Английская Википедия:Boris Kalamanos

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox royalty Boris (Шаблон:Lang-hu; Шаблон:Circa 1114Шаблон:Spaced ndash Шаблон:Circa 1154), also known as Boris Kalamanos (Шаблон:Lang-gr, Russian & Ukrainian: Борис Коломанович)Шаблон:Cref2 was a claimant to the Hungarian throne in the middle of the 12th century. He was the son of Euphemia of Kiev, the second wife of Coloman the Learned, King of Hungary. After Euphemia was caught in adultery, Coloman expelled her from Hungary and never acknowledged that he was Boris's father. However, Boris, who was born in the Kievan Rus', regarded himself as the king's lawful son. He laid claim to Hungary after Coloman's firstborn and successor, Stephen II of Hungary, died in 1131. Boris made several attempts to assert his claims against kings Béla II and Géza II with the assistance of Poland, the Holy Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire, but failed and was killed in a battle.

Early life

A stylized crowned figure sitting on a throne

Royal seal of Coloman the Learned, King of Hungary, who expelled his wife, Boris's mother, from Hungary for adultery before Boris's birth

Boris was the son of Euphemia of Kiev, a daughter of Vladimir II Monomakh, the future grand prince of Kiev.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn She was given in marriage to King Coloman of Hungary in 1112.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn However, as the Illuminated Chronicle narrated, she "was taken in the sin of adultery".^[1]Шаблон:Sfn After discovering her illicit relationship, King Coloman expelled his wife from Hungary.Шаблон:Sfn She fled to her homeland where she gave birth to Boris around 1114.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn He was named after St. Boris, one of the first canonized princes of the Rurik dynasty.Шаблон:Sfn King Coloman never acknowledged that Boris was his son.Шаблон:Sfn Boris grew up in the court of his grandfather, Vladimir Monomakh, in Kiev.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

A group of aggrieved Hungarian lords elected "Counts Bors and Ivan"^[2] king when Coloman the Learned's son and successor, Stephen II of Hungary, fell ill around 1128, according to the Illuminated Chronicle.Шаблон:Sfn However, Stephen II who regained his health ordered the execution of Ivan and expelled Bors who went to the Byzantine Empire.Шаблон:Sfn According to a scholarly theory, Count Bors was identical with Boris Kalamanos, but this theory has never been widely accepted.Шаблон:Sfn Stephen II died on 1 March 1131 and his cousin, Béla the Blind, succeeded him.Шаблон:Sfn At an assembly in Arad, the new king's wife, Helena of Rascia, ordered the massacre of all Hungarian lords whom she suspected of having been opposed to her husband's ascension.Шаблон:Sfn

Attempts to seize Hungary

First attempt

After Stephen II's death, Boris "laid claim to his father's kingdom"^[3] and went to the Byzantine Empire, according to the contemporaneous Otto of Freising.Шаблон:Sfn The Byzantine historian John Kinnamos said that Emperor John II Komnenos "accorded [Boris] sufficient honor and united him in marriage with a bride of his own family".^[4]Шаблон:Sfn However, Boris left the Byzantine Empire for Poland because the emperor did not provide him military assistance, according to Otto of Freising.Шаблон:Sfn

Boleslaus III of Poland was willing to assist Boris, because he wanted to set up a coalition against the Holy Roman Empire.Шаблон:Sfn Hungarian refugees and troops from the Kievan Rus' also joined Boris.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Their united army invaded Hungary in the summer of 1132.Шаблон:Sfn Against them, Béla the Blind allied with Leopold III of Austria.Шаблон:Sfn The Hungarian lords who were loyal to the blind king massacred all lords who did not openly refuse Boris's claim to the throne.Шаблон:Sfn In the ensuing battle, the united Hungarian and Austrian troops routed the army of Boris and his allies on the banks of the Sajó River on 22 July.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Béla's victory was decisive: Boris made no further attempts to seize the throne during Béla's reign, although his ally, Boleslaus III of Poland, made peace with Béla only in August 1135.Шаблон:Sfn

Second attempt

Boris visited Conrad III of Germany, accompanied by Conrad's brother-in-law, Vladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia, in late 1145.Шаблон:Sfn He complained in "tearful and mournful tones"^[5] to Conrad that he had been deprived of his patrimony, begging Conrad to assist him in seizing Hungary, according to Otto of Freising.Шаблон:Sfn Vladislaus II and his wife, Gertrude of Babenberg, who supported Boris's claim, persuaded Conrad to let Boris recruit mercenaries in Austria and Bavaria.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Boris's mercenaries stormed into Hungary and captured Pressburg (now Bratislava in Slovakia) in April 1146.Шаблон:Sfn Géza II of Hungary Шаблон:Spaced ndashthe son and successor of Béla the BlindШаблон:Spaced ndashsoon marched to the fortress and imposed a blockade on it.Шаблон:Sfn Géza entered into negotiations with Boris's mercenaries and bribed them into surrendering the fortress without fight.Шаблон:Sfn In retaliation for Boris's support, Géza invaded Austria and defeated the army of Henry Jasomirgott, Duke of Bavaria, in the Battle of the Fischa on 11 September 1146.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

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Third attempt

Two crowned young men

Boris's opponent, Géza II of Hungary, meets Louis VII of France, Boris's temporary patron, during the Second Crusade (from the Illuminated Chronicle)

In Christmas 1146, Conrad III declared that he would lead a crusade to the Holy Land.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Boris decided to join the German crusaders to come to Hungary.Шаблон:Sfn However, Géza II, who was informed of Boris's plan, "poured out much money among the Germans",^[6] persuading them to refuse Boris, according to Odo of Deuil.Шаблон:Sfn Boris did not give up his plan, because he was informed that many Hungarian noblemen "would take him for their lord and, deserting the King, would cleave to him"^[7] if he managed to return to Hungary, according to the Illuminated Chronicle.Шаблон:Sfn

He approached Louis VII of France, who was also marching across Central Europe towards the Holy Land, emphasizing his hereditary right to the Hungarian throne.Шаблон:Sfn After Louis VII did not answer his letter, Boris persuaded two French lords to help him to secretly join the French crusaders' army who entered Hungary in the summer of 1147.Шаблон:Sfn After discovering that his opponent was hiding among the French, Géza II demanded Boris's extradition, but Louis VII granted asylum to Boris and refused to hand him over to Géza II,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn most probably because Boris's wife was related the Byzantine Emperor, Manuel I Komnenos, according to historian Ferenc Makk.Шаблон:Sfn Nevertheless, Boris left Hungary for the Byzantine Empire together with the French crusaders.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Last years

After all his attempts to seize Hungary failed, Boris settled in the Byzantine Empire.Шаблон:Sfn During a war between the Byzantine Empire and Hungary in the late autumn of 1150, Boris fought in the Byzantine army.Шаблон:Sfn Upon Emperor Manuel's order, he pillaged the region of the Temes River at the head of a Byzantine army and forced a small Hungarian troop to flee.Шаблон:Sfn He only withdrew from Hungary after Géza II came to the frontier at the head of the royal army.Шаблон:Sfn

Boris died in 1153 or 1154.Шаблон:Sfn Otto of Freising said that Boris "was struck and killed by an arrow [from the bow] of a certain Cuman"^[8] while fighting against Hungary not long before 1156.Шаблон:Sfn On the other hand, the Byzantine historian, Niketas Choniates, wrote of "a certain Kalmanos" who "received a fatal wound and quit this life"^[9] in a battle against the "Scythians"Шаблон:Spaced ndash Pechenegs or CumansШаблон:Spaced ndashwho raided the Byzantine territories along the Lower Danube some time after Emperor Manuel's campaign of 1150 against Hungary.Шаблон:Sfn

Family

Boris's wife was a niece of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos, according to Odo of Deuil, but her name and family are unknown.Шаблон:Sfn Historian Raimund Kerbl says that she was identical with Anna Doukaina, because she styled herself kralaina ("queen") in a charter, issued in September 1157.Шаблон:Sfn She adopted the monastic name Arete after her husband's death.Шаблон:Sfn Boris married his Byzantine wife before he went to Poland in late 1131 or early 1132, because Otto of Freising mentioned his marriage before that event.Шаблон:Sfn

Boris's first son, sebastos Konstantinos Kalamanos, was the Byzantine governor of Cilicia between 1163 and 1175.Шаблон:Sfn Historian Makk identifies one Stephen, who was the cousin of the dethroned Stephen IV of Hungary, according to Kinnamos, as Boris's younger son.Шаблон:Sfn Neither Konstantinos nor Stephanos made attempts to seize the Hungarian throne.Шаблон:Sfn

Annotations

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References

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Sources

Primary sources

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Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos (Translated by Charles M. Brand) (1976). Columbia University Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniatēs (Translated by Harry J. Magoulias) (1984). Wayne State University Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
Odo of Deuil: De Profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem: The Journey of Louis VII to the East (Edited with an English Translation by Virginia Gingerick Berry) (1948). Columbia University Press.
The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa by Otto of Freising and his Continuator, Rahewin (Translated and annotated with an introduction by Charles Christopher Mierow with the collaboration of Richard Emery) (2004). Columbia University Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezső Dercsényi) (1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing. Шаблон:ISBN.
The Two Cities: A Chronicle of Universal History to the Year 1146 A. D. by Otto, Bishop of Freising (Translated in full with Introduction and Notes by Charles Christopher Mierow, Ph.D., LL.D., President of Colorado College, Edited by Austin P. Evans and Charles Knapp) (1928). Columbia University Press.

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Secondary sources