfn The earliest known detailed recipe for placenta, from the 2nd century BC, is a honey-covered baked layered-dough dessert which food historian Patrick Faas identifies as the origin of baklava. Faas writes, "The Greeks and the Turks still argue over which dishes were originally Greek and which Turkish. Baklava, for example, is claimed by both countries. Greek and Turkish cuisine both built upon the cookery of the Byzantine Empire, which was a continuation of the cooking of the Roman Empire. Roman cuisine had borrowed a great deal from the ancient Greeks, but placenta (and hence baklava) had a Latin, not a Greek, origin—please note that the conservative, anti-Greek Cato left us this recipe."[24][39]
Historian Andrew Dalby speculates as to why Cato's section on bread and cakes, which he describes as "recipes in a Greek tradition", are included in Шаблон:Lang: "Possibly Cato included them so that the owner and guests might be entertained when visiting the farm; possibly so that proper offerings might be made to the gods; more likely, I believe, so that profitable sales might be made at a neighbouring market."[40]
Cato's original recipe for placenta follows:
According to a number of scholars, Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) was a precursor to the modern baklava.[24][41][42] Historian Speros Vryonis describes koptoplakous as a "Byzantine favorite" and "the same as the Turkish baklava",[43] as do other writers.[33] The name (Шаблон:Lang-el) is used today on the island of Lesbos for thin layered pastry leaves with crushed nuts, baked, and covered in syrup.[44][45]
Lauzinaj
Шаблон:Main Baklava is a common dessert in modern Arab cuisines, but the Arabic language cookbook Шаблон:Lang, compiled by Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq in the 10th-century, does not contain any recipe for baklava.[46] Its recipe for lauzinaj refers to small pieces of almond paste wrapped in very thin pastry ("as thin as grasshoppers' wings") and drenched in syrup.[47] Some writers say this is dessert that most closely resembles the modern baklava.[48] Charles Perry, however, has written that "it was not much like baklava".[49]
There are similar recipes for Шаблон:Lang in the 13th-century Шаблон:Lang by Muhammad bin Hasan al-Baghdadi. Written in 1226 in today's Iraq, the cookbook was based on an earlier collection of 9th century Persian-inspired recipes.[21] According to Gil Marks, Middle Eastern pastry makers later developed the process of layering the ingredients.[21]
Preparation
Baklava is normally prepared in large pans. Many layers of filo dough,[50] separated with melted butter and vegetable oil, are laid in the pan. A layer of chopped nuts—typically walnuts or pistachios, but hazelnuts and almonds are also sometimes used—is placed on top, then more layers of filo. Most recipes have multiple layers of filo and nuts, though some have only top and bottom pastry.
Before baking, the dough is cut into regular pieces, often parallelograms (lozenge-shaped), triangles, diamonds or rectangles. After baking, a syrup, which may include honey, rosewater, or orange flower water is poured over the cooked baklava and allowed to soak.
Baklava is usually served at room temperature, and is often garnished with ground nuts.
Regional variations
Algeria
Baklava in Algeria is called Baklawa (Arabic: بقلاوة, Tifinagh: ⴱⴰⴽⵍⴰⴹⴰ). In most Algerian regions, Baklava is the centerpiece of any sweets table. This type of Baklava originates in the Algerian city of Constantine. The Algerian Baklava is distinct in that filo dough is not used. Instead, they use a other type of thin dough called malsouka or warqa and instead of walnuts or pistachios they use almonds.[51][52][53][54]
Like other forms of baklava, the layered pastry is cut into diamond-shaped pieces and has one almond placed on top of each piece before being baked. It is then soaked in a syrup of honey, sugar, and lemon juice.[55][56][57]
Syria
In Syrian cuisine, baklava (Arabic: البقلاوة, Syriac: ܒܩܠܘܐ) is a dessert mostly served on special occasions like Eid al-Fitr, or Syrian Christmas.[58] It is made of 24 layers of buttered phyllo dough, a filling of either chopped pistachios or chopped walnuts (walnuts are preferred) and a syrup consisting of sugar, orange blossom water, and lemon juice.[59] Syrian baklava comes in many shapes, but the diamond shape is the most common one.[60] A Syrian baklava recipe was introduced to the Turkish city of Gaziantep in 1871 by Çelebi Güllü, who had learned the recipe from a chef in the city of Damascus which transformed into the Gaziantep baklava we know today.[61]
Armenia
Armenian baklava, known in Armenian as pakhlava (Шаблон:Lang-hy) is made of layers of phyllo dough, a filling of cinnamon-spiced chopped walnuts, and a syrup made from cloves, cinnamon, lemon juice, sugar and water.[62][63] It is diamond-shaped and often has either one hazelnut, almond, or half a walnut placed on each piece.[64] It is often served at special occasions like Armenian christmas or Armenian eastern.[65][66]
Armenian baklava has some variations on how many phyllo layers are supposed to be used. One variation uses 40 sheets of dough to align with the 40 days of Lent Jesus spent in the desert where he fasted.[67][68][69] Another variation is similar to the Greek style of baklava, which is supposed to be made with 33 dough layers, referring to the years of Jesus's life.[70]
The city of Gavar makes Its own version of baklava. It is made with 25 dough layers, has a filling of cleaned and dried chopped walnuts, sugar and a syrup that is poured over the finished baklava consisting of honey and flowers.[71][72] This type of baklava used to be prepared in the then-Armenian city of Bayazet, but the people living there immigrated to Gavar and surrounding regions in 1830.[73]
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani baklava (Шаблон:Lang-az) is made mostly for special occasions (like Nowruz).[74][75][76] Pastry, cardamom, and saffron are used for the preparation. Nuts (mostly hazelnuts, almonds or walnuts) and sugar are used as the filling, and syrup is used as a sweetener.[77] Ethnic groups native to different regions (like Lezgins and Tat people) have contributed to some regional variations.[78][79][80]
- Tenbel pakhlava is filled with almonds or walnuts and consists of 8-10 layers. Its top layer is coated with yolk.[81][82] Half a walnut is placed on each diamond-shaped piece.[83]
- Ganja pakhlava has a filling of almond, sugar and cardamom. 18 layers of dough are used.[83] Rose petals are added to the dough.[84][85]
- Guba pakhlava has a top layer that is coated with saffron. It uses 50 rishta layers.[86][87]
- Sheki pakhlava, or Sheki halva, is made from rishta (dough made from rice flour), filling (hazelnut, cardamom) and syrup.[83][84]
Balkans
In Bosnian cuisine, Ružice is the name of the regional variant of baklava.[88]
Baklava also exists in Romanian cuisine, being known as Шаблон:Lang in Romanian. It is one of the most preferred desserts among Romanians together with the Kanafeh (Шаблон:Lang) and the Шаблон:Lang. In Romania, some Turkish pastry shops that sell baklava have notable popularity. They are common in the south and southeast of the country, but some also exist in its east.[89]
Greece
In Greek cuisine, walnuts are more common than pistachios, and the dessert is flavored with cinnamon. Greek baklava (Шаблон:Lang-gr) comes in many regional guises, with different names such as samousades, zournadakia, and masourakia. Generally speaking, in southern Greece baklava is mostly made with chopped almonds and in the north with walnuts. Some recipes use hazelnuts, sesame or raisins.[90] The syrup is made of sugar, honey, water, cinnamon and orange or lemon zest.[91][92] Greek baklava is supposed to be made with 33 filo dough layers, referring to the years of Jesus's life.[93]
On the island of Lesbos in Greece a type of baklava is still known as placenta (Шаблон:Lang-el), which is the name of a Ancient Greek pastry that is often seen as the predecessor of baklava. The latter is a baked dessert with very thinly made pastry layers and chopped nuts. The base for this modern Шаблон:Lang is made with leaves of filo dough, and nuts stacked upon eachother. After baking, it is soaked in a simple syrup and sprinkled with cinnamon.[94][95][96]
Iran
Iranian baklava (Шаблон:Lang-fa) is less crisp and uses less syrup than other baklava variations.[97] The cities of Yazd, Tabriz, Qazvin, Kashan and the Gilan province are famous for their baklava variations, which are widely distributed in Iran.[98][99][100][101] Iranian baklava uses a combination of chopped almonds, hazelnuts or walnuts and pistachios spiced with saffron, cardamom or jasmine. For the syrup, rose water, lemon juice, sugar, honey, and water are used.[102][103] Iranian baklava may be cut into diamonds or squares.[104] When it is finished it is often garnished with chopped pistachios, rose petals, jasmine or coconut powder depending on the region.[105]
Turkey
In Turkish cuisine, baklava is traditionally filled with pistachios, walnuts or almonds (in some parts of the Aegean Region). In the Black Sea Region hazelnuts are commonly used as a filling for baklava.[106] Hazelnuts are also used as a filling for the Turkish dessert Sütlü Nuriye, a lighter version of the dessert which substitutes milk for the simple syrup used in traditional baklava recipes.[107] Şöbiyet is a variation that includes kaymak[108] as the filling, in addition to the traditional nuts.[109] The city of Gaziantep in south-central Turkey is famous for its baklava made from locally grown pistachios,[110] often served with kaymak cream. The dessert was introduced to Gaziantep in 1871 by Çelebi Güllü, who had learned the recipe from a chef in Damascus.[111] In 2008, the Turkish patent office registered a geographical indication for Antep Baklava,[112] and in 2013, Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang was registered as a Protected Geographical Indication by the European Commission.[113] Gaziantep baklava is the first Turkish product to receive a protected designation from the European Commission.[114]
Uzbek and Tatar
Uzbek cuisine has Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang or in Tatar Шаблон:Lang, which are sweet and salty savories (Шаблон:Lang) prepared with 10–12 layers of dough.[18] In Crimean Tatar cuisine, the Шаблон:Lang is their variant of baklava.[115]
Other
There are many variants in Maghrebi cuisine as well.[116]
Gallery
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Azerbaijani pakhlava
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Ganja pakhlava
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Quba pakhlava
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Several types of Baklava
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Armenian baklava
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Algerian baklava
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A tray of baklava in the Old City, Jerusalem
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A tray of Tunisian pastries including baklava
See also
Notes
General references
- Reuven Amitai-Preiss and David O. Morgan, eds., The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy Brill, 1999. Шаблон:ISBN.
- Buell, Paul D. "Mongol Empire and Turkicization: The Evidence of Food and Foodways", p. 200ff, in Amitai-Preiss, 1999.
- Christian, David. Review of Amitai-Preiss, 1999, in Journal of World History 12:2:476 (2001).
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Perry, Charles. "The Taste for Layered Bread among the Nomadic Turks and the Central Asian Origins of Baklava", in A Taste of Thyme: Culinary Cultures of the Middle East (ed. Sami Zubaida, Richard Tapper), 1994. Шаблон:ISBN.
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Roden, Claudia. A New Book of Middle Eastern Food. Шаблон:ISBN.
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book Quoted in Perry (1994).
- Wasti, Syed Tanvir (March 2005), "The Ottoman Ceremony of the Royal Purse", Middle Eastern Studies 41:2:193–200
External links
Шаблон:Pastries Шаблон:Cuisine of Greece Шаблон:Cuisine of Iran Шаблон:Cuisine of Turkey
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- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Paul D. Buell, "Mongol Empire and Turkicization: The Evidence of Food and Foodways", p. 200ff, in Amitai-Preiss, 1999.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Nişanyan, Sevan (2009) (in Turkish). Sözlerin Soyağacı - Çağdaş Türkçenin Etimolojik Sözlüğü [Words' Family Tree - An Etymological Dictionary of Contemporary Turkish]. İstanbul. http://nisanyansozluk.com/?k=baklava Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Batmanglij, Najmieh, A Taste of Persia: An Introduction to Persian Cooking, I.B.Tauris, 2007, Шаблон:ISBN, 9781845114374; page 156.
- ↑ Marks, Gil, Encyclopedia of Jewish Food, John Wiley and Sons, 2010, Шаблон:ISBN, Шаблон:ISBN; page 38.
- ↑ "a derivation from balg, a common dialect form of barg "leaf", or from Ar. baql "herb" is unlikely", W. Eilers, Encyclopædia Iranica, s.v. 'bāqlavā' Шаблон:Webarchive
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- ↑ 19,0 19,1 Perry, Charles. "The Taste for Layered Bread among the Nomadic Turks and the Central Asian Origins of Baklava", in A Taste of Thyme: Culinary Cultures of the Middle East (ed. Sami Zubaida, Richard Tapper), 1994. Шаблон:ISBN, page 87
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- ↑ κοπτός Шаблон:Webarchive, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ↑ Шаблон:Lang 14:647, discussed by Charles Perry, "The Taste for Layered Bread among the Nomadic Turks and the Central Asian Origins of Baklava", in A Taste of Thyme: Culinary Cultures of the Middle East (ed. Sami Zubaida, Richard Tapper), 1994. Шаблон:ISBN. p. 88.
- ↑ Charles Perry, "The Taste for Layered Bread among the Nomadic Turks and the Central Asian Origins of Baklava", in A Taste of Thyme: Culinary Cultures of the Middle East (ed. Sami Zubaida, Richard Tapper), 1994. Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 31,0 31,1 Mayer, Caroline E. "Phyllo Facts". Washington Post. 1989. Archived.
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- ↑ Perry, Charles. "What to Order in Ninth Century Baghdad," in Rodinson, Maxime, and Arthur John Arberry. "Medieval Arab Cookery." (2001). p. 223
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- ↑ Perry, Charles. "What to Order in Ninth Century Baghdad," in Rodinson, Maxime, and Arthur John Arberry. "Medieval Arab Cookery." (2001). p. 222 "As for lauzinaj, it was not much like baklava."
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