Английская Википедия:Bilabial click

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox IPA Шаблон:Infobox IPA Шаблон:Infobox IPA The bilabial clicks are a family of click consonants that sound like a smack of the lips. They are found as phonemes only in the small Tuu language family (currently two languages, one moribund), in the ǂ’Amkoe language of Botswana (also moribund), and in the extinct Damin ritual jargon of Australia. However, bilabial clicks are found paralinguistically for a kiss in various languages, including integrated into a greeting in the Hadza language of Tanzania, and as allophones of labial–velar stops in some West African languages (Ladefoged 1968), as of /mw/ in some of the languages neighboring Shona, such as Ndau and Tonga.

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is Шаблон:Angbr IPA. This may be combined with a second letter to indicate the manner of articulation, though this is commonly omitted for tenuis clicks.

In official IPA transcription, the click letter is combined with a Шаблон:Angbr IPA via a tie bar, though Шаблон:Angbr IPA is frequently omitted. Many authors instead use a superscript Шаблон:Angbr IPA without the tie bar, again often neglecting the Шаблон:Angbr IPA. Either letter, whether baseline or superscript, is usually placed before the click letter, but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible. A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness, voicing and nasalization; it does not distinguish velar from uvular labial clicks. Common labial clicks are:

Trans. I Trans. II Trans. III Description
(velar)
Шаблон:Angbr IPA Шаблон:Angbr IPA Шаблон:Angbr IPA tenuis bilabial click
Шаблон:Angbr IPA Шаблон:Angbr IPA Шаблон:Angbr IPA aspirated bilabial click
Шаблон:Angbr IPA Шаблон:Angbr IPA Шаблон:Angbr IPA voiced bilabial click
Шаблон:Angbr IPA Шаблон:Angbr IPA Шаблон:Angbr IPA bilabial nasal click
Шаблон:Angbr IPA Шаблон:Angbr IPA Шаблон:Angbr IPA aspirated bilabial nasal click
Шаблон:Angbr IPA Шаблон:Angbr IPA Шаблон:Angbr IPA glottalized bilabial nasal click
(uvular)
Шаблон:Angbr IPA Шаблон:Angbr IPA tenuis bilabial click
Шаблон:Angbr IPA Шаблон:Angbr IPA aspirated bilabial click
Шаблон:Angbr IPA Шаблон:Angbr IPA voiced bilabial click
Шаблон:Angbr IPA Шаблон:Angbr IPA bilabial nasal click
Шаблон:Angbr IPA Шаблон:Angbr IPA aspirated bilabial nasal click
Шаблон:Angbr IPA Шаблон:Angbr IPA glottalized bilabial nasal click

The last is what is heard in the sound sample at right, as non-native speakers tend to glottalize clicks to avoid nasalizing them.

Damin also had an egressive bilabial Шаблон:IPA, which may be an egressive click (if it is not buccal) and which is always followed by another consonant (Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA).[1]

Features

Features of ingressive labial clicks:

Шаблон:Click manner

  • The forward place of articulation is labial, which means it is articulated with the lips. The release is a noisy, affricate-like sound. Bilabial articulation, using both lips, is typical. Sometimes this may pass through a labio-dental stage as the click is released, making it noisier.[2] In other cases, the lower lip may start out in contact with both the upper teeth and the upper lip.[3]

Шаблон:Oral-nasal Шаблон:Central-lateral Шаблон:Lingual airstream (One of the two labial clicks in Damin is lingual egressive, which means that the trapped air pocket is compressed by the tongue until it is allowed to spurt out through the lips.)

The labial clicks are sometimes erroneously described as sounding like a kiss. However, they do not have the pursed lips of a kiss. Instead, the lips are compressed, more like a Шаблон:IPA than a Шаблон:IPA, and they sound more like a noisy smack of the lips than a kiss.

Symbol

The bullseye or bull's eye (Шаблон:IPA) symbol used in phonetic transcription of the phoneme was made an official part of the International Phonetic Alphabet in 1979, but had existed for at least 50 years earlier. It is encoded in Unicode as Шаблон:Unichar. The superscript IPA version is Шаблон:Unichar.[4]

Similar graphemes consisting of a circled dot encoded by Unicode are:

Шаблон:Citation needed span It was never widely used and was eventually dropped for Шаблон:IPA. Still the deprecated IPA character is encoded at Шаблон:Unichar. Earlier it is privately encoded by SIL International at Шаблон:Unichar and is available in SIL supporting fonts.[5]

Occurrence

English does not have a labial click (or any click consonant, for that matter) as a phoneme, but a plain bilabial click does occur in mimesis, as a lip-smacking sound children use to imitate a fish.

Labial clicks only occur in the Tuu and Kx'a families of southern Africa, and in the Australian ritual language Damin.

Language Word IPA Meaning
ǂʼAmkoe (ǂHoan) Шаблон:IPA 'two'
Damin Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA = Шаблон:IPA 'vegetable'
Taa (ǃXóõ) Шаблон:IPA 'child'
Nǁng (Nǀuu) ʘũu 'son'

Origins

Labial clicks may have arisen historically from labialization of other places of articulation. Starostin (2003)[6] notes that the ǂ’Amkoe words for 'one' and 'two', Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, have labial clicks whereas no other Khoisan language has a labial consonant of any kind in its words for these numerals, and Starostin (2007)[7] and Sands reconstruct a series of labialized clicks in Proto-Kxʼa, which became labial clicks in ǂ’Amkoe. In Hadza, the word for 'kiss', Шаблон:IPA, becomes a mimetic Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA in greetings.[8]

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

External links

Шаблон:Wiktionary

Шаблон:IPA navigation

  1. Hale, Ken and Nash, David. Damin and Lardil Phonotactics. Australian National University Open Research Repository. https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/253893/1/PL-C136.247.pdf
  2. Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:251)
  3. Miller, 2007, The Sounds of Nǀuu, pp 121ff
  4. Шаблон:Cite web
  5. Шаблон:Cite web
  6. George Starostin (2003) A lexicostatistical approach towards reconstructing Proto-Khoisan, page 22. Mother Tongue, vol. VIII.
  7. George Starostin (2007) 'Лабиальные кликсы в койсанских языках' ('On labial clicks')
  8. Anywire, Bala, Miller & Sands (2013) A Hadza Lexicon, ms.