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Borocarbonitrides are two-dimensional compounds that contain boron, nitrogen, and carbon atoms in a ratio BxCyNz.[1][2] Borocarbonitrides are distinct from B,N co-doped graphene in that the former contains separate boron nitride and graphene domains as well as rings with B-C, B-N, C-N, and C-C bonds.[3] These compounds generally have a high surface area, but borocarbonitrides synthesized from a high surface area carbon material, urea, and boric acid tend to have the highest surface areas.[1][4][5] This high surface area coupled with the presence of Stone-Wales defects in the structure of borocarbonitrides also allows for high absorption of CO2 and CH4, which may make borocarbonitride compounds a useful material in sequestering these gases.[1][4]
The band gap of borocarbonitrides range from 1.0–3.9eV[1] and is dependent on the content of the carbon and boron nitride domains as they have different electrical properties.[1] Borocarbonitrides with a high carbon content have lower bandgaps[2] whereas those with higher content of boron nitride domains have higher band gaps.[1] Borocarbonitrides synthesized in gas or solid reactions also tend to have large bandgaps and are more insulating in character.[1] The wide range of composition of boronitrides allows for the tuning of the bandgap, which when coupled with its high surface area and Stone-Wales defects may make boronitrides a promising material in electrical devices.[2][6]
Synthesis
Solid state reaction
A high surface area carbon material such as activated charcoal, boric acid, and urea are mixed together and then heated at high temperatures to synthesize borocarbonitride.[2] The composition of the resulting compounds may be changed by varying the concentration of the reagents as well as the temperature.[1]
Gas phase synthesis
In chemical vapor deposition, boron, nitrogen, and carbon precursors react at high heat and are deposited onto a metal substrate.[1] Varying the concentration of precursors and the selection of certain precursors will give different ratios of boron, nitrogen, and carbon in the resulting borocarbonitride compound.[2]
Borocarbonitride composites
Borocarbonitride can also be synthesized by random stacking of boronitride and graphene domains through covalent interactions[2] or through liquid interactions.[1] In the first method, graphene and boron nitride sheets are functionalized and then are reacted to form layers of borocarbonitride.[2] In the second method, boron nitride and graphite powder are dissolved in isopropanol and dimethylformamide, respectively, and then sonicated.[2] This is then exfoliated to isolate borocarbonitride layers.