Английская Википедия:Balinese language
Шаблон:Redirect-distinguish Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language Шаблон:Contains special characters
Balinese is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by 3.3 million people (Шаблон:As of) on the Indonesian island of Bali, as well as Northern Nusa Penida, Western Lombok, Eastern Java,[1] Southern Sumatra, and Sulawesi.[2] Most Balinese speakers also use Indonesian. The Bali Cultural Agency estimated in 2011 that the number of people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives on the Bali Island is under 1 million. The language has been classified as "not endangered" by Glottolog.[3]
The higher registers of the language borrow extensively from Javanese: an old form of classical Javanese, Kawi, is used in Bali as a religious and ceremonial language.
Classification
Balinese is an Austronesian language belonging to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the family. Within Malayo-Polynesian, it is part of the Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa subgroup.[4] Internally, Balinese has three distinct varieties; Highland Bali, Lowland Bali, and Nusa Penida.[3]
Demographics
According to the 2000 census, the Balinese language is spoken by 3.3 million people in Indonesia, mainly concentrated on the island of Bali and the surrounding areas.
In 2011, the Bali Cultural Agency estimated that the number of people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives on Bali Island does not exceed 1 million, as in urban areas their parents only introduce the Indonesian language or even English as a foreign language, while daily conversations in the institutions and the mass media have disappeared. The written form of the Balinese language is increasingly unfamiliar and most Balinese people use the Balinese language only as a means of oral communication, often mixing it with Indonesian in their daily speech. However in the transmigration areas outside Bali Island, the Balinese language is extensively used and believed to play an important role in the survival of the language.[5]
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | |
| Mid | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA |
| Low | Шаблон:IPA |
The official spelling denotes both Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA by Шаблон:Grapheme. However, Шаблон:Grapheme is usually pronounced Шаблон:IPA when it ends a word, and Шаблон:IPA occurs also in prefixes ma-, pa- and da-.[6]
Consonants
Depending on dialect, the phoneme Шаблон:IPA is realized as a voiceless alveolar or retroflex stop. This is in contrast with most other languages in western Indonesia (including Standard Indonesian), which have a dental Шаблон:IPA patterning with an otherwise alveolar phoneme series.[2]
Stress
Stress falls on the last syllable.[6]
Vocabulary
Registers
Even though most of the basic vocabulary in Balinese and Indonesian are of Austronesian and Sanskrit origin, many cognates in both languages sound quite different.[7] Balinese has different registers depending on the relationship and status of those speaking: low (Шаблон:Transl), middle (Шаблон:Transl), and high (Шаблон:Transl). Шаблон:Transl contains many loanwords from Sanskrit and Javanese (specifically Old Javanese) which reflect the fifteenth-century usage spoken by Old Javanese. The common mutations in inherited Balinese words are:
- First, mutation r into h of initial r, intervocalic r, and final r
- Second, h into ø, everywhere except the final consonant
However, these mutations are not expressed by the High Balinese, thus this infer high Balinese was loanwords from Sanskrit and (Old) Javanese. These loanwords are identical in sound with their Javanese cognates.[8]
Numerals
Шаблон:Main Balinese has a decimal numeral system, but this is complicated by numerous words for intermediate quantities such as 45, 175, and 1600.
Grammar
The word order is similar to that of Indonesian, and verb and noun inflectional morphology is similarly minimal. However, derivational morphology is extensive, and suffixes are applied to indicate definite or indefinite articles, and optionally to indicate possession.[6]
Writing
Balinese has been written in two different writing systems: the Balinese script, and in modern times the Latin script.
Balinese script
Note: The script is arranged in Javanese order.
Шаблон:Main The Balinese script (Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Lang), which is arranged as Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang), is an abugida, ultimately derived from the Brāhmī script of India. The earliest known inscriptions date from the 9th century AD.[9]
Few people today are familiar with the Balinese script.[10] The Balinese script is almost the same as the Javanese script.
Latin alphabet
Schools in Bali today teach a Latin alphabet known as Шаблон:Transl.[11]
Gallery
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Balinese palm-leaf manuscript
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Sign at Pura Puseh Temple, Batuan, Bali
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Page from a Bible printed with Balinese script
-
Street sign in Singaraja, written in Latin and Balinese script
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Klungkung Regent's Office sign
-
Lontar manuscript restoration
Note
Шаблон:Note In Balinese script, Sanskrit and Kawi loanwords tend use conservative orthography as standard form in Balinese script. The word for language, basa, in Balinese is a loanword from Old Javanese Шаблон:Transl which came from the Sanskrit word Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl, hence it is written according to Sanskrit and Old Javanese spelling Шаблон:Lang in Balinese script. The Шаблон:Lang form in Balinese script is used by beginner writers. Meanwhile, diacritics are not written in the current romanization of the Balinese language. Thus, both Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Transl are the standard forms.
See also
References
External links
Шаблон:Interwiki Шаблон:WikisourceWiki Шаблон:Wikibooks Шаблон:Wikivoyage Шаблон:Commons category
- Balinese man speaking Balinese language in different Balinese dialects
- Шаблон:Cite web
- The Balinese Digital Library.
- Widiadana R. A. & Erviani N. K. (29 January 2011). Ancient 'lontar' manuscripts go digital Шаблон:Webarchive. The Jakarta Post.
- Erviani N. K. (14 January 2011). US scholar brings ancient Balinese scripts to digital age. The Jakarta Post.
- Unicode website
- Paradisec open access recording of Balinese song.
- Kaipuleohone's Blust collection includes materials on Balinese, including RB2-006,RB2-009.
- The Balinese Language (ᬩᬲᬩᬮᬶ) - YouTube
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