Английская Википедия:Bandar Abbas
Bandar Abbas or Bandar-e ‘Abbās (Шаблон:Lang-fa, Шаблон:IPA-fa, Шаблон:Lit) is a city in the Central District of Bandar Abbas County, Hormozgan province, Iran, serving as capital of the district, the county, and the province. Bandar Abbas is a port on the southern coast of the country, on the Persian Gulf.
The city occupies a strategic position on the narrow Strait of Hormuz (just across from Musandam Governorate, Oman), and it is the location of the main base of the Iranian Navy.
At the 2006 National Census, its population was 367,508 in 89,404 households.[1] The following census in 2011 counted 435,751 people in 118,336 households.[2] The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 526,648 people in 152,682 households.[3]
Etymology
Bandar Abbas has always been a port, and as such its various names have all reflected this function. The most common name over time, Gameroon, traditionally derived from Turkish gümrük, "customhouse" (from Late Greek kommerkion, from Latin commercium, "commerce"), but is now speculatedШаблон:By whom to come from Persian kamrūn, "shrimp" (in Portuguese: camarão, similar to the former Portuguese name).[4] Its current name derives from that of Abbas the Great[5] (Шаблон:Reign) paired with bandar - "port", meaning "Port of Abbas".
Bandar Abbas has been romanized as Bandar ‘Abbās and as Bandar ‘Abbāsī. It has also been referred to as Jaroon by the Arabs and Cameron by the English. Bandar Abbas was formerly known as Cambarão and Porto Comorão by Portuguese traders, as Gombroon by English traders and as Gamrun or Gumrun by Dutch merchants.[6]
Language
Шаблон:Historical populations Original Bandaris (residents of Bandar Abbas) speak Bandari (بندری), a variety of Persian similar to neighboring Achomi and Dialects of Fars, and distinct from New Persian.[7] Bandari has loanwords from various European languages (e.g. tawāl, "towel") and some from Arabic (e.g. atā [اتى], "to come"), Persian and Balochi.[8] Шаблон:Bar box
History
Pre-Islamic history
The earliest record of Bandar Abbas is during the reign of Darius the Great (between 522 and 486 BCE). Darius's commander, Silacus, embarked from Bandar Abbas to India and the Red Sea. During Alexander's conquest of the Achaemenid Empire, Bandar Abbas was known under the name of Hormirzad.
Portuguese period
By the 16th century, Bandar Abbas was known as Gamrūn to the Persians. In 1565, a European navigator called it Bamdel Gombruc (that is, Bandar Gümrük, or "Customhouse Port"), citing this as the Persian and Turkish name. Bandar Abbas was conquered by the Portuguese in 1514, and was an important location to protect their commerce in the Persian Gulf and India.[9][10] They named the city Comorão, due to the presence of lobsters and crabs on its shores.
In 1614, Comorão was taken by Shah Abbas the Great from the Portuguese and renamed Bandar-e Abbas ("Port of Abbas"). Backed by the English Navy, Abbas developed the city (known to the English-speaking world as Gombraun) into a major port. By 1622, the Portuguese and English names had been officially combined to form Combrù or Combu, although the inhabitants still called it Bandar-e Abbas. Sir Thomas Herbert said the official English name was Gumbrown, but pronounced [gŏmrōōn]. He wrote in 1630 that "some (but I commend them not) write it Gamrou, others Gomrow, and othersome Cummeroon."Шаблон:Cite quote By the 1670s, the city was known as Gameroon.
In 1622 CE, Abbas defeated Portuguese troops with the help of English troops and Iranian commander Imam Quli Khan. In honor of this victory Gumbroon was renamed Bandar Abbas Port. In the current division of Bandar Abbas in Hormozgan province and one of the most important strategic and commercial center is in the vicinity of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea.
Dutch and English period
In 1625, a combined Anglo-Dutch fleet attacked the Portuguese at Bandar Abbas and took control of the trade posts. Soon, the Dutch East India Company outcompeted its English counterpart and eventually, from 1654 onwards, was in complete control of the local spice and silk trade, due to multiple english ships being taken, and the Action of 29 January 1654. The Dutch remained in complete control until 1765.[11]
Omani period
Between 1794 and 1868, Bandar Abbas was under the control of the Sultanate of Oman and Zanzibar through a lease agreement with Persia. The details of the original lease apparently differed between the Arabic and Persian versions. The Omanis controlled the coastal stretch of some 100 miles from Sadij to Khamir, and inland about 30 miles, as far as Shamil. They also controlled the islands of Hormuz and Qeshm. In 1823, the Persians attempted to oust the Omanis, but the sultan managed to keep his hold on Bandar through bribery and tribute of the governor of Shiraz. In 1845–1846, an army under the governor general of Fars menaced Bandar to extort tribute, while another army under the governor of Kerman besieged Minab. The Omanis threatened to blockade Persia, but the British resident at Bushir convinced them to back down.[12]
The Persians recovered the city in 1854, while the sultan was in Zanzibar. Under British pressure following the Anglo-Persian War in 1856, Persia renewed Oman's lease on favourable terms. It was clarified that the leased territory belonged to the province of Fars and that the Persian flag would fly over Bandar Abbas. The rental rate was also increased. Under British pressure the agreement was renewed in 1868, but at a higher rate of rent and for a shorter duration. Two months after its renewal, the lease was cancelled by the Persian government, citing a clause which permitted its termination if the sultan of Oman were overthrown.[12]
Contemporary history
An earthquake in July 1902 damaged parts of the city, including the governor's house and the customs office, and nearby Qeshm Island.[13]
Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi paid particular attention to Bandar Abbas as a strategic port and during his time the government invested huge amounts of capital in the infrastructure.
Bandar Abbas serves as a major shipping point, mostly for imports, and has a long history of trade with India, particularly the port of Surat. Thousands of tourists visit the city and nearby islands including Qeshm and Hormuz every year.
Bandar Abbas was a small fishing port of about 17,000 people in 1955, prior to initial plans to develop it as a major harbor. By 2001, it had grown into a major city. It has a population of 450,000 (2011 estimate).
Geography
Bandar Abbas is situated on flat ground with an average altitude of Шаблон:Convert above sea level. The nearest elevated areas are Mt. Geno, Шаблон:Convert to the north, and Mt. Pooladi, Шаблон:Convert to the northwest of the city. The closest river to Bandar Abbas is the River Shoor, which rises on Mt. Geno and flows into the Persian Gulf, Шаблон:Convert east of the city. South of the city is the island of Qeshm.Шаблон:Cn
Climate
Bandar Abbas has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh). Maximum temperature in summers can reach Шаблон:Convert while in winters the minimum temperature may drop to Шаблон:Convert. The annual rainfall is around Шаблон:Convert and the average relative humidity is 65%.
In the summer, Bandar Abbas sees some of the highest average dew points of any city in the world, averaging Шаблон:Convert and frequently exceeding Шаблон:Convert. As a result, heat indices generally top Шаблон:Convert for most days during the summer.[14][15] This immense humidity causes summer diurnal ranges to be lower than in most desert climates, and is a result of air flow from the warm waters of the Persian Gulf.
Economy
The city is a producer of dates, citrus, tobacco and factory goods (such as canned tuna). Minerals such as Yellow cake uranium from the Gchine (Gachin) mine is extracted by around 20 tonnes per year.[16] Bandar Abbas is the site of a Chinese-built cruise missile production facility for the manufacture and upgrade of Silkworm (CSS-N-2) cruise missiles.[17]
Bandar Abbas exports transit goods, dates, citrus, tobacco, fishery. The city was formerly famous for its export of Iranian pottery, and was known in the west as "goombroon". "Goombroon ware" was the original porcelain imported to England from Goombroon in the early 20th century. It was later replaced by china ware imported from China. Kaolin was the mineral from which the porcelain was made.[18]
Transportation
Air
Bandar Abbas International Airport has capacity and facilities for landing large transport airplanes.
Roads
Bandar Abbas is accessible via the following highways:
- Файл:Iran First Level Road 71.png Bandar Abbas-Sirjan, Шаблон:Convert to the northeast.
- Bandar Abbas-Kerman, Шаблон:Convert to the northeast.
- Bandar Abbas-Shiraz, Шаблон:Convert to the north.
- Bandar Abbas-Zahedan, Шаблон:Convert to the east.
Rail
Since 1993, Bandar Abbas has been the southern terminus of Islamic Republic of Iran Railways' main North–South corridor that links it to Yazd, Qom, Tehran and Qazvin to the north.Шаблон:Citation needed
Education
Universities
- Bandar Abbas University of Medical Sciences
- University of Hormozgan
- Islamic Azad University of Bandar Abbas
- Payame Noor University of Bandar Abbas
- Amir Kabir university of technology, Bandar Abbas Branch
- University of Applied Science and Technology, Bandar Abbas Branch
Sports
Aluminium Hormozgan is Bandar Abbas's main football (soccer) team. The team was founded in 2006. In 2012 they were promoted to the Iran Pro League but after their first season there they were relegated back to the Azadegan League where they currently play. Bander Abbas also has a second less supported team, Shahrdari Bandar Abbas, which was founded in 2005 and is the municipality's team.Шаблон:Citation needed
See also
References
Further reading
External links
- Шаблон:Commons category-inline
- Bandar Abbas on Iran Chamber Society (www.iranchamber.com)
- Bandar Abbas Port
- www.hums.ac.ir/english/province/hormozgan english/bandar_abbas.htm
Шаблон:Hormozgan Province Шаблон:Bandar Abbas County Шаблон:Provincial capitals of Iran Шаблон:Dutch colonies
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:GEOnet3
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Iran tourism and touring official website, Bandar Abbas
- ↑ SalamIranProvince of Bandar Abbas
- ↑ Donald Hawley: The Trucial States, Ardent Media, 1970, pp. 76.
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 Lawrence G. Potter, "The Consolidation of Iran's Frontier on the Persian Gulf in the Nineteenth Century", in Roxane Farmanfarmaian (ed.), War and Peace in Qajar Persia: Implications Past and Present (Routledge: 2008), pp. 125–48.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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