Английская Википедия:Battle of the Trouée de Charmes
Шаблон:Infobox military conflict The Battle of the Trouée de Charmes (Шаблон:Lang-fr) or Battle of the Mortagne was fought at the beginning of the First World War, between 24 and 26 August 1914 by the French Second Army and the German 6th Army, after the big German victory at the Battle of the Frontiers, earlier in August.
Background
From 1874 to 1880, General Raymond Adolphe Séré de Rivières oversaw the construction of the Séré de Rivières system, a line of fortresses Шаблон:Cvt long from Belfort to Épinal and another line Шаблон:Cvt long from Toul to Verdun, about Шаблон:Cvt from the Franco–German border. The river Meuse flows northwards from Toul to Verdun, Mézières and Givet on the Belgian border and there is a tributary of the Moselle between Belfort and Épinal, the rivers running near parallel to the 1871–1919 Franco–German border. A Шаблон:Cvt-wide interruption in the French fortifications was left between Épinal and Toul, known as the Шаблон:Lang (Charmes Gap), which was west of Nancy, about Шаблон:Cvt from the Franco-German frontier. A second series of fortifications, to prevent the main line being outflanked, was built in the south from Langres to Dijon and in the north from La Fère to Rheims, then from Valenciennes to Maubeuge, although for financial reasons these took until 1914 to complete.Шаблон:Sfn
Prelude
The French had suffered a crushing defeat in the Battle of Lorraine and retreated in disorder. Helmuth von Moltke the Younger, the Chief of the General Staff of the German army had a difficult choice. The apparent collapse of the French Second Army (General Noël de Castelnau) made possible a breakthrough at the Шаблон:Lang (Charmes Gap) and the encirclement of all French troops in Lorraine and the Ardennes.
Moltke decided to pursue the French and to break through the gap. He maintained the left wing at its full strength of 26 divisions and ordered the Bavarian 6th Army (General Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria) to attack at the junction of the French Second Army and the First Army (General Auguste Dubail).
The Second Army was regrouping in the Шаблон:Lang area and Castelnau learned from the Шаблон:Lang (military intelligence), that German columns were moving on Saffais and Bechamps, heading for the gap. A few hours later French aerial observers spotted the German troops and Joseph Joffre, the French Commander in Chief, directed Dubail to reinforce the Second Army with the VIII Corps.
Battle
On 24 August, the Bavarian 6th Army began to attack in the direction of the Шаблон:Lang against the centre of the Second Army, as this was judged to be where the French were the strongest. The Germans captured Damelevières and Gerbéviller, then pushed the French from Vacquenat Wood, Clairlieu and Censal, from where they moved towards Bayon. The Second Army was able to limit the German advance, the French 74th Infantry Regiment in particular, fighting with great tenacity and Bavarian attacks on the Flainval plateau were repulsed. To force through the gap, the 6th Army moved troops to the centre from the flanks, which Castelnau exploited by attacking the German flanks with the 71st Division (General Émile Fayolle) and they were pushed out of Erbeviller, Réméréville and Courbesseaux. The right wing of the Second Army attacked the left flank of the Bavarians and managed to take Saint-Boingt, Essey-la-Côte, Clézentaine and Ménarmont.
During the night of Шаблон:Nowrap the French continued a bombardment and Castelnau concentrated the Second Army against the centre of the 6th Army. Castelnau launched an early morning attack to take Rozelieures; the attack succeeded but the Germans counter-attacked and retook the village. Castelnau attacked both German flanks with the XV Corps and XVI Corps. This had a devastating effect on the morale of the Bavarians, who had expected to be in pursuit of a defeated enemy. The Bavarian centre was kept under constant artillery fire by the French, and at Шаблон:Nowrap the French took Rozelieures again, the 6th Army suffering casualties of 2,500 men killed; on 26 August, Rupprecht ordered a retreat.
Aftermath
The Battle of the Trouée de Charmes was a victory for the French Second Army; in stopping the Germans from passing through the gap, Castelnau possibly saved the French from disaster,
The two sides regrouped and on 4 September fought the Battle of Grand Couronné when the Germans tried to capture Nancy. The Bavarians had to abandon their effort on 13 September; the front line in Lorraine remained quiet for the next four years.
Footnotes
Sources
Further reading
Books
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Journals
External links
- The Guns of August, by Barbara Tuchman (pp. 276–277, 433–435)
- Chtimiste : Les Batailles de Lorraine: 2 victoires françaises (French)
- Sambre Marne Yyser : Bataille de la Trouée de Charmes (22–26 août 1914) (French)
- Pierres Photo impressions of Lorraine
- Английская Википедия
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- Battles of World War I involving France
- Battles of World War I involving Germany
- Battles of the Western Front (World War I)
- Conflicts in 1914
- 1914 in France
- August 1914 events
- France–Germany military relations
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