Английская Википедия:Bowers Gifford
Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox UK place Bowers Gifford is a small village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Bowers Gifford and North Benfleet, in the Basildon district, in Essex, England. It is east of Pitsea and west of South Benfleet. It adjoins the small village of North Benfleet.
Toponymy
The place-name 'Bowers Gifford' is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as Bura, meaning 'cottages', from the Old English bur, in modern English bower. The 'Gifford' element relates to its lords of the manor.[1]
The village has been known by other various names: Bures; Bures Tany; Bures iuxta Magna Bemflete; Bures by Pithesey; Buris; Burisgiffard; Burys; Bowers; Borys; Bewars.[2]
History
Before the Norman Conquest the land was owned by Westminster Abbey, but by the Domesday Book of 1086 it was under the control of three tenants: the abbey, Ralph Peverell, Walter the Deacon and Lord Grim the Reeve.[3][4] It was reported that the population was a total of 16 households.
By Letters Patent of Edward I, the King granted to Robert Giffard the manor at Bowers, for which Robert released to the King all his claim on the Hundred of Barstable which he had by the gift of William Giffard, his father, and Gundreda, his mother.[5]
Gundreda must have been the heiress of the family of Sutton, who had held Bowers by the curious service of scalding the King's hogs, as Robert de Sutton is recorded in Testa de Nevill of 1212 to be the owner of both Bowers Manor, and the Hundred of Barstable.[5][6]
The most historic surviving building is the fourteenth-century Church of St Margaret, which has been Grade II* listed since 1955.[7] The church contains a monumental brass of Sir John Giffard, only one of three such brasses of Edward III's knights known to exist.[8] Sir John Giffard had served Edward III in his campaign in France at the Battle of Crécy in 1346 and the Siege of Calais in 1347, only to die on the 12 March 1348.[5][9] The Brass was removed when the church was rebuilt in the 19th century, saved by a churchwarden who used it to repair his shelf at home. He later passed it to a resident of Billericay, who returned it back to the church after its rebuilding and it was placed back on the North side.[10]
The only other listed building in Bowers Gifford is Saddlers Hall Farmhouse, which was built in the 18th century by the Spitty family, large landowners in Essex, and listed as Grade II in 1975.[11][12] Nikolaus Pevsner in his architectural journey of Essex mentions both St. Margaret's Church and the village's former school built originally in 1846 on the London Road.[13] Bowers Marshes, which stretch beyond St Margaret's Church once were home to several farms, that came off the track known as Manor Way, however only Great Mussels has survived.[14]
During World War I, the village was home to North Benfleet Airfield, with the emergency landing site located between Saddlers and Bowers Hall's. The airstrip opened in 1916, and its first recorded usage was in September 1917 when Sutton Farm Squadron no.78 were sent to intercept eleven Gotha bombers that were flying to attack London. Lieutenant J.S. Castle and Airmen First Class H Daws flying a Sopwith 1½ Strutter had engine problems and performed an emergency landing at Bowers. By 1919 the Air Ministry returned the land back to its owners but the site was once again used in 1936 as the host for the British Air Display.[15] Pillboxes in the surrounding fields testify to its World War II wartime role in defending the Thames Estuary which it overlooks.
In 1924, Gifford House was built to serve as the residency for the Rector of Bowers Gifford, John Shaw Bryers. The house was used as a military hospital during World War II, before being compulsory purchased by the Basildon Development Corporation in 1949, to be used as their headquarters. It was continued to be used by the corporation's successor, the Commission for New Towns from 1984 until its closure in 1995. The building was demolished in 2002 to make way for Gifford House Care Home.[16] The previous Rectory building still stands in Church Road, next to Basildon Crematorium, and was first shown on a map in 1777. The building is currently used as offices,[17] and although not listed, English Heritage called it a undesignated heritage asset while Essex County Council said Externally, the building is architecturally important at a local and regional level when the building was under threat of demolition in 2015. The site includes a moat which council historians have dated at between 1086 and 1539.[18] At Bowers Hall there is part of a medieval moat.[19]
The population of the parish in 1872 was 259, but had grown to 458 by 1931.[20][21]
A landmark in Bowers Gifford is the Gun Pub, from which the hill on which it stands takes its name.[22]
Bowers Gifford was once home to Bowers Gifford Golf Course, which had an official address of Earlsfee Hall, Bowers Gifford. The course was closed during World War II, with hay bales placed across the site to stop Germany landing planes on the site. However it did not reopen like nearby Boyce Hill after the war, and there is little trace of the course left.[23][24]
In 2013, developers Merdian Strategic Land put forward plans to build 750 homes, a new primary school and shops at Little Chalvedon Hall, on behalf of Nottinghamshire County Council who had purchased the land for £4.2 million.[25] Basildon Council rejected the plans, and the developers appealed, with a planning appeal in 2014 up holding the Council's decision.[26]
Governance
The parish was originally under the Hundred of Barstable, and became part of the Billericay sanitary district in 1872.[27][21] From 1894, the parish became part of the Billericay Rural District,[28] however on 1 January 1937 the parish was abolished to form Billericay and became part of Billericay Urban District.[29]
On 1 April 1974 the village became part of Basildon non-metropolitan district and Basildon unparished area. The village became part of a parished area again, with the establishment of the parish of Bowers Gifford and North Benfleet on 1 April 2010.[30] Bowers Gifford is represented by Pitsea South East ward within Basildon Borough Council.
Notable people
- Sir Thomas Raymond - British judge 1626–1683[31][32]
References
External links
- Basildon Heritage
- Basildon Borough History - Bowers Gifford & North Benfleet
- Bowers Gifford & North Benfleet Parish Council
- Bowers Gifford & North Benfleet Residents Association
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Further reading
- Repertorium ecclesiasticum parochiale Londinense. An ecclesiastical Parochial History of the Diocese of London, containing an Account of the Bishops of that Sea, from the first Foundation thereof. Volume 2 by Richard Newcourt. 1710. [1]
- Chapter The Rector & The Bailiff from The Masculine Self in Late Medieval England by Derek J. Neal 2009 [2]
- ↑ Eilert Ekwall, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-names, p.56.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ 21,0 21,1 Шаблон:Cite web
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