Английская Википедия:Bhutesvara Yakshis

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Файл:Railing with Pillars - Back View - 2nd Century CE - Sand Stone - Mathura - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2012-11-16 1964.JPG
Back of the pillars with Buddhist reliefs (Indian Museum, Kolkata). The holes for the cross-bars can be seen in the sides.

The Bhutesvara Yakshis, also spelled Bhutesar Yakshis, are a series of yakshi reliefs on a railing, dating to the 2nd century CE during the time of the Kushan Empire.[1] The reliefs were found in the Bhuteshwar mound, around the remains of a Buddhist stupa, outside Mathura, and are now located in the Indian Museum in Kolkata,[2] with three pillars, and three more pillars and one fragment (half of a pillar) in the Mathura Museum. They are an important example of Mathura art, of which these and other yakshi figures are "perhaps the best known examples".[3]

The backs of the pillars contain reliefs with scenes from the life of the Buddha, and from Jataka tales about his previous lives.

The Bhutesar mound is one of a row of large mounds originally just outside the city of Mathura, but now well within the modern city. The important, mostly Jain, site of Kankali Tila was two mounds down.[4]

Front of the pillars

The pillars are four feet four inches tall and eleven inches wide,[5] the figures therefore well under life-size. The Yakshis are seen standing on crouching figures of dwarves.[6] Above the yakshis is a ledge, above which are a pair of figures shown from chest height up. These are couples of a male and a bare-breasted female, interacting in a variety of ways. A lintel carved with ornament runs above; this is a different piece of stone, which has been put back in place in the display in Kolkata. The sides of the pillars have slots for holding horizontal members, the whole making up a section of the type of railing usually found around stupas of this period, such as Sanchi or Amaravati Stupa.[7] In the past the Kolkata display has included these.[8]

This group of Yakshi figures is praised for the delicacy of their rendering, the absence of heaviness despite the plumpness of the figures, and their smiling and playful countenance.[2] Compared to the earlier yakshis at Bharhut, Roy C. Craven finds these "more vivacious and Amazonian in nature, and their smooth, inflated volumptuousness gives them buoyancy and life. They seem about to spring from the backs of their supporting dwarfs ... [and] ... have the monumental frontality which is characteristic of Mathura sculpture".[9]

Writing of these and other contemporary Mathura yakshi figures from railings, Benjamin Rowland finds:

a flamboyance and sensuality of expression surpassing anything known in the art of earlier periods. In their provocative and frank display of the beauties and delights of the courtesan's art, these reliefs mark the culmination of a tendency already noted in the carvings at Sanchi and Bharhut. Not only is there a thoroughly convincing suggestion of solidity of form, but the articulation of body and limbs is achieved with complete mastery... The question may well be asked: what is the purpose of such frankly sensuous figures on a Buddhist monument? The answer is that possibly they represent a pointed reference on the exterior of the sacred enclosure to the transitory life of pleasure, outside the peace of the world of Buddha; again, it may be that, like the mithunas of later Hindu art, they represent an allegory of the desirability of the soul's union with the divine in the forms of these beautiful dryads that so actively suggest the desirability of sexual union.[10]

The Yakshis have varied attitudes, variations on the tribhanga (three bend) pose that was to become extremely popular in Indian art.[11] One of them is seen holding a bird cage. Another one looks at herself in a mirror while adjusting a piece of earring. Yet another serves wine to the couple above and holds a grape. The yakshi in the half-pillar in Mathura holds a huge sword; possibly this relates to the various literary references to female royal bodyguards or harem guards.[12] They are from the front completely naked apart from elaborate jewellery, but wear thin skirts, which most have gathered to one side, the hanging folds appearing on the flat background surface.[13]

The couples above the yakshi are found in another Mathura set of railing pillars of similar date from Jaisinghpura, also in the Mathura Museum. Here only the heads appear.[14] The dwarfish male figures the yakshis stand on seem rather cheerful, and instead of representing the usual evil figures stood on by Indian deities, may in this case represent yaksha lovers who have offended their mistress in some way; there are many literary references to men appeasing women by submitting in this way.[15] They are also found in other Mathura yakshi pillars.

History

The memoirs of Sir F. S. Growse, the District collector of the Mathura district, and founder in 1874 of the Mathura Museum, relate that in his time five of the pillars were "built into the verandah of a chaupal close by" the site. One had already been removed to Calcutta (Kolkata) by Alexander Cunningham, and Growse sent two more, leaving three for the Mathura Museum "where possibly they may now have been placed".[16]

Back of the pillars

The backs of the pillars contain reliefs with scenes from the life of the Buddha, and from Jataka tales about his previous lives. One in Mathura has the story of the sage Rishyasringa, seduced by a woman.

Images from Kolkata unless stated

See also

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Notes

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References

  • Craven, Roy C., Indian Art: A Concise History, 1987, Thames & Hudson (Praeger in USA), Шаблон:ISBN
  • Growse, F.S., Mathura - A District Memoir, 1993 reprint (first published 1882), Asian Educational Services, Шаблон:ISBN, 9788120602281, google books
  • Harle, J.C., The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, Шаблон:ISBN
  • Rowland, Benjamin, The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain, 1967 (3rd edn.), Pelican History of Art, Penguin, Шаблон:ISBN
  • Varadpande, Manohar Laxman, Woman in Indian Sculpture, 2006, Abhinav Publications, Шаблон:ISBN, 9788170174745, google books

Шаблон:Mathura Museum

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  1. ↑ History and the Present, Partha Chatterjee, Anjan Ghosh Anthem Press, 2006 p. 7
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 The Culture of India, Kuiper, Kathleen, Britannica Educational Publishing, 2010 p. 209
  3. ↑ Harle, 60
  4. ↑ Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. XVII, Alexander Cunningham, pp. 110-111
  5. ↑ Growse, 121
  6. ↑ Introducing Indian Art - R & K Publishing House, 1963, J. P. Guha, Page 121
  7. ↑ Rowland, 157-158
  8. ↑ Craven, photo as fig. 66
  9. ↑ Craven, 107
  10. ↑ Rowland, 157-159
  11. ↑ Rowland, 158
  12. ↑ Varadpande, 45-46
  13. ↑ Growse, 121
  14. ↑ Rowland, 157, plate 101; Varadpande, plates 13, 14, 15
  15. ↑ Varadpande, Chapter 5, "At their Feet"
  16. ↑ Growse, 120-121
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