Английская Википедия:Belmont, Massachusetts
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox settlement Belmont is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. It is a western suburb of Boston, Massachusetts, United States; and is part of the Greater Boston metropolitan area. At the 2020 U.S. census, its population was 27,295, up 10.4% from 2010.[1]
History
Belmont was established on March 18, 1859, by former citizens of, and on land from the bordering towns of, Watertown, to the south; Waltham, to the west; and Arlington, then known as West Cambridge, to the north. They also wanted a town where no one could buy or sell alcohol (alcohol is now legal to purchase in Belmont). The town was named after Bellmont, the 200-acre (0.8 km2) estate of the largest donor to its creation, John Perkins Cushing. Cushing Square is named after him and what was left of his estate after it nearly burned to the ground and became a Belmont Public Library branch. The easternmost section of the town, including the western portion of Fresh Pond, was annexed by Cambridge in 1880[2] in a dispute over a slaughterhouse licensed in 1878[3] on Fresh Pond, so that Cambridge could protect Fresh Pond, part of its municipal water system, by removing neighboring buildings that were polluting into it.[4]
Before its incorporation, Belmont was an agrarian town, with several large farms servicing Boston for produce and livestock. It remained largely agrarian until the turn of the 20th century, when trolley service and better roads were introduced, making it more attractive as a residential area, most notably for the building of large estates. Belmont's population grew by over 70 percent during the 1920s.[5]
The economics of the town shifted from purely agrarian to a commercial greenhouse base; much of Boston's flower and vegetable needs were met by the Belmont "hothouses", which persisted until about 1983, when Edgar's, the last large greenhouse firm in the area, closed.Шаблон:Citation needed
Other commercial enterprises in Belmont included mining clay and waste management. The reclamation of a large dump and quarry off Concord Avenue into sites for the Belmont High School and the Clay Pit Pond is a lasting example of environmental planning. With the introduction of automobiles and highways, Belmont continued its transition to a commuter-based suburb throughout the 20th century.Шаблон:Citation needed
The John Birch Society was headquartered in Belmont from its founding in 1958 until its relocation to Appleton, Wisconsin, in 1989. The building at 395 Concord Avenue later became the headquarters of the National Association for Armenian Studies and Research (NAASR), which is expanding and renovating its facility Шаблон:Asof.[6]
Railroad history
Belmont was once served by two railroads, the Fitchburg Railroad and the Central Massachusetts Railroad, both of which later became part of the Boston & Maine Railroad system. Originally the two railroads each had their own separate trackage through town, but in 1952 the Central Mass tracks were removed between Hill's Crossing and Clematis Brook (Waltham),[7] and rail traffic was rerouted over the Fitchburg line.Шаблон:Citation needed
Today the MBTA owns the trackage through Belmont, known as the Fitchburg Line. Passenger service on this line terminates at Wachusett station in Fitchburg, but it once was the area's main route into New York state.Шаблон:Citation needed
The station stops at Belmont Center and Waverley were once grade crossings, so that pedestrian and vehicular traffic had to cross directly over rails in public roads. In 1907, the grade at Belmont Center was eliminated by constructing a stone arch bridge and elevated embankment to carry the tracks past a new station building.Шаблон:Citation needed At Waverley, the grade was lowered so that the tracks ran under Trapelo Road, though the platform did not have an enclosed structure there.Шаблон:Citation needed
A second historic railroad station building exists in Belmont, though it is not obvious. The one-room Wellington Hill Station was built in the 1840s as a private school, not far from its current location in Belmont Center. It was then used by the Fitchburg Railroad from 1852 to 1879. When the railroad decided to replace the station with a larger structure, the building was moved to the Underwood Estate and used as a summer house. In 1974, the station was donated to the Belmont Historical Society. It was restored and moved to its current location in 1980.Шаблон:Citation needed
As of 2024, plans are underway[8] to construct a rail trail across Belmont, using the abandoned Central Massachusetts Railroad right-of-way along the existing Fitchburg Line tracks. When completed this trail will be part of the Mass Central Rail Trail.
Present day
Belmont remains a primarily residential suburb, with little population growth since the 1950s. It is best known for the mansion-filled Belmont Hill neighborhood, although most residents live in more densely settled, low-lying areas around the Hill. There are three major commercial centers in the town: Belmont Center in the center, Cushing Square in the south, and Waverley Square in the west. Town Hall and other civic buildings are in Belmont Center. Large tracts of land from former farms and greenhouse estates form public or publicly accessible areas such as Rock Meadow, Habitat, portions of the McLean Hospital tract and various town fields.Шаблон:Citation needed
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 4.7 square miles (12.2 km2), of which 4.7 square miles (12.1 km2) is land and less than 0.1 square miles (0.1 km2), or 1.06%, is water.
Belmont is bordered by Cambridge on the east, Arlington on the north, Lexington on the northwest, Waltham on the west, and Watertown on the south.
Environmental concerns
In 2002, Middlesex County was ranked in the worst 10% of polluted counties in the United States in terms of air and water pollution.[9] Two companies that ranked in the top 10 for polluters in the county were Polaroid Corporation in Waltham and the Cambridge Plating Company in Belmont, which is several hundred feet from Belmont High School. The Environmental Protection Agency fined Cambridge Plating Company, now operated by Purecoat North LLC, in 2002 following various violations[10] and in 2004 after a fire that led to an accumulation of toxic wastewater.[11]
The chemicals released were trichloroethylene and dichloromethane, both of which have been shown to cause cancer. These chemicals are released into the air so it is difficult to trace them and to determine the source, as there are also several other industries in the area that release the same pollutants.
Climate
In a typical year, Belmont, Massachusetts temperatures fall below Шаблон:Convert for 195 days per year. Annual precipitation in Belmont is typically 45.2 inches per year (high in the US) and snow covers the ground 52 days per year or 14.2% of the year (high in the US). The humidity is below 60% for approximately 25.4 days or 7% of the year.[12]
Demographics
Шаблон:See also Шаблон:Historical populations Шаблон:As of, there were 27,295 residents of the Town of Belmont, and in 2021 there were 17,640 registered voters.[13] In 2020, the racial make up of the town was 69.6% White, 1.9% Black or African American, 0.05% Native American, 18.5% Asian, and 4.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.7% of the population.[1] Pending the release of the 2020 Census results, in 2010 6.3% of the population were under the age of five, 24.6% were under the age of eighteen, and 15.8% were 65 years of age or older; 53% were female. The median household income was $114,141.[14]
The 2000 census listed 9,732 households, out of which 31.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.9% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.7% were non-families. 25.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.01.
In 2010, 20% of the residents of Belmont were born outside of the United States. In 2000 this percentage was 15%.[15]
Belmont has been referred to as a "Mormon enclave"[16] due to the location of the Boston Massachusetts Temple of the LDS Church at the highest elevation in the town. The prominent gold statue of the Angel Moroni atop the Temple was originally designed by Cyrus Dallin in nearby Arlington, Massachusetts.
Points of interest
- Redtop, home of William Dean Howells
- Edwin O. Reischauer Memorial House
- Boston & Maine Railroad Station, now known as the MBTA Commuter Rail Belmont stop, now owned by the Lions Club
- Boston Massachusetts Temple of the LDS Church
- William Flagg Homer House
Government
The executive branch of the town government consists of a three-person Select Board elected by the residents.[17] The Select Board appoints a Town Administrator who is in charge of daily operations.
The legislative branch is a representative town meeting, with eight districts each electing 36 representatives, plus ex-officio members and a Town Moderator to run the annual meeting.[18]
Belmont is part of the 24th Middlesex District (for the Massachusetts House of Representatives), the 2nd Middlesex and Suffolk District (for the Massachusetts Senate), and Massachusetts's 5th congressional district (for the United States House of Representatives).
Education
Belmont is served by the Belmont Public Schools, governed by an independently elected school committee.[18]
There are four public elementary schools in Belmont, the Mary Lee Burbank, Daniel Butler, Winn Brook, and Roger Wellington school. The Mary Lee Burbank School was founded in 1931. Two other public elementary schools, Payson Park and Kendall, were closed in the 1970s and 1980s, respectively. The former closed after being destroyed by fire, the latter closed due to population shifts and was converted to an arts center, which was later also destroyed by fire. There is one public Upper Elementary School, the Winthrop L. Chenery Upper Elementary School, which was rebuilt on the same location after an electrical fire damaged the auditorium in 1995, and one Middle School, located near the High School, called Belmont Middle, and one public high school, Belmont High School. On May 28, 2019 a groundbreaking ceremony was held for the construction of a new middle and high school which will be co-located on the same site.Шаблон:Update inline[19]
Belmont High is noted for its college placement, strong athletics, academics, music, and theater arts; a typical class size of about 320 students. Belmont High regularly feeds 5-10 students into Harvard University on an average given year. Шаблон:As of, U.S. News & World Report gave Belmont High School a gold medal and named it the 100th best public high school in the United States and the second best in the state of Massachusetts (after Boston Latin School).
Belmont Hill School is a private, non-sectarian high school, grades 7–12. Belmont Day School is a private, non-sectarian Pre-K–8 school. There are several smaller private schools.
Media
The Belmont Citizen-Herald is a weekly newspaper covering Belmont, and published on Thursdays, and is available online, as well.[20] The Citizen-Herald was formed in 1988 by merging the Belmont Citizen (founded in 1920) and the Belmont Herald (founded in 1930). The Boston Globe and Boston.com publish a Belmont Your Town website that provides local news and information. The Belmontonian is an independently operated hyper-local news website.[21] Belmont Patch also provides online local news.[22]
The Belmont Media Center (BMC) was founded in 2005[23] as a local non-profit, public-educational & government access TV station mandated to provide and make available to Belmont residents a variety of media production & editing classes, locally produced TV programming, and video/TV equipment, studios and facilities. In 2017, BMC programs are available to Belmont subscribers of Comcast and Verizon, and BMC also carries live programming.[24] and on-demand programs[25]
Infrastructure
Transportation
Roads
Major roads in the town are Concord Avenue, which bisects the town from east to west; Common Street and Pleasant Street (Route 60) which travel north-south through Belmont; and Trapelo Road and Belmont Street, which run along the southern edge of the town.
Belmont is served directly by two state route designated highways. Running close to the middle of town is Route 60, locally known as Pleasant Street. On the northern border, Route 2 generally outlines Belmont's boundary with the neighboring town of Arlington. Despite the small size of the town, Belmont has 5 signed exits on Route 2. Nearby major highways include I-95/MA-Route 128, Route 16, Route 3, and Route 20.
Public transit
Belmont is served by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority's Fitchburg Commuter Rail line, and its bus and trackless trolley lines.
Two MBTA Commuter Rail rail stations, Waverley and Belmont Center, are located in the town. Belmont is roughly 16 minutes away from the rail line's terminus at North Station, Boston.
Nearby in Cambridge lies Alewife Station, the western terminus of the Red Line; providing a connection to Boston and the entire metropolitan rapid transit system.
Health care
McLean Hospital, a psychiatric hospital and research center located in Belmont. It is the setting of the novel Girl, Interrupted, which was made into a 1999 movie.
Notable people
Due to its proximity to Harvard and MIT universities, amongst others, Belmont has had several Nobel Prize winners in residence at one time or another.[26] Notable past and present residents include people in the following categories:
Business
- John Perkins Cushing, China trader
- Stephen P. Mugar, founder of the Star Market chain, philanthropist
Politics and government
- John Deutch, former Director of Central Intelligence
- Martin Feldstein, former chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers
- Henry Kissinger, former Secretary of State
- Empress Masako, of Japan
- Mitt Romney, and his wife Ann Romney – former Governor of Massachusetts, 2012 Republican presidential candidate, Senator from Utah
- Dorothy Stoneman, activist, founder of YouthBuild USA
Arts and music
- Winslow Homer (1836–1910), painter
- Frederick Law Olmsted, landscape architect
- Walter Piston, composer
- Phil Wilson, jazz trombonist and arranger
Media
- Sebastian Junger (born 1962), author, journalist, documentary filmmaker
- David E. Kelley, TV producer and writer
- Leo Monahan (1926–2013), American sports journalist[27]
- Addison Powell, actor[28]
- Jean Rogers, actress
Sports
- Emily Cook, American freestyle skier
- William Chandler Haskins, competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics[29]
- Maxie Long, gold medalist in athletics at 1900 Olympic Games
- Paul Mara, New York Rangers defenseman
- Becca Pizzi, American marathon runner
- Patrick Rissmiller, New York Rangers hockey forward
- Patty Shea, Olympian in field hockey[30]
- Wilbur Wood, Major League pitcher–Boston Red Sox, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Chicago White Sox
Literature
- Gerald Warner Brace, author and educator
- Leah Hager Cohen, author
- William Dean Howells, author
- Talene Monahon, playwright/actress
- Tom Perrotta, author
Academics
- Bernard Bailyn (1922-2020), American historian and professor
- William P. Alford (born 1948), American professor and legal scholar
- VA Shiva Ayyadurai (born 1963), MIT systems scientist and entrepreneur[31][32][33][34]
- Vannevar Bush (1890–1974), MIT Dean of Engineering, helped create the National Science Foundation
- Clayton M. Christensen, Harvard Business School professor and author
- Thomas Vose Daily, Roman Catholic bishop
- Bernard Davis (1916–1994), biologist, lived and died in Belmont
- Wolfgang Ketterle, MIT physics professor (Nobel Prize in Physics, 2001)
- Richard Marius, Reformationist scholar and novelist
- Susan K. Martin, librarian
- Franco Modigliani, MIT economics professor (Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, 1985)
- Egon Orowan, MIT physicist and metallurgist
- Edwin O. Reischauer, Harvard professor, East Asia scholar, and Ambassador to Japan
- Paul A. Samuelson, MIT economics professor (Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, 1970)
- Dirk Jan Struik, HUAC victim and MIT mathematician
- Steven C. Wheelwright, Harvard Business School professor and president of BYU-Hawaii
- Fred Lawrence Whipple, astronomer [35]
- Norbert Wiener, mathematician
- Robert Burns Woodward, organic chemist (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1965)
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Шаблон:Belmont, Massachusetts Шаблон:Middlesex County, Massachusetts Шаблон:Greater Boston
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Belmont Historic District Commission, Belmont, Massachusetts: The Architecture and Development of The Town of Homes, 1984
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Schaeffer, K. H. and Elliott Sclar. Access for All: Transportation and Urban Growth. Columbia University Press, 1980. Accessed on Google Books. 86. Retrieved on January 16, 2010. Шаблон:ISBN, Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ The Rail Lines of Southern New England - Ronald Dale Karr 1995
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- ↑ Sacchetti, Maria. "A melting pot stretches out to the suburbs." Boston Globe. September 15, 2010. p. 2 (Archive). Retrieved on September 23, 2014.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 18,0 18,1 Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ Return to Sender: Did Shiva Ayyadurai Invent Email? Шаблон:Webarchive, Boston Magazine, June 2012 - accessed October 17, 2013
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ The Man Who Invented Email, TIME Techland, November 15, 2011 - accessed January 21, 2012
- ↑ Software Design Development and Implementation of a High-Reliability Network-Wide Electronic Mail System, Shiva Ayyadurai 1981 - accessed January 21, 2012
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
