Английская Википедия:Bangime language
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Infobox language
Bangime (Шаблон:IPAc-en; Шаблон:Lang, or, in full, Шаблон:Lang)Шаблон:Sfn is a language isolate spoken by 3,500Шаблон:Sfn ethnic Dogon in seven villages in southern Mali, who call themselves the Шаблон:Lang ("hidden people").Шаблон:Citation needed Bangande is the name of the ethnicity of this community and their population grows at a rate of 2.5% per year.Шаблон:Sfn The Bangande consider themselves to be Dogon, but other Dogon people insist they are not.[1][2] Bangime is an endangered language classified as 6a - Vigorous by Ethnologue.[3] Long known to be highly divergent from the (other) Dogon languages, it was first proposed as a possible isolate by Blench (2005). Heath and Hantgan have hypothesized that the cliffs surrounding the Bangande valley provided isolation of the language as well as safety for Bangande people.Шаблон:Sfn Even though Bangime is not closely related to Dogon languages, the Bangande still consider their language to be Dogon.[1] Hantgan and List report that Bangime speakers seem unaware that it is not mutually intelligible with any Dogon language.[4]
Roger Blench, who discovered the language was not a Dogon language, notes,
- This language contains some Niger–Congo roots but is lexically very remote from all other languages in West Africa. It is presumably the last remaining representative of the languages spoken prior to the expansion of the Dogon proper,
which he dates to 3,000–4,000 years ago.Шаблон:Citation needed
Bangime has been characterised as an anti-language, i.e., a language that serves to prevent its speakers from being understood by outsiders, possibly associated with the Bangande villages having been a refuge for escapees from slave caravans.[4]
Blench (2015) speculates that Bangime and Dogon languages have a substratum from a "missing" branch of Nilo-Saharan that had split off relatively early from Proto-Nilo-Saharan, and tentatively calls that branch "Plateau".[5]
Locations
Health and Hantgan report that Bangime is spoken in the Bangande valley, which cuts into the western edge of the Dogon high plateau in eastern Mali. Blench reports that Bangime is spoken in 7 villages east of Karge, near Bandiagara, Mopti Region, central Mali (Blench 2007).Шаблон:Citation needed The villages are:
- Bara (IPA: Шаблон:IPA)
- Bounou (IPA: Шаблон:IPA)
- Niana (IPA: Шаблон:IPA) (also called Nani)Шаблон:Sfn
- Die'ni (IPA: Шаблон:IPA)
- Digari (IPA: Шаблон:IPA) (also called Digarou)Шаблон:Sfn
- Doro (IPA: Шаблон:IPA)
- Due (IPA: Шаблон:IPA)
Morphology
Bangime uses various morphological processes, including clitics, affixation, reduplication, compounding, and tone change.Шаблон:Sfn It does not use case-marking for noun phrase subjects and objects.Шаблон:Sfn Bangime is a largely isolating language. The only productive affixes are the plural and a diminutive, which are seen in the words for the people and language above.Шаблон:Citation needed
Affixation
Bangime has both prefixation and suffixation. The following chart provides examples of affixation.Шаблон:Sfn
| Suffixation | Prefixation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Possessor-of-X Derivative Suffix | Agentive Suffix | Causative Suffix | Pluralization Suffix | 'Thing' Prefix to Nouns |
| Шаблон:Interlinear | Шаблон:Interlinear | Шаблон:Interlinear | Шаблон:Interlinear | Шаблон:Interlinear |
Compounding
Bangime creates some words by compounding two morphemes together. A nasal linker is often inserted between the two morphemes. This linker matches the following consonant's place of articulation, with /m/ used before labials, /n/ before alveolars, and /ŋ/ before velars.Шаблон:Sfn Below are examples of compound words in Bangime.
Reduplicative compounds
Some compound words in Bangime are formed by full or partial reduplication. The following chart contains some examples. In the chart, v indicates a vowel (v̀ is a low tone, v̄ is a mid tone, v́ is a high tone), C indicates a consonant, and N indicates a nasal phoneme. Subscripts are used to show the reduplication of more than one vowel (v1 and v2). The repeated segment is shown in bold.Шаблон:Sfn Partial reduplication is also seen alongside a change in vowel quality.Шаблон:Sfn The chart also displays a few examples of this.
| Reduplication Structure | Reduplication Type | Example | Loose English Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cv̀Cv̀-Cv́Cɛ̀ɛ̀ | Partial | dɔ̀rɔ̀-dɔ̀rɛ̀ɛ̀ | 'sand fox'Шаблон:Sfn |
| Cv́N-CV(C)ɛ̀ɛ̀ | Partial | bóm-bòjɛ̀ɛ̀ | 'frog'Шаблон:Sfn |
| Cv́1NCv́1-N-Cv́2NCɛ̀(ɛ̀) | Partial | béndé-ḿ-bándɛ̀ɛ̀ | 'vine'Шаблон:Sfn |
| Cv̀N-Cv̀(C)ɛ̀ɛ̀ | Partial | pàm-pàⁿɛ̀ɛ̀ | 'stirring stick'Шаблон:Sfn |
| Cv̀Cv̀-Cv́Cv́ | Full | jɔ̀rɔ̀-jɔ́rɔ́ | 'herb (Blepharis)'Шаблон:Sfn |
| Cv̀1Cv̀1-Cv́2Cv̀2(C)ɛ̀ | Partial | jìgì-jágàjɛ̀ | 'chameleon'Шаблон:Sfn |
| Cv̀N-Cv́NCv̄ | Partial | kɔ̀ŋ-kɔ́mbɛ̄ | 'pied crow'Шаблон:Sfn |
| Cv́Cv́-NCv́Cv̀ | Partial | tímé-ń-tímɛ́ɛ̀ | 'bush (Scoparia)'Шаблон:Sfn |
| Cv́1Cv́1-NCv́2Cv̀2 | Partial | kéré-ŋ́-kɑ́rⁿà | 'forked stick'Шаблон:Sfn |
| Càà-Cɛ́ɛ́ | Partial | sààⁿ-sɛ́ɛ́ⁿ | 'Vachellia tortilis'Шаблон:Sfn |
| Cìì-Cáá | Partial | ʒììⁿ-ʒááⁿ | 'tree (Mitragyna)'Шаблон:Sfn |
| Cìì-CáCɛ̀ɛ̀ | Partial | ʒììⁿ-ʒáwⁿɛ̀ɛ̀ | 'bush (Hibiscus)'Шаблон:Sfn |
Tone changes
Another morphological process used in Bangime is tone changes. One example of this is that the tones on vowels denote the tense of the word. For example, keeping the same vowel but changing a high tone to a low tone changes the tense from future to imperfective 1st person singular.Шаблон:Sfn
| Шаблон:Interlinear | Шаблон:Interlinear |
Low tone is used for the tenses of imperfective 1st person singular, deontic, imperative singular, and perfective 3rd person singular. They are also used for perfective 3rd person singular along with an additional morpheme. High tone is used for the future tense.Шаблон:Sfn
Phonology
Vowels
Bangime has 28 vowels. The chart below lists 7 short oral vowels, each of which can be long, nasalized, or both. All these vowel types can occur phonetically, but short nasalized vowels are sometimes allophones of oral vowels. This occurs when they are adjacent to nasalized semivowels (/wⁿ/ [w̃] and /jⁿ/ [j̃]) or /ɾⁿ/ [ɾ̃]. Long nasalized vowels are more common as phonemes than short nasalized vowels.Шаблон:Sfn
Vowels have an ±ATR distinction, which affects neighbouring consonants, but unusually for such systems, there is no ATR vowel harmony in Bangime.Шаблон:Citation needed
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-mid | e | o | |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a |
Consonants
Bangime has 22 consonant phonemes, shown in the chart below. Consonants that appear in square brackets are the IPA symbol, when different from the symbol used by A Grammar of Bangime. A superscript "n" indicates a nasalized consonant. Sounds in parentheses are either allophones or limited to use in loanwords, onomatopoeias, etc.Шаблон:Sfn
NC sequences tend to drop the plosive, and often lenite to a nasalized sonorant: [búndà] ~ [búr̃a] ~ [bún] 'finish', [támbà] ~ [táw̃à] ~ [támà] 'chew'.
/b/ and /ɡ/ appear as [ʋ] and [ɣ], depending on the ATR status of the adjacent vowels.
/s/ appears as [ʃ] before non-low vowels, /t/ and /j/ as [tʃ] and [ʒ] before either of the high front vowels. /j/ is realized as [dʒ] after a nasal.
Tone
Bangime uses high, mid, and low tone levels as well as contoured tones (used in the last syllable of a word).Шаблон:Sfn There are three tones on moras(short syllables): high, low and rising. In addition, falling tone may occur on long (bimoraic) syllables. Syllables may also have no inherent tone.Шаблон:Citation needed Each morpheme has a lexical tone melody of /H/, /M/, or /L/ (high, mid, or low, respectively) for level tones or /LH/, /HL/, or /ML/ for contoured tones.Шаблон:Sfn Nouns, adjectives, and numerals have lexical tone melodies. Terracing can also occur, giving a single level pitch to multiple words.Шаблон:Sfn Stem morphemes (such as nouns and verbs) may contain tonal ablaut/stem-wide tone overlays.Шаблон:Sfn For example, in nouns with determiners (definite or possessor), the determined form of the noun uses the opposite tone of the first tone in the lexical melody. A few examples of this process are listed in the chart below.Шаблон:Sfn
| Melody | Undetermined Singular | Determined Plural | Loose English Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| /L/ | bùrⁿà | DET búrⁿá-ndɛ̀ | 'stick' |
| /LH/ | dʒɛ̀ndʒɛ́ | DET dʒɛ́ndʒɛ́-ndɛ̀ | 'crocodile' |
| /M/ | dījà | DET dìjà-ndɛ́ | 'village' |
| /ML/ | dāndì | DET dàndì-ndɛ́ | 'chilli pepper' |
| /H/ | párí | DET pàrì-ndɛ́ | 'arrow' |
| /HL/ | jáámbɛ̀ | DET jàà-ndɛ́ | 'child' |
Phrases and clauses can show tone sandhi.Шаблон:Sfn
Syllable structure
Bangime allows for the syllable types C onset, CC onset, and C code, giving a syllable structure of (C)CV(C). The only consonants used as codas are the semivowels /w/ and /j/ and their corresponding nasalized phonemes. Usually, only monosyllabic words end in consonants.Шаблон:Sfn The following chart displays examples of these syllable types. For words with multiple syllables, syllables are separated by periods and the syllable of interest is bolded.
| Syllable Type | Example | Loose English Translation |
|---|---|---|
| CV | kɛ́ | 'thing'Шаблон:Sfn |
| CCV | bɔ̀.mbɔ̀.rɔ̀ | 'hat'Шаблон:Sfn |
| CVC | dèj | 'grain'Шаблон:Sfn |
Syntax
Basic word order
The subject noun phrase is always clause-initial in Bangime, apart from some clause-initial particles. In simple transitive sentences, SOV (subject, object, verb) word order is used for the present tense, imperfective and SVO (subject, verb, object) word order is used for the past tense, perfective.Шаблон:Sfn
Examples of SOV word order
Examples of SVO word order
Intransitive sentences
Word order in phrases
Below are some examples of word order in various phrases.
DETERMINER + NOUN PHRASE Шаблон:Interlinear
POSSESSOR + POSSESSEE Шаблон:Interlinear
NOUN PHRASE + ADPOSITION Шаблон:Interlinear
Focalization
Bangime allows for the focalization of noun phrases, prepositional phrases, adverbs, and verbs.Шаблон:Sfn
Verb focalization
Noun phrase focalization (Nonsubject)
Noun phrase focalization (Demonstrative)
Noun phrase focalization (Subject)
Adverbial focalization
Prepositional phrase focalization
Polar interrogatives
Bangime uses [à], a clause-final particle, after a statement to make it a yes/no question. This particle is glossed with a Q. Below are some examples.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Interlinear Шаблон:Interlinear Шаблон:Interlinear
Wh-questions
Wh-words are focalized in Bangime.Шаблон:Sfn Below are some examples for these interrogatives.
Шаблон:Interlinear Шаблон:Interlinear Шаблон:Interlinear Шаблон:Interlinear Шаблон:Interlinear
Particles
Topic particle
The topic particle is [hɔ̀ɔ̀ⁿ] and this morpheme follows a noun phrase. The following example shows a topical constituent preceding a clause.Шаблон:Sfn
"Only" particle
The morpheme [pàw] can mean either 'all' or 'only.' The following example shows this morpheme as an 'only' quantifier.Шаблон:Sfn
See also
- Bangime word list (Wiktionary)
References
Bibliography
- Blench, Roger, Bangime description and word list (2005)(2007)
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite book
External links
- Bangime Шаблон:Webarchive at the Dogon languages and Bangime project
Шаблон:Languages of Mali Шаблон:Language families Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Hantgan, Abbie. “An Introduction to the Bangande People and the Bangime Phonology and Morphology.” 14 Aug. 2013.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ "Bangime". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Blench, Roger. 2015. Was there a now-vanished branch of Nilo-Saharan on the Dogon Plateau? Evidence from substrate vocabulary in Bangime and Dogon. In Mother Tongue, Issue 20, 2015: In Memory of Harold Crane Fleming (1926-2015).
