Английская Википедия:Brahmic scripts
Шаблон:For Шаблон:For Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use Indian English Шаблон:Writing systems worldwide Шаблон:Brahmic Шаблон:Contains special characters Шаблон:Alphabet Шаблон:Officially used writing systems in India
Шаблон:Small
The Brahmic scripts, also known as Indic scripts, are a family of abugida writing systems. They are used throughout the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and parts of East Asia. They are descended from the Brahmi script of ancient India and are used by various languages in several language families in South, East and Southeast Asia: Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, Mongolic, Austroasiatic, Austronesian, and Tai. They were also the source of the dictionary order (gojūon) of Japanese kana.[1]
History
Brahmic scripts descended from the Brahmi script. Brahmi is clearly attested from the 3rd century BCE during the reign of Ashoka, who used the script for imperial edicts. Northern Brahmi gave rise to the Gupta script during the Gupta period, which in turn diversified into a number of cursives during the medieval period. Notable examples of such medieval scripts, developed by the 7th or 8th century, include Nagari, Siddham and Sharada.
The Siddhaṃ script was especially important in Buddhism, as many sutras were written in it. The art of Siddham calligraphy survives today in Japan. The tabular presentation and dictionary order of the modern kana system of Japanese writing is believed to be descended from the Indic scripts, most likely through the spread of Buddhism.[1]
Southern Brahmi evolved into the Kadamba, Pallava and Vatteluttu scripts, which in turn diversified into other scripts of South India and Southeast Asia. Brahmic scripts spread in a peaceful manner, Indianization, or the spread of Indian learning. The scripts spread naturally to Southeast Asia, at ports on trading routes.[2] At these trading posts, ancient inscriptions have been found in Sanskrit, using scripts that originated in India. At first, inscriptions were made in Indian languages, but later the scripts were used to write the local Southeast Asian languages. Hereafter, local varieties of the scripts were developed. By the 8th century, the scripts had diverged and separated into regional scripts.[3]
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A fragment of Ashoka's 6th pillar edict, in Brahmi, the ancestor of all Brahmic scripts
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Spread of Brahmic family of scripts (and Kharosthi) from India
Characteristics
Шаблон:Calligraphy Some characteristics, which are present in most but not all the scripts, are:
- Each consonant has an inherent vowel which is usually a short ‘ə’ (in Bengali, Assamese and Odia, the phoneme is /ɔ/ due to sound shifts). Other vowels are written by adding to the character. A mark, known in Sanskrit as a virama/halanta/hasanta, can be used to indicate the absence of an inherent vowel, although it is rarely used.
- Each vowel has two forms, an independent form when not attached to a consonant, and a dependent form, when attached to a consonant. Depending on the script, the dependent forms can be either placed to the left of, to the right of, above, below, or on both the left and the right sides of the base consonant.
- Consonants (up to 4 in Devanagari) can be combined in ligatures. Special marks are added to denote the combination of 'r' with another consonant.
- Nasalization and aspiration of a consonant's dependent vowel is also noted by separate signs.
- The alphabetical order is: vowels, velar consonants, palatal consonants, retroflex consonants, dental consonants, bilabial consonants, approximants, sibilants, and other consonants. Each consonant grouping had four stops (with all four possible values of voicing and aspiration), and a nasal consonant.
Comparison
Below are comparison charts of several of the major Indic scripts, organised on the principle that glyphs in the same column all derive from the same Brahmi glyph. Accordingly:
- The charts are not comprehensive. Glyphs may be unrepresented if they are later inventions not derived from any Brahmi character.
- The pronunciations of glyphs in the same column may not be identical. The pronunciation row is only representative; the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) pronunciation is given for Sanskrit where possible, or another language if necessary.
The transliteration is indicated in ISO 15919.
Consonants
- Notes
Vowels
Vowels are presented in their independent form on the left of each column, and in their corresponding dependent form (vowel sign) combined with the consonant k on the right. A glyph for ka is an independent consonant letter itself without any vowel sign, where the vowel a is inherent.
Notes Шаблон:Notelist
Numerals
| Hindu-Arabic | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brahmi numbers | 𑁒 | 𑁓 | 𑁔 | 𑁕 | 𑁖 | 𑁗 | 𑁘 | 𑁙 | 𑁚 | |
| Brahmi digits | 𑁦 | 𑁧 | 𑁨 | 𑁩 | 𑁪 | 𑁫 | 𑁬 | 𑁭 | 𑁮 | 𑁯 |
| Bengali- Assamese | ০ | ১ | ২ | ৩ | ৪ | ৫ | ৬ | ৭ | ৮ | ৯ |
| Tirhuta | 𑓐 | 𑓑 | 𑓒 | 𑓓 | 𑓔 | 𑓕 | 𑓖 | 𑓗 | 𑓘 | 𑓙 |
| Odia | ୦ | ୧ | ୨ | ୩ | ୪ | ୫ | ୬ | ୭ | ୮ | ୯ |
| Devanagari | ० | १ | २ | ३ | ४ | ५ | ६ | ७ | ८ | ९ |
| Gujarati | ૦ | ૧ | ૨ | ૩ | ૪ | ૫ | ૬ | ૭ | ૮ | ૯ |
| Modi | 𑙐 | 𑙑 | 𑙒 | 𑙓 | 𑙔 | 𑙕 | 𑙖 | 𑙗 | 𑙘 | 𑙙 |
| Sharada | 𑇐 | 𑇑 | 𑇒 | 𑇓 | 𑇔 | 𑇕 | 𑇖 | 𑇗 | 𑇘 | 𑇙 |
| Takri | 𑛀 | 𑛁 | 𑛂 | 𑛃 | 𑛄 | 𑛅 | 𑛆 | 𑛇 | 𑛈 | 𑛉 |
| Gurmukhi | ੦ | ੧ | ੨ | ੩ | ੪ | ੫ | ੬ | ੭ | ੮ | ੯ |
| Khudabadi | 𑋰 | 𑋱 | 𑋲 | 𑋳 | 𑋴 | 𑋵 | 𑋶 | 𑋷 | 𑋸 | 𑋹 |
| Meitei (Manipuri) | ꯰ | ꯱ | ꯲ | ꯳ | ꯴ | ꯵ | ꯶ | ꯷ | ꯸ | ꯹ |
| Pracalit | 𑑐 | 𑑑 | 𑑒 | 𑑓 | 𑑔 | 𑑕 | 𑑖 | 𑑗 | 𑑘 | 𑑙 |
| Tibetan | ༠ | ༡ | ༢ | ༣ | ༤ | ༥ | ༦ | ༧ | ༨ | ༩ |
| MongolianШаблон:Efn | ᠐ | ᠑ | ᠒ | ᠓ | ᠔ | ᠕ | ᠖ | ᠗ | ᠘ | ᠙ |
| Lepcha | ᱀ | ᱁ | ᱂ | ᱃ | ᱄ | ᱅ | ᱆ | ᱇ | ᱈ | ᱉ |
| Limbu | ᥆ | ᥇ | ᥈ | ᥉ | ᥊ | ᥋ | ᥌ | ᥍ | ᥎ | ᥏ |
| Sinhala astrological numbers | ෦ | ෧ | ෨ | ෩ | ෪ | ෫ | ෬ | ෭ | ෮ | ෯ |
| Sinhala archaic numbers | 𑇡 | 𑇢 | 𑇣 | 𑇤 | 𑇥 | 𑇦 | 𑇧 | 𑇨 | 𑇩 | |
| Tamil | ೦ | ௧ | ௨ | ௩ | ௪ | ௫ | ௬ | ௭ | ௮ | ௯ |
| Telugu | ౦ | ౧ | ౨ | ౩ | ౪ | ౫ | ౬ | ౭ | ౮ | ౯ |
| Kannada | ೦ | ೧ | ೨ | ೩ | ೪ | ೫ | ೬ | ೭ | ೮ | ೯ |
| Malayalam | ൦ | ൧ | ൨ | ൩ | ൪ | ൫ | ൬ | ൭ | ൮ | ൯ |
| Saurashtra | ꣐ | ꣑ | ꣒ | ꣓ | ꣔ | ꣕ | ꣖ | ꣗ | ꣘ | ꣙ |
| Ahom | 𑜰 | 𑜱 | 𑜲 | 𑜳 | 𑜴 | 𑜵 | 𑜶 | 𑜷 | 𑜸 | 𑜹 |
| Chakma | 𑄶 | 𑄷 | 𑄸 | 𑄹 | 𑄺 | 𑄻 | 𑄼 | 𑄽 | 𑄾 | 𑄿 |
| Burmese | ၀ | ၁ | ၂ | ၃ | ၄ | ၅ | ၆ | ၇ | ၈ | ၉ |
| Shan | ႐ | ႑ | ႒ | ႓ | ႔ | ႕ | ႖ | ႗ | ႘ | ႙ |
| Khmer | ០ | ១ | ២ | ៣ | ៤ | ៥ | ៦ | ៧ | ៨ | ៩ |
| Thai | ๐ | ๑ | ๒ | ๓ | ๔ | ๕ | ๖ | ๗ | ๘ | ๙ |
| Lao | ໐ | ໑ | ໒ | ໓ | ໔ | ໕ | ໖ | ໗ | ໘ | ໙ |
| Cham | ꩐ | ꩑ | ꩒ | ꩓ | ꩔ | ꩕ | ꩖ | ꩗ | ꩘ | ꩙ |
| Tai ThamШаблон:Efn | ᪐ | ᪑ | ᪒ | ᪓ | ᪔ | ᪕ | ᪖ | ᪗ | ᪘ | ᪙ |
| Tai Tham Astrological NumbersШаблон:Efn | ᪀ | ᪁ | ᪂ | ᪃ | ᪄ | ᪅ | ᪆ | ᪇ | ᪈ | ᪉ |
| New Tai Lue | ᧐ | ᧑ | ᧒ | ᧓ | ᧔ | ᧕ | ᧖ | ᧗ | ᧘ | ᧙ |
| Balinese | ᭐ | ᭑ | ᭒ | ᭓ | ᭔ | ᭕ | ᭖ | ᭗ | ᭘ | ᭙ |
| Javanese | ꧐ | ꧑ | ꧒ | ꧓ | ꧔ | ꧕ | ꧖ | ꧗ | ꧘ | ꧙ |
| Sundanese | ᮰ | ᮱ | ᮲ | ᮳ | ᮴ | ᮵ | ᮶ | ᮷ | ᮸ | ᮹ |
| Hindu-Arabic | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
Notes Шаблон:Notelist
List of Brahmic scripts
Historical
The Brahmi script was already divided into regional variants at the time of the earliest surviving epigraphy around the 3rd century BC. Cursives of the Brahmi script began to diversify further from around the 5th century AD and continued to give rise to new scripts throughout the Middle Ages. The main division in antiquity was between northern and southern Brahmi. In the northern group, the Gupta script was very influential, and in the southern group the Vatteluttu and Kadamba/Pallava scripts with the spread of Buddhism sent Brahmic scripts throughout Southeast Asia.Шаблон:Citation needed
Northern Brahmic
- Gupta, 4th century
- Tocharian (Slanting Brahmi)
Southern Brahmic
- Tamil-Brahmi, 2nd century BC
- Pallava
- Tamil
- Grantha
- Khmer
- Cham
- Kawi
- Mon–Burmese
- Modern Mon
- Burmese
- Chakma
- S'gaw Karen
- Shan
- Tanchangya
- Lik-Tai scripts
- Tai Tham
- Pyu
- Vatteluttu
- Pallava
- Sinhala
- Bhattiprolu
Unicode of Brahmic scripts
As of Unicode version Шаблон:Unicode version, the following Brahmic scripts have been encoded:
| script | derivation | Period of derivation | usage notes | ISO 15924 | Unicode range(s) | sample |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahom | Burmese[5] | 13th century | Extinct Ahom language | Ahom | U+11700–U+1174F | Шаблон:Script |
| Balinese | Kawi | 11th century | Balinese language | Bali | U+1B00–U+1B7F | Шаблон:Lang |
| Batak | Pallava | 14th century | Batak languages | Batk | U+1BC0–U+1BFF | Шаблон:Script |
| Baybayin | Kawi | 14th century | Tagalog, other Philippine languages | Tglg | U+1700–U+171F | Шаблон:Script |
| Bengali-Assamese (Eastern Nagari) | Siddhaṃ | 11th century | Angika, Assamese language (Assamese script variant), Bengali language (Bengali script variant), Bishnupriya, Maithili, Meitei language (constitutionally termed as "Manipuri")[6] | Beng | U+0980–U+09FF | Шаблон:Flatlist |
| Bhaiksuki | Gupta | 11th century | Was used around the turn of the first millennium for writing Sanskrit | Bhks | U+11C00–U+11C6F | Шаблон:Script |
| Buhid | Kawi | 14th century | Buhid language | Buhd | U+1740–U+175F | Шаблон:Script |
| Mon-Burmese | Pallava | 11th century | Burmese language, Mon language, numerous modifications for other languages including Chakma, Eastern and Western Pwo Karen, Geba Karen, Kayah, Rumai Palaung, S'gaw Karen, Shan | Mymr | U+1000–U+109F, U+A9E0–U+A9FF, U+AA60–U+AA7F | Шаблон:Script |
| Chakma | Burmese | 8th century | Chakma language | Cakm | U+11100–U+1114F | Шаблон:Script |
| Cham | Pallava | 8th century | Cham language | Cham | U+AA00–U+AA5F | Шаблон:Script |
| Devanagari | Nagari | 13th century | Several Indo-Aryan languages (Konkani, Marathi, Hindi, Sanskrit, Nepali, Bhili, Sindhi, Gujarati etc), Sino-Tibetan languages (Bodo, Nepal Bhasa, Sherpa etc.), Mundari (Austroasiatic language) and others. | Deva | U+0900–U+097F, U+A8E0–U+A8FF, U+11B00–U+11B5F | Шаблон:Script |
| Dhives Akuru | Gupta | Before 6th-8th century | Was used to write the Maldivian language up until the 20th century.[7] | Diak | U+11900–U+1195F | Шаблон:Script |
| Dogra | Takri | Was used to write Dogri. Dogra script is closely related to Takri.[8] | Dogr | U+11800–U+1184F | Шаблон:Script | |
| Grantha | Pallava | 6th century | Restricted use in traditional Vedic schools to write Sanskrit. Was widely used by Tamil speakers for Sanskrit and the classical language Manipravalam. | Gran | U+11300–U+1137F | Шаблон:Script |
| Gujarati | Nagari | 17th century | Gujarati language, Kutchi language | Gujr | U+0A80–U+0AFF | Шаблон:Script |
| Gunjala Gondi | uncertain | 16th century | Used for writing the Adilabad dialect of the Gondi language.[9] | Gong | U+11D60–U+11DAF | Шаблон:Script |
| Gurmukhi | Sharada | 16th century | Punjabi language | Guru | U+0A00–U+0A7F | Шаблон:Script |
| Hanunó'o | Kawi | 14th century | Hanuno'o language | Hano | U+1720–U+173F | Шаблон:Script |
| Javanese | Kawi | 16th century | Javanese language, Sundanese language, Madurese language | Java | U+A980–U+A9DF | Шаблон:Script |
| Kaithi | Nagari | 16th century | Historically used for writing legal, administrative, and private records. | Kthi | U+11080–U+110CF | Шаблон:Script |
| Kannada | Telugu-Kannada | Around 4th-6th century | Sanskrit, Kannada, Konkani, Tulu, Badaga, Kodava, Beary, others | Knda | U+0C80–U+0CFF | Шаблон:Script |
| Kawi | Pallava | 8th century | Kawi was found primarily in Java and used across much of Maritime Southeast Asia between the 8th century and the 16th century.[10] | Kawi | U+11F00–U+11F5F | Шаблон:Script |
| Khmer | Pallava | 11th century | Khmer language | Khmr | U+1780–U+17FF, U+19E0–U+19FF | Шаблон:Script |
| Khojki | Landa | 16th century | Some use by Ismaili communities. Was used by the Khoja community for Muslim religious literature. | Khoj | U+11200–U+1124F | Шаблон:Script |
| Khudawadi | Landa | 16th century | Was used by Sindhi communities for correspondence and business records. | Sind | U+112B0–U+112FF | Шаблон:Script |
| Lao | Khmer | 14th century | Lao language, others | Laoo | U+0E80–U+0EFF | Шаблон:Script |
| Lepcha | Tibetan | 8th century | Lepcha language | Lepc | U+1C00–U+1C4F | Шаблон:Script |
| Limbu | Lepcha | 9th century | Limbu language | Limb | U+1900–U+194F | Шаблон:Script |
| Lontara | Kawi | 17th century | Buginese language, others | Bugi | U+1A00–U+1A1F | Шаблон:Script |
| Mahajani | Landa | 16th century | Historically used in northern India for writing accounts and financial records. | Mahj | U+11150–U+1117F | Шаблон:Script |
| Makasar | Kawi | 17th century | Was used in South Sulawesi, Indonesia for writing the Makassarese language.[11] Makasar script is also known as "Old Makassarese" or "Makassarese bird script" in English-language scholarly works.[12] | Maka | U+11EE0–U+11EFF | Шаблон:Script |
| Malayalam | Grantha | 12th century | Malayalam | Mlym | U+0D00–U+0D7F | Шаблон:Script |
| Marchen | Tibetan | 7th century | Was used in the Tibetan Bön tradition to write the extinct Zhang-Zhung language | Marc | U+11C70–U+11CBF | Шаблон:Script |
| Meetei Mayek | TibetanШаблон:Vn | 6th century[13] | officially used for Meitei language (constitutionally termed as "Manipuri") in accordance to "The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021"[14] | Mtei | U+AAE0–U+AAFF, U+ABC0–U+ABFF | Шаблон:Script |
| Modi | Nāgarī | 17th century | Was used to write the Marathi language | Modi | U+11600–U+1165F | Шаблон:Script |
| Multani | Landa | Was used to write the Multani language | Mult | U+11280–U+112AF | Шаблон:Script | |
| Nandinagari | Nāgarī | 7th century | Historically used to write Sanskrit in southern India | Nand | U+119A0–U+119FF | Шаблон:Script |
| New Tai Lue | Tai Tham | 1950s | Tai Lü language | Talu | U+1980–U+19DF | Шаблон:Script |
| Odia | Siddhaṃ | 13th century | Odia language | Orya | U+0B00–U+0B7F | Шаблон:Script |
| ʼPhags-pa | Tibetan | 13th century | Historically used during the Mongol Yuan dynasty. | Phag | U+A840–U+A87F | Шаблон:Phagspa |
| Prachalit (Newa) | Nepal | Has been used for writing the Sanskrit, Nepali, Hindi, Bengali, and Maithili languages | Newa | U+11400–U+1147F | Шаблон:Script | |
| Rejang | Kawi | 18th century | Rejang language, mostly obsolete | Rjng | U+A930–U+A95F | Шаблон:Script |
| Saurashtra | Grantha | 20th century | Saurashtra language, mostly obsolete | Saur | U+A880–U+A8DF | Шаблон:Script |
| Sharada | Gupta | 8th century | Was used for writing Sanskrit and Kashmiri | Shrd | U+11180–U+111DF | Шаблон:Script |
| Siddham | Gupta | 7th century | Was used for writing Sanskrit | Sidd | U+11580–U+115FF | Шаблон:Script |
| Sinhala | Brahmi[15] | 4th century[16] | Sinhala language | Sinh | U+0D80–U+0DFF, U+111E0–U+111FF | Шаблон:Script |
| Sundanese | Kawi | 14th century | Sundanese language | Sund | U+1B80–U+1BBF, U+1CC0–U+1CCF | Шаблон:Script |
| Sylheti Nagari | Nagari | 16th century | Historically used for writing the Sylheti language | Sylo | U+A800–U+A82F | Шаблон:Script |
| Tagbanwa | Kawi | 14th century | Various languages of Palawan, nearly extinct | Tagb | U+1760–U+177F | Шаблон:Script |
| Tai Le | Mon | 13th century | Tai Nüa language | Tale | U+1950–U+197F | Шаблон:Script |
| Tai Tham | Mon | 13th century | Northern Thai language, Tai Lü language, Khün language | Lana | U+1A20–U+1AAF | Шаблон:Script |
| Tai Viet | Thai | 16th century | Tai Dam language | Tavt | U+AA80–U+AADF | Шаблон:Script |
| Takri | Sharada | 16th century | Was used for writing Chambeali, and other languages | Takr | U+11680–U+116CF | Шаблон:Script |
| Tamil | Pallava | 2nd century | Tamil language | Taml | U+0B80–U+0BFF, U+11FC0–U+11FFF | Шаблон:Script |
| Telugu | Telugu-Kannada | 5th century | Telugu language | Telu | U+0C00–U+0C7F | Шаблон:Script |
| Thai | Old Khmer | 13th century | Thai language | Thai | U+0E00–U+0E7F | Шаблон:Script |
| Tibetan | Gupta | 8th century | Classical Tibetan, Dzongkha, Ladakhi language | Tibt | U+0F00–U+0FFF | Шаблон:Script |
| Tirhuta | Siddham | 13th century | Historically used for the Maithili language | Tirh | U+11480–U+114DF | Шаблон:Script |
See also
- Devanagari transliteration
- Bharati Braille, the unified braille assignments of Indian languages
- Indus script – symbols produced by the Indus Valley Civilisation
- Indian Script Code for Information Interchange (ISCII) – the coding scheme specifically designed to represent Indic scripts
References
External links
- Online Tool which supports Conversion between various Brahmic Scripts
- Windows Indic Script Support
- An Introduction to Indic Scripts
- South Asian Writing Systems
- Enhanced Indic Transliterator Шаблон:Webarchive Transliterate from romanised script to Indian Languages.
- Indian Transliterator A means to transliterate from romanised to Unicode Indian scripts.
- Imperial Brahmi Font and Text-Editor Шаблон:Webarchive
- Brahmi Script
- Xlit: Tool for Transliteration between English and Indian Languages
- Padma: Transformer for Indic Scripts Шаблон:Webarchive – a Firefox add-on
Шаблон:Writing systems Шаблон:Kawi family Шаблон:List of writing systems
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Court, C. (1996). Introduction. In P. T. Daniels & W. Bright (Eds.) The World's Writing Systems (pp. 443). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Court, C. (1996). The spread of Brahmi Script into Southeast Asia. In P. T. Daniels & W. Bright (Eds.) The World's Writing Systems (pp. 445–449). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Aditya Bayu Perdana and Ilham Nurwansah 2020. Proposal to encode Kawi
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Daniels (1996), p. 379.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
