Английская Википедия:Bohai Sea

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Шаблон:Infobox Chinese

The Bohai Sea (Шаблон:Zh) is a marginal sea approximately Шаблон:Convert in area on the east coast of Mainland China.[1] It is the northwestern and innermost extension of the Yellow Sea, to which it connects to the east via the Bohai Strait. It has a mean depth of approximately Шаблон:Convert, with a maximum depth of about Шаблон:Convert located in the northern part of the Bohai Strait.[2]

The Bohai Sea is enclosed by three provinces and one direct-administered municipality from three different regions of China—Liaoning Province (of Northeast China), Hebei Province and Tianjin Municipality (of North China), and Shandong Province (of East China). It is the center of the Bohai Economic Rim, and its proximity to the Chinese capital of Beijing and the municipality of Tianjin makes it one of the busiest seaways in the world. The entrance to the Bohai Sea is considered a part of the territorial sea of the People's Republic of China due to the presence of the Miaodao islands.[3][4] China declared the Bohai sea to be part of its inland waters in 1958.[5]

History

During the Pleistocene, the Bohai Sea experienced numerous glacioeustatic transgressions and regressions, as evidenced by sediment cores sampled from the seafloor showing fluvial floodplain conditions during intervals of low sea level.[2]

Until the early 20th century, Bo Hai was often called the Gulf of Zhili (Шаблон:Zh) or Gulf of Beizhili (Шаблон:Zh). The romanization systems widely used in the West at the time rendered these names as variations of "Jili", "Chihli", "Pechihli", or "Pe-Chihli".[6][7] Zhili and North Zhili were historic provinces in an area surrounding Beijing that approximately corresponds to what is now Hebei Province.

Geography

There are three major bays inside the Bohai Gulf: Laizhou Bay to the south, Bohai Bay to the west, and Liaodong Bay to the north. The provincial-level administrative divisions that have a coastline to the Bohai Sea are, from the south going clockwise: Shandong, Hebei, Tianjin (Tientsin), Hebei again, and Liaoning. Some of the major rivers draining into the gulf include the Yellow River, Xiaoqing River, Hai River, Luan River, Dai River, Daling River, Xiaoling River, Liao River and Daliao River. There are a few important oil reserves in the vicinity of the gulf, including the Shengli Field. Important islands or island groups in the gulf include the Changshan Archipelago, Juehua Island (Шаблон:Zh), Bijia Mountain, Changxing Island, Xizhong Island, the East/West Mayi Islands (Шаблон:Zh), Zhu Island (Шаблон:Zh) and She Island (Шаблон:Zh).

Bohai Strait

The opening of the Bohai Gulf is bounded by the Changshan Archipelago between Dalian's Lüshunkou District on the southern tip of Liaodong Peninsula, and the Cape of Penglai on the northernmost protrusion of Shandong Peninsula. Due to its proximity to the capital city Beijing and the population of its surrounding provinces exceeding 210 million, the exit of the Bohai Gulf to the Yellow Sea, the Bohai Strait (Шаблон:Zh), has become one of busiest sea routes in recent times. Due to the Changshan Island Chain traversing the southern half of the strait, the strait is subdivided into several channels:

(from north to south, the most commonly used ones in bold)

Major ports

Файл:Seaways Plan for the Bohai Sea.svg
China MSA's Seaways Plan for the Bohai Sea. Planned routes follow closely the seaways currently in use

There are five major ports along the Bohai Sea rim, with throughputs over 100 million tons, though the port of Tangshan is further subdivided into Jingtang and Caofeidian:

Caofeidian and Jingtang are usually treated as one port for statistical purposes. The ports of Dalian and Yantai are also traditionally considered part of the Bohai rim, even though strictly speaking they lie outside the limits of the sea. The Port of Longkou reached 70 million tons of cargo in 2013, and is expected to reach the 100 million ton landmark in the near future.[8]

Major cities along the Bohai Sea coast

Файл:Rocky shore in Dalian.jpg
Rocky shore in Dalian, Liaoning

Hydrocarbon resources

The Bohai Bay contains significant oil and gas reserves,[9] which provide much of China's offshore production. The main field in the region, named Shengli, has been exploited since the 1960s. It still produces about half a million barrels a day, but is declining.[10] Production is dominated by Chinese majors (China National Offshore Oil Corporation was mostly created for this region), but foreign companies, including ConocoPhillips[11] and Roc Oil Company,[12] are present. The Gudao Field, located in the Zhanhua sedimentary basin, was discovered in 1968, based on gravity, magnetic and seismic surveys conducted between 1963 and 1964.[13] The reservoir includes the Guantao (Miocene) and Minghuazhen (Pliocene) geologic formations within the dome-like anticline.[13] The Suizhong 36-1 Oil Field was discovered in 1987, and produces from Oligocene fluvial-deltaic and lacustrine sandstones.[14] Oil spills have been reported frequently in this region: three spills occurred in a two-month timeframe in 2011.[15]

Tunnel crossing

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In February 2011, China announced that it would build a road and rail tunnel across the Bohai Strait to connect the Liaodong and Shandong peninsulas. When completed, the tunnel would be Шаблон:Convert long.[16] In July 2013, a modified plan was announced, involving a Шаблон:Convert-long tunnel between Dalian, Liaoning and Yantai, Shandong.[17] The overall concept had its origins in a 1994 plan, which had been intended for completion by 2010 at a cost of $10 billion.Шаблон:Fact

See also

Notes

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References

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External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Bays of China Шаблон:China Seas Шаблон:List of seas Шаблон:Shandong topics

Шаблон:Authority control

Шаблон:Coord

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 中华人民共和国版图 Шаблон:Inlang
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  10. ↑ China. Background. US Energy Information Administration
  11. ↑ Asia Pacific & Middle East. ConocoPhillips
  12. ↑ Roc Oil begins Bohai Bay oil production Шаблон:Webarchive. Bairdmaritime. 14 May 2009
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Sizhong, C., and Ping, W., 1980, Geology of Gudao Oil Field and Surrounding Areas, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968–1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Шаблон:ISBN, Pp. 471–486
  14. ↑ Gustavson, J.B., and Gang, X.S., 1992, The Suizhong 36-1 Oil Field, Bohai Gulf, Offshore China, In Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade, 1978–1988, AAPG Memoir 54, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Шаблон:ISBN
  15. ↑ China: Third Oil Spill in Bohai Sea in Less than Two Months. Offshore Energy Today (12 July 2011). Retrieved on 3 August 2011.
  16. ↑ Asahi Shimbun, "China To Build Undersea Tunnel Crossing Bohai Strait", 18 February 2011.
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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