Английская Википедия:Bothnian Bay

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox body of water

The Bothnian Bay or Bay of Bothnia (Шаблон:Lang-sv; Шаблон:Lang-fi) is the northernmost part of the Gulf of Bothnia, which is in turn the northern part of the Baltic Sea. The land holding the bay is still rising after the weight of ice-age glaciers has been removed, and within 2,000 years the bay will be a large freshwater lake since its link to the south Kvarken is mostly less than Шаблон:Convert deep. The bay today is fed by several large rivers, and is relatively unaffected by tides, so has low salinity. It freezes each year for up to six months. Compared to other parts of the Baltic it has little plant or animal life.

Extent

The bay is divided from the Bothnian Sea, the southern part of the Gulf of Bothnia, by the Northern Quark (Kvarken) strait. The Northern Quark has a greatest depth of Шаблон:Convert, with two ridges that are just Шаблон:Convert deep. It lies between a group of islands off Vaasa in Finland and another group at Holmöarna in Sweden.Шаблон:Sfn The bay is bounded by Finland to the east and Sweden to the west. The bay is asymmetric, with a smoother and shallower bottom slope on the Finnish side, and a deeper bottom with a steeper and more rugged coast on the Swedish side.Шаблон:Sfn

The Bothnian Bay has a catchment area of Шаблон:Convert. Of this, 56% lies in Finland, 44% in Sweden and less than 1% in Norway.Шаблон:Sfn The catchment contains about Шаблон:Convert of forest, split roughly equally between Sweden and Finland.Шаблон:Sfn

The average depth is Шаблон:Convert. The Luleå Deep is the deepest part of the bay, at Шаблон:Convert, southeast of the town of Luleå.Шаблон:Sfn On the Finnish side the average depth is Шаблон:Convert. The deepest part is near the island of Lönkytin, with a depth of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn

Isostatic rebound

The bay lies in the area in Northern Europe where the ice was at its thickest during the last ice age.Шаблон:Sfn The Bay of Bothnia was under ice until the "Ancylus Lake" period (7500–6000 BC), when the ice sheet withdrew to the mountains of Northern Scandinavia.Шаблон:Sfn The land is now rising by post-glacial rebound at the highest rate in the Baltic Sea, at an estimated rate of Шаблон:Convert a year.Шаблон:Sfn Today the Bothnian Bay lies around Шаблон:Convert higher than it did at the end of the Last Ice Age.Шаблон:Sfn The local population has seen the sea retreating during their lifetimes from piers and boathouses, leaving them stranded on land. Some former islands such as Porsön and Hertsön near the city of Luleå are still called islands, but are now connected to the mainland.Шаблон:Sfn

The maximum depth at the Kvarken sound today is around Шаблон:Convert. In not less 2,000 years the exit from the bay at Kvarken will be raised above sea level, which will result in it becoming Europe's largest lake.[1]

Hydrology

Файл:Vihreasaari Oulu 2006 11 04.JPG
A cargo ship approaching the Vihreäsaari harbour in Oulu, Finland, while the Bay of Bothnia starts to freeze for the winter
Файл:Hailuoto Ice Road 20130113 05.JPG
The ice road between the Hailuoto island and the mainland

The Bothnian Bay has a harsher environment than other parts of the greater Baltic Sea.Шаблон:Sfn The bay is ice-covered for 110 to 190 days each year.Шаблон:Sfn Tides have little effect, but high winds driving the water from the south or north may cause the water level to rise or fall by Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn

Major rivers that flow into the bay include:

River Country Discharge
Kemijoki Finland Шаблон:Convert
Lule River Sweden Шаблон:Convert
Torne River Sweden and Finland Шаблон:Convert
Kalix River Sweden Шаблон:Convert
Oulujoki Finland Шаблон:Convert
Pite River Sweden Шаблон:Convert
Skellefte River Sweden Шаблон:Convert
Iijoki Finland Шаблон:Convert

The salinity is only about 0.2 psu in the northern part of the bay, dropping almost to zero in some of the archipelagos with large river inflows.Шаблон:Sfn The low salinity and cold temperatures in winter results in ice that is considerably stronger than more saline or warmer ice.Шаблон:Sfn

Islands

Шаблон:Main

Файл:Hermanni Islands in Oulu 2006 11 04.JPG
The Hermanni islands. A wintery view of a group of small islands in the Bothnian Bay near Oulu, Finland
Файл:Ronnskar fyren.jpg
The lighthouse on the island of Pite-Rönnskär in Bothnian Bay

If an island is defined as an area of land more than Шаблон:Convert that is surrounded by water, the Bay of Bothnia has 4,001 islands.Шаблон:Sfn The largest island is Hailuoto.Шаблон:Sfn The north of the bay contains a large archipelago area.Шаблон:Sfn The Swedish portion of this area is the Norrbotten archipelago.Шаблон:Sfn This is divided into the Piteå, Luleå, Kalix and Haparanda archipelagos.Шаблон:Sfn Many of the islands are uninhabited and in a natural state.Шаблон:Sfn In the winter the larger islands may be accessed via ice roads. Some of them are inhabited or have seasonal fishing villages used by people from the mainland.Шаблон:Sfn

The Swedish Haparanda Archipelago National Park (Шаблон:Lang-sv) occupies the Haparanda group of islands, bordering the Finnish Bothnian Bay National Park. It includes the larger islands of Sandskär and Seskar Furö, and some smaller islands and skerries. All of these islands have emerged in the last 1,500 years as the bed of the bay has risen.Шаблон:Sfn The Bay of Bothnia National Park in the Finnish section (Шаблон:Lang-fi, Шаблон:Lang-sv), established in 1991, is located in the archipelago offshore from Tornio and Kemi. It covers Шаблон:Convert of which about Шаблон:Convert is land.Шаблон:Sfn

Climate

The immediate coastal areas of the Bothnian Bay tend to be bordering between humid continental and subarctic climates. The summers on the coastlines are the northernmost coastlines to average above Шаблон:Convert in summer. In winter the sea freezes over, many times completely. This means that there is vast seasonal lag offshore such as on the island of Rödkallen on the Swedish side. Due to the mild nature of summers and the low diurnals, offshore islands tend to be humid continental since September usually stays above Шаблон:Convert means.

Шаблон:Weather box

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Ecology

Файл:Maakalla ansio.jpg
A fishing village of the Kallankari Islands, part of Kalajoki

The Quark ridge at the south of the bay defines the dividing line beyond which many salt water species are unable to survive.Шаблон:Sfn Instead of the red and brown algae found further south, the bay has predominantly green algae and phanerogams.Шаблон:Sfn Annual plant species are almost completely dominant. The only perennials are a few specimens of the freshwater cryptogam Isoetes echinospora and the moss Fontinalis dalecarlica.Шаблон:Sfn Often the green algae have a dense covering of epiphytic diatoms.Шаблон:Sfn The shores, beaches and shallows include a variety of northern plant species including the endemic yellow hair grass (Deschampsia bottnica).Шаблон:Sfn

The only filter feeders are Ephydatia and, at the river mouths, small numbers of freshwater mussels.Шаблон:Sfn Bivalves make up 9% of animal biomass. Crustaceans, mostly Saduria entomon make up 45% and gastropoda 30%.Шаблон:Sfn The gastropoda are grazing snails related to freshwater species.Шаблон:Sfn

Fish species found in the area's lakes and rivers also live in the bay, including roach, perch, pike and grayling.Шаблон:Sfn

Ringed seal, grey seal, cod, herring and salmon may also be found in the bay.Шаблон:Sfn In the 16th century seals were hunted in the Bay of Bothnia. Ringed seals were captured using nets in the inshore open water, and were stalked and captured in their dens or at breathing holes. Both grey and ringed seals were hunted along the edge of the ice.Шаблон:Sfn Wild vendace roe harvested from the Kalix River, known as Kalix Löjrom or as sea gold, is a delicacy with a European protected designation of origin.Шаблон:Sfn

Birdlife includes the black guillemot, velvet scoter, oystercatcher, lesser black-backed gull, western capercaillie and willow ptarmigan. Moose and hare are found on the islands, as on the mainland.Шаблон:Sfn

Occasionally, whales have been observed in the Bothnian Sea[2] and remains of extinct Atlantic gray whale was found from Gräsö[3] while it is not clear whether or not whales might once have reached Bothnian Bay historically.

Population

Файл:Raahe Old Town 2008 07 10.JPG
Old Raahe, Finland
Файл:Lulea industry.jpg
Industrial zone in Luleå

Ports on the Finnish side include Haukipudas, Jakobstad, Kemi, Kokkola, Oulu, Raahe and Tornio.Шаблон:Sfn The largest towns by population on the Finnish side as of 2013 were Oulu (192,680), Tornio (22,374), Kemi (22,157), Kempele (16,549), Raahe (25,641), Kalajoki (12,637), Kokkola (46,697) and Jakobstad (19,636).Шаблон:Sfn In Finland the catchment area included about Шаблон:Convert of arable land as of 1993. There were four Finnish pulp and paper mills, of which two (Veitsiluoto Oy and Metsä Botnia Oy) were producing bleached kraft paper.Шаблон:Sfn

On the Swedish side ports include Haparanda, Karlsborg, Kalix, Luleå, Piteå and Skellefteå.Шаблон:Sfn The largest towns on the Swedish side as of 2013 were Luleå (74,000), Skellefteå (71,641), Piteå (40,860) and Kalix (16,926). Luleå is the largest city in Norrbotten, with the largest airport. The 1,312 islands of the Luleå archipelago are an important tourist attraction, as is the Gammelstad church village, listed as a Unesco World Heritage site.Шаблон:Sfn As of 1993 there were about Шаблон:Convert of arable land in the Swedish part of the catchment basin, mostly used for small-scale low-intensity farming. There were five pulp and paper mills, of which one produced bleached kraft paper.Шаблон:Sfn

In the late 1960s the bay was being used to transport fuel oil to the Finnish settlements around the bay. In 1968 about 950,000 tons of cellulose and 230,600 tons of paper and cardboard were exported, a figure that was rising.Шаблон:Sfn In 1968 ships calling at the Finnish ports carried about 388,872 tons of iron bars and 64,326 tons of steel sheets. Mining and mineral products such as coal and ore were carried to and from the ports, and steel products were exported.Шаблон:Sfn Sea transport continued throughout the winter.Шаблон:Sfn In 1993 there were two non-ferrous heavy metal smelters, in Rönnskär and Kokkola, emitting significant quantities of heavy metals. Efforts were being made to reduce emissions. The drainage basin also held three iron and steel plants and a number of mines.Шаблон:Sfn

Human activities have affected the fragile sub-arctic environment. Dredging and other activities related to sea transport affect marine life. Agriculture, forestry and peat mining in the catchment basin add nutrients to the bay, affecting the ecological balance, while pollutants are delivered from steel mills and from pulp and paper mills around the bay, as well as from sewage treatment plants.Шаблон:Sfn Steel mills and stainless steel plants may have released nickel and chromium.Шаблон:Sfn Efforts have been made to reduce pollution through improved technology, but some areas along the Finnish coastline show evidence of eutrophication.Шаблон:Sfn Compared to other parts of the Baltic, higher levels of nitrate have been found in the Bothnian Bay and lower levels of phosphate and silicates.Шаблон:Sfn

Gallery

References

Citations Шаблон:Reflist Шаблон:Commons category Sources Шаблон:Refbegin

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Шаблон:List of seas

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  2. ↑ Yle Uutiset. 2006. Humpback Whale Spotted in Gulf of Bothnia. Retrieved on September 05, 2017
  3. ↑ Jones L.M..Swartz L.S.. Leatherwood S.. The Gray Whale: Eschrichtius Robustus. "Eastern Atlantic Specimens". pp 41-44. Academic Press. Retrieved on September 05, 2017
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