Английская Википедия:Buxus sempervirens
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Speciesbox
Buxus sempervirens, the common box, European box, or boxwood, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Buxus, native to western and southern Europe, northwest Africa, and southwest Asia, from southern England south to northern Morocco, and east through the northern Mediterranean region to Turkey.[1][2][3] Buxus colchica of western Caucasus and B. hyrcana of northern Iran and eastern Caucasus are commonly treated as synonyms of B. sempervirens.[4][5]
Description
Buxus sempervirens is an evergreen shrub or small tree growing up to 1 to Шаблон:Nowrap (3 to Шаблон:Nowrap) tall, with a trunk up to Шаблон:Convert in diameter (exceptionally to 10 m tall and 45 cm diameter[6]). Arranged in opposite pairs along the stems, the leaves are green to yellow-green, oval, 1.5–3 cm long, and 0.5–1.3 cm broad. The hermaphrodite flowers are inconspicuous but highly scented, greenish-yellow, with no petals, and are insect pollinated; the fruit is a three-lobed capsule containing 3-6 seeds.[1][3]
Distribution and habitat
The species typically grows on soils derived from chalk, limestone, usually as an understorey in forests of larger trees, most commonly associated with European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests, but also sometimes in open dry montane scrub, particularly in the Mediterranean region. Box Hill, Surrey is named after its notable box population, which comprises the largest area of native box woodland in England.[7][8]
The species is locally naturalised in parts of North America.[9]
Cultivation
In Britain, four Roman burials featured coffins containing sprays of the evergreen box, a practice unattested elsewhere in Europe. Box leaves have also been found from several towns, villas and farmsteads in Roman Britain, indicating ornamental planting.[10]
Box remains a very popular ornamental plant in gardens, being particularly valued for topiary and hedges because of its small leaves, evergreen nature, tolerance of close shearing, and scented foliage. The scent is not to everyone's liking: the herbalist John Gerard found it "evil and lothsome" and Daniel Defoe recounts that at Hampton Court Palace Queen Anne had the box hedging removed because she found its odour offensive.[11]
In the American South, it has sometimes been called "rich man's hedge,"[12] and was often used to anchor the landscape plantings on either side of the front door of a house. The scent, most pungent on warm summer days, is not found disagreeable by all, despite its having been likened to cat urine.
Several cultivars have been selected, including 'Argenteo-variegata' and 'Marginata' with variegated foliage; such "gilded box" received a first notice in John Parkinson's Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris (1629).[13] 'Vardar Valley', a slow-growing particularly hardy semi-dwarf cultivar,[14][15] was selected in 1935 by the American botanist Edward Anderson in the upper Vardar valley and sent to the Arnold Arboretum for evaluation.[16]
The following varieties and cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-
Pests and diseases
A pest which spreads through Buxus sempervirens is Cydalima perspectalis, the box tree moth.[19] A kind of box, B. microphylla is more injured by C. perspectalis than B. sempervirens.[19]
-
Infested box tree.
-
Detail of the defoliation.
-
Larva.
-
Adults.
Uses
The boxwood is identified with the Hebrew word Шаблон:Lang tə’aššûr oft-mentioned in the Book of Isaiah. Catholic households in climates where palms are scarce or nonexistant often use boxwood twigs instead to adorn their crosses on Palm Sunday.[20]
Wood
Slow growth of box renders the wood ("boxwood") very hard (possibly the hardest in Europe along with Cornus mas) and heavy, and free of grain produced by growth rings, making it ideal for cabinet-making, the crafting of flutes and oboes, engraving, marquetry, woodturning, tool handles, mallet heads and as a substitute for ivory; the wood is yellow in color. "Digging sticks" fashioned by Neanderthals more than 170,000 years ago in Italy were made from boxwood.[21] The British wood-engraver Thomas Bewick pioneered the use of boxwood blocks for wood-engraving.[3][15][22]
In Old English, a box was originally a receptacle made of boxwood.[23]
Medicinal plant
Шаблон:More medical citations needed The leaves were formerly used in place of quinine, and as a fever reducer.[22]
-
Foliage
-
Flowers
-
Bark of B. sempervirens 'Arborescens'
-
Plant growing in dry Mediterranean scrub
Buxus sempervirens is a medicinal plant used to treat many diseases. It contains steroidal alkaloids such as cyclobuxine.[24][25] It also contains flavonoids.[26]
B. sempervirens was not known for its medical use until the beginning of the 1600s.[27] After this it was found that the leaves (containing alkaloids, oils and tannin), the bark (containing chlorophyll, wax, resin, lignin and minerals) and the oil from the wood had a medical effect.[28] It then was used to treat gout, urinary tract infections, intestinal worms, chronic skin problems, syphilis, hemorrhoids, epilepsy, headache and piles,[29] but also had the reputation of curing leprosy, rheumatism, HIV, fever and malaria.[30][31] For treating malaria it was used as a substitute for quinine, but because of the side effects and the fact that there are better medicinal alternatives than B. sempervirens it is normally not used any more to treat these diseases.[32]
Homeopaths still make use of the leaves against rheumatism. While herbalists have used box leaf tea to lower fevers, it is very rarely used today.[15][33]
In Turkey, where the plant is called Adi şimşir, this tea (one glass a day) is still consumed for antihelminthic, diaphoretic, and cholagogue purposes.[34] Also, the leaves from B. sempervirens were used as an auburn hair dye.[35]
The plant Buxus sempervirens has been well investigated chemically. During late 1980s, Dildar Ahmed while working on his PhD thesis under the supervision of Prof Atta-ur-Rahman, isolated a number of steroidal alkaloids from the leaves of the plant. A new system of nomenclature for buxus alkaloids was also proposed based on buxane nucleus. He also isolated a flavonoid glycoside, and named it galactobuxin based on the fact that it contains a galactose ring.
See also
References
Шаблон:Taxonbar Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 British Trees: Buxus sempervirens Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:GRIN
- ↑ Med-Checklist: Buxus colchica, Ww2.bgbm.org
- ↑ Tree Register of the British Isles
- ↑ Mitchell, A. F. (1974). A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Bean, W. J. (1976). Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles 8th ed., vol. 1. John Murray Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Defoe, A Tour Thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724), noted in Todd Longstaffe-Gowan and Vivian Russell, The Gardens and Parks at Hampton Court Palace (2005:87); the authors suggest that simplification of the Dutch designs to suit an English taste for plain lawn and gravel was the major motive (pp 84ff).
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Parkinson asserts in his Theatrum Botanicum (1640) that the "gilded" box "hath not been mentioned by any Writer before me": quoted in Alice M. Coats, Garden Shrubs and Their Histories (1964) 1992, s.v. "Buxus".
- ↑ Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ John L. Creech, note in Coats 1992.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 22,0 22,1 Pg.171, Lawrence, E., ed. (1985) The Illustrated Book of Trees & Shrubs. Gallery Books Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Grigson G. 1974. A Dictionary of English Plant Names. Allen Lane Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Williamson, E.M., Potter’s Herbal Cyclopaedia. 2003, Essex: Saffron Walden.
- ↑ Barceloux, D.G., Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances: Foods, Fungi, Medicinal Herbs, Plants and Venomous Animals. John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
- ↑ Rahman, A.-u. and M.I. Choudhary, Chapter 2 Chemistry and Biology of Steroidal Alkaloids, in The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology, A.C. Geoffrey, Editor. 1998,
- ↑ Neves, J.M., et al., Ethnopharmacological notes about ancient uses of medicinal plants in Tras-os-Montes (northern of Portugal). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2009. 124(2): p. 270-283.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Baytop, T., Therapy with Medicinal Plants in Turkey (past and present). Istanbul University Publications, 1999. No: 3255.
- ↑ Bown, D., The Royal Horticultural Society new encyclopedia of herbs and their uses. 2002, London :: Dorling Kindersley.
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Английская Википедия
- Medicinal plants of Africa
- Medicinal plants of Asia
- Medicinal plants of Europe
- Buxus
- Plants described in 1753
- Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии