Английская Википедия:Calgary International Airport
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Pp-pc Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use Canadian English Шаблон:Infobox airport
Calgary International Airport Шаблон:Airport codes, branded as YYC Calgary International Airport, is an international airport that serves the city of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It is located approximately Шаблон:Convert northeast of downtown and covers an area of 20.82 square kilometres (8.04 sq mi; 5,144 acres; 2,082 ha).[1] With 18.5 million passengers in 2023 and 124,108 aircraft movements in 2021, Calgary International is the busiest airport in Alberta and the fourth-busiest in Canada by passenger traffic.[2][3][4] This airport is served by the Calgary International Airport Emergency Response Service for aircraft rescue and firefighting (ARFF) protection. The region's petroleum and tourism industries (and its proximity to Banff National Park) have helped foster growth at the airport, which has nonstop flights to an array of destinations in North and Central America, Europe, and Asia. Calgary serves as the headquarters and primary hub for WestJet.[5][6]
Built in the late 1930s, the site has since grown to house four runways and two terminal buildings with six concourses for passengers (Gates A1-6, A12-24, B31-40, C50-65, D70-79 and E80-97), warehouses for cargo handling, and other infrastructure. The Calgary Airport Authority operates the property while paying rent to the federal government. Close to the airport is the Deerfoot Trail freeway for transport into the city, and public transit also serves the airport.
History
Early history
The first airport to serve Calgary opened in 1914, in the neighbourhood of Bowness. It occupied one-square kilometre (Шаблон:Convert) and consisted of a hut and a grass runway.[7][8] The site of the first airport (Шаблон:Coord) is the location of a community centre (The Landing)[9] as well as Bowness High School and Bowglen Park.Шаблон:Citation needed
Operations shifted to a new airport southwest of the city in 1928, named Old Banff Coach Road Airport (Шаблон:Coord).[10] However, issues with turbulence in the area prompted another airfield to be built the following year in the neighbourhood of Renfrew known as the Calgary Municipal Airport[8] or Stanley Jones Airport.[11] The local airline Renfew Air Service constructed the Rutledge Hangar at the Renfrew site (6th Street and Regal Crescent) in 1929,[11] a lamella arch structure composed of Douglas Fir planks on a reinforced concrete base. The Renfew Air Service folded in November 1931 as a result of the Great Depression,[11] and ownership of the Rutledge Hangar was taken over by the Edmonton Credit Corporation who subsequently lease the hangar to the City of Calgary. The RCAF used the airport in the 1940s. The Rutledge Hangar remains standing at the original Renfew site by Boys and Girls Club of Calgary and was designated an Alberta Provincial Historic Resource on 5 May 2003.[11]
Present site and Second World War
As the City of Calgary grew to surround the Renfrew airport site the municipal government decided to relocate the airport to a new location. The city purchased an area of land north of Calgary in 1938 for about $31,000; and remains the site of Calgary's current airport. The city came to an agreement with Trans-Canada Air Lines to construct and lease a hangar on the site for $45,000 (Шаблон:Inflation),[12] and the federal Department of Transportation financed the construction of three runways and other improvements, the first of which opened on 25 September.[12][13] The new Calgary airfield was named McCall Field after First World War ace and lifelong Calgarian Fred McCall.[7][14]
As a result of Canada entering the Second World War, the federal government assumed control of McCall Field in 1940, re-purposing it as a fuel and maintenance stop for aircraft involved in the war effort and later stationing the No. 37 Service Flying Training School at the airfield from 22 October 1941 until its closure on 10 March 1944.[15] McCall Field continued to operate regular passenger flights during the Second World War.[7][8]
Following the end of the Second World War, the airport had been expanded to include additional hangars, four runways and other infrastructure.[7] The City of Calgary resumed management of McCall Field in 1946, repurposed the a hangar as a passenger terminal, and convinced the federal government to extend the airports Шаблон:Cvt east–west runway to Шаблон:Convert in October 1949 at an estimated cost of $750,000 the construction required a Шаблон:Convert excavation below grade to prevent frost heaving.[16] At the time of completion, McCall Field's east–west runway was the third-longest runway in Alberta behind the Calgary Airport's north–south runway and the runway at CFB Namao.[17][8]
1950s and 1960s, terminal expansion and jet age
The re-purposed military hangars did not meet the needs of the growing transportation needs of the city, and efforts were made by city officials to secure funding for a new passenger terminal. A new passenger terminal was constructed in 1956; its design originated in the 1950s as a thesis project by Provincial Institute of Technology and Art architecture student Ken Bond, who later formed the architectural firm Clayton, Bond and Mogridge, which was awarded the contract for designing the new terminal.[18] The one-million dollar project featured an open public concourse, and ticketing offices for three airlines was dubbed one of the most modern air terminals in Canada when it opened on 2 June 1956.[18] A lavish opening ceremony was attended by federal Transportation Minister George C. Marler, Lieutenant Governor of Alberta John J. Bowlen, and Mayor Donald Hugh Mackay, and a number of other dignitaries.[19] The festivities included an air show featuring an Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck.[18][7][8] Following construction of the new passenger terminal, McCall Field would see 110,984 passenger arrivals, 96,287 departures and nearly Шаблон:Convert of cargo through the airport in 1957.[20]
In the 1960s Calgary City Council began lobbing the federal government to designate McCall Field as an "international airport", a status defined by the Department of Transportation. As a compromise on April 6, 1962, the federal government approved the naming the airport terminal Calgary International Airport from Calgary Municipal Airport. However, Mayor Harry Hays, local Aldermen and residents continued to refer to the airport in general as McCall Field.[21] Calgary International Airport did not receive official "International" status from the federal government until 1969.[22] The first non-stop transatlantic flights were scheduled by Canadian Pacific Airlines in 1961, connecting Calgary with Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, and more flights from Europe commenced the following year.[23]
The jet age arrived shortly after the construction of Calgary's new passenger terminal. The terminal was not designed with jet aircraft in mind, and the airport's runways were not suitable for the larger and faster aircraft. In 1961 the airport replaced the diagonal runway with an Шаблон:Convert runway capable of handling modern jet aircraft.[24] In 1963 the airport underwent a $4-million refurbishment which saw improved electronic landing aids, and the main north–south runway extended by Шаблон:Convert to its present length of Шаблон:Convert.[25]
The City of Calgary was unable to afford the continued upgrades the Calgary Municipal Airport necessary to cope with the rising aircraft traffic.[7][8] The city proceeded to sell the Calgary Municipal Airport to the federal government in 1966 for $2 million, and the Department of Transportation proceeded to refurbish the runways shortly afterwards.[7]
1970s, terminal and hub status
The new passenger terminal constructed in 1956 proved to only temporarily meet the needs of the city, and was inadequate for expansion or facilitating jet aircraft servicing. Following the sale of the Calgary International Airport by the City of Calgary to the Government of Canada in 1966, plans were put in motion to build a new passenger terminal. The airport's sale came with a promise by Federal Transportation Minister Jack Pickersgill that the federal government would build a $20-million passenger terminal within five years; however, continued delays pushed completion of the terminal to 1977.[26]
Construction began on the new passenger terminal in 1972, construction would be delayed due to re-designs to meet increased air traffic needs, causing the price of the new terminal to grow well beyond the original $20-million figure.[26] Finally, on 12 October 1977, the new $130-million (equivalent to $Шаблон:Inflation-million in Шаблон:Inflation/year), Шаблон:Convert terminal was opened by Mayor Rod Sykes, Provincial Transportation Minister Hugh Horner, and Federal Transportation Minister Otto Lang two months before construction had completed.[27] Sykes was able to leverage his friendship with Lord Mountbatten to convince British Airways to have one of the newly introduced Concorde land in Calgary on the day,[27] and although the jet showed up a day late due to mechanical issues, it was still quite the coup for a city of less than half a million residents.[28] Among other festivities for the opening event included flyovers by a Boeing 747, Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, and the Canadian Air Force Snowbirds.[27] The 1977 passenger terminal remains the core of Calgary International Airport's domestic terminal to this day.[7][8]
The Jumbo Jet age arrived in Calgary with the newly introduced Boeing 747 landing for the first time in 1973, with Wardair providing non-stop bi-weekly charter service from Calgary to London.[29] Air Canada was not far behind, and began non-stop service to London using the 747 starting on June 27, 1974.[30] In April 1974, Calgary International Airport hosted CP Air's flight testing for the Boeing 747 after airport firefighters went on strike at both Vancouver International Airport and Toronto Pearson Airport.[31]
In 1974 the Government of Alberta acquired ownership of Pacific Western Airlines, Canada's third largest airline at the time and move the head office and hub to Calgary.[32] The airline continued under provincial government ownership until 1983,[32] and later merged with Canadian Pacific Air Lines to form Canadian Airlines. Canadian Airlines maintained Calgary as the hub and headquarters for the airline[33] until it was acquired by Air Canada in 2001.[34]
1990s reorganization and WestJet
In the early 1990s, the Government of Canada introduced the National Airports Policy which moved towards privatization, liberalization and economic deregulation of air transportation, which included the formation of a Local Airport Authority under the name Calgary Airport Authority in 1992 for the management, operation and development of the Calgary International Airport[35] under lease from the federal government.[7][36] The Calgary Airport Authority, incorporated in July 1990 is a non-share capital, not-for-profit corporation formed under the authority of Alberta's Regional Airports Authorities Act.[37] The Calgary Airport Authority signed a long-term 60-year lease with an additional 20-year option, which was subsequently exercised in 2011.[37]
In 1992, Calgary International Airport opened a new air traffic control tower at the southern end of Aero Drive. The control tower when completed was Шаблон:Convert tall with Шаблон:Convert of office room,[38] and was designed with the knowledge that it would not provide the necessary line of sight to the expanded east airfield.[39]
In February 1996, WestJet, which began as a low-cost carrier began operations with a base of operations at Calgary International, occupying an expanded area of the terminal.[8][40] The airline's first flight, a Boeing 737 departed Calgary International on route to Vancouver International Airport on 29 February 1996.[41]
Operation Yellow Ribbon
During the September 11, 2001 attacks 13 international flights destined for the United States were diverted to Calgary International Airport as part of Operation Yellow Ribbon. The operation was a joint effort between NAV Canada and Transport Canada in communication with the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, which facilitated the grounding of potentially destructive air traffic.[42]
2000s, runway and new terminal
The Calgary Airport Authority began analyzing the facility's air capacity in the late 1990s, and found the airport could reach its maximum capacity as early as 2006. The Airport Authority and NAV Canada made a number of changes to airport operations in the 2000s to improve the efficiency and capacity of the facility, but by 2008, with a number of changes made, NAV Canada reported the airfield would begin to exceed its practical capacity.[43] The Calgary Airport Authority planned and under the "Airport Development Program", a major development program aimed at improving the capacity and quality of the airport, which included the construction of a new runway, air traffic control tower and passenger terminal.Шаблон:Citation needed
On 25 May 2013, the new Air Traffic Control Tower opened at Calgary International Airport. The one-year, $25-million (equivalent to $Шаблон:Inflation-million) project came in advance of the airport's new runway, and at 91 m (300 ft), the tower was the tallest free-standing control tower in Canada.[44] The airport's previous 50 m (165 ft) control tower was demolished in October 2014.[38]
The Calgary Airport Authority initiated the Parallel Runway Project, a $620-million (equivalent to $Шаблон:Inflation-million) project to assess and construct a new runway, which led to the construction of the Шаблон:Convert runway 17L/35R beginning in April 2011. Upon its completion on June 28, 2014, runway 17L/35R became the longest runway in Canada.[45] During the construction of the runway, a $295-million (equivalent to $Шаблон:Inflation-million), Шаблон:Convert, six-lane roadway tunnel was constructed underneath the runway to connect Barlow Trail to 36th Street N.E.[46] The decision for Calgary City Council on whether to construct the tunnel while the runway was being constructed, or wait until a later date was a major issue during the 2010 Calgary municipal election.[47]
The Airport Authority addressed cargo capacity through the construction of a Шаблон:Cvt cargo facility in 2015 followed by a Шаблон:Cvt facility constructed in 2016.[48]
The final stage of the Calgary Airport Authority's Airport Development Program was the construction of a new $1.6-billion (equivalent to $Шаблон:Inflation-billion) international terminal.[8][49] Officially opened on 31 October 2016, the international terminal Шаблон:Convert facility added 24 new aircraft gates, North America's first call-to-gate passenger boarding system, CATSA Plus enhanced passenger screening system, moving walkways and dedicated electric passenger vehicle system.[50] The international terminal was designed with several sustainable principles including 581 geothermal wells for heating and cooling, and an annual rainwater capture capacity of Шаблон:Convert.[48]
In October 2016, Transport Canada officially renamed Calgary International Airport to "YYC Calgary International Airport", affixing the "YYC" IATA code to the airport's name.[51]
In 2020, after several months of travel restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the governments of Alberta and Canada announced a new program to enable certain travellers to enter Canada more easily. Canadian citizens and essential workers entering Canada at Calgary, as well as at the Sweetgrass–Coutts Border Crossing, can be tested for the virus and, if they test negative, will be allowed to quarantine for only 48 hours instead of the usual 14 days.[52]
Infrastructure
Passenger terminals
The Calgary International Airport houses two passenger terminals, one for domestic flights and the other for international flights.
The four-storey Domestic Terminal was originally opened in 1977 and has undergone a number of renovations in the decades following. The ground level of the terminal serves as the arrivals area with baggage claim and transportation facilities present. The second level of the terminal serves as the departures level and includes airport check-in, security and access to departure gates. The basement level of the airport contains utilities and tenant storage while the mezzanine level contains a food court, airline offices and the airport authority offices. The Domestic Terminal has four concourses: Concourses A1, A2, B, and C. All A, B and C gates are shared between domestic airlines such as Air Canada and Westjet (and their subsidiaries) predominantly, as well as Flair Airlines, Lynx Air, Air North, Air Transat and Porter Airlines. Westjet primarily uses A gates, Air Canada flights primarily use C gates, and B gates are used by all airlines. Concourse A1 includes departure gates A1-A6 (used for WestJet regional non-jet flights); Concourse A2 includes gates A11-A24; Concourse B includes departure gates B31-B40; and Concourse C includes departure gates C50-C65.[53]
The International Terminal was originally opened on 31 October 2016 and consists of five levels; utilities and baggage processing in the basement. Arrivals meet and greet areas, Canada Customs and relevant infrastructure on the ground level with departure check-in, security, US customs and the international departures concourse being located on the second floor. The third level contains the international departures concourse and finally, the mezzanine level contains the US departure lounges. The International Terminal includes gates 70 through 97 shared across two concourses: Concourse D for all flights to and from foreign countries except the US as well as domestic flights; and Concourse E for flights to and from the United States.[54][55] For the International Terminal, passengers travelling to the United States clear customs and immigration prior to departure at the preclearance facility.[56][57]
The Domestic Terminal is connected to the International Terminal by a 620-metre walkway corridor and path for the YYC Link Passengers Shuttles; twenty, ten-seat electric vehicles used to transport connecting passengers.[53][49]
WestJet, headquartered in Calgary and for which Calgary is the hub, has criticized the design of the international terminal, which opened in 2016. The airline's CEO stated that the distance between the terminals was too long for connecting travellers and that YYC Link was insufficient to solve this problem. As a result, WestJet had to alter its schedules in order to allow additional time for passengers transiting through Calgary.[58][59] The Calgary Airport Authority responded that it did not see issues with the connections process, although it said passengers would need some time to adjust to the new facilities.[58]
Runways
Calgary International Airport consists of two north–south parallel runways with two intersecting runways. The parallel runways are 17R/35L (west) which is generally used for aircraft arriving and departing to the west, and 17L/35R (east) which is generally used for aircraft arriving and departing to the east. During the winter months in Calgary, cold arctic air will move in from the north which means aircraft will primarily depart and arrive on north-facing runways (35R and 35L), while the summer months with warm winds from the south, aircraft will primarily take-off and land on south-facing runways (17R and 17L). The diagonal runway 11/29 is generally used when crosswinds are present, which commonly occurs in the summer when westerly Chinooks roll into Calgary, or when extreme wind conditions prohibit the use of the parallel runways.Шаблон:Citation needed The fourth and smallest runway, 08/26, is almost exclusively used by light aircraft and the general aviation sector.[60]
Calgary International Airport's four runways are as follows. with the following dimensions:[61]
- Runway 08/26 is Шаблон:Convert
- Runway 11/29 is Шаблон:Convert
- Runway 17R/35L is Шаблон:Convert
- Runway 17L/35R is Шаблон:Convert
The longest runway in Canada at the time of its 2014 opening, Runway 17L/35R was built to reduce congestion and better accommodate larger, heavier aircraft: the weight of such aircraft, combined with the low air density resulting from the airport's high elevation and temperatures during the summer, means that a longer runway is necessary for take-off. Runway 17L/35R is also layered with concrete, a material more durable than the asphalt that composes the airport's other three runways.[62][63]
Cargo area
The airport has allotted an extensive amount of area for cargo operations, including over Шаблон:Convert of warehouse space. Freight airlines such as Cargolux make regular trips to Europe, Asia, and other destinations.[64][65] In 2017, the Calgary airport handled a total of 147,000 tonnes (144,678 tons) of cargo.Шаблон:Clarify
In 2011, Calgary International Airport received the Air Cargo World Award of Excellence for airports between 100,000 and 199,999 cargo tonnage, having the highest score for Canadian airports, and second highest for North-American airports.[66]
Hotels
Calgary International Airport has two hotels located on site. The Calgary Airport Marriott In-Terminal Hotel is a 10-storey, 318 room hotel located in the international passenger terminal was opened On 1 September 2016.[67] The Delta Hotels by Marriott Calgary Airport In-Terminal located across Airport Road from the domestic passenger terminal.[68]
Other facilities
At Шаблон:Convert, the airport's air traffic control tower was the tallest standalone control tower in Canada upon its opening in 2013; compared to the previous tower, it has space for more air traffic controllers and is situated closer to the centre of the airport, giving controllers better views of the airfield.[69] Meanwhile, the headquarters of WestJet and its subsidiary WestJet Encore are located onsite.[70]
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
| Map of European passenger destinations |
|---|
| Шаблон:Location map+ |
| Map of East Asian passenger destinations |
|---|
| Шаблон:Location map+ |
Cargo
Statistics
In 2019, YYC Calgary International Airport was again the fourth-busiest airport in Canada in terms of the total number of passengers served, which was almost 18 million. This was another record year in passenger volume, surpassing the previous record set in 2018 by 3.54%.[71]
Of the total for 2019, travellers bound for domestic destinations constituted 69.7% of all passenger traffic, while people travelling to the United States amounted to 19.6%, remaining 10.7% was traffic to international destinations, excluding United States.[71]
YYC's cargo operations grew significantly with 155,820 tonnes of cargo moving through the airport, an increase of 6.7% over the previous year.Шаблон:Citation needed
Passenger and cargo traffic
Шаблон:Airport-Statistics Calgary International Airport passenger and cargo volumes since 2010 are provided in the following table:
| Year | Passengers | Change | Cargo (kg) | Change | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | 12,630,695 | Шаблон:Steady | 120,000 | Шаблон:Steady | [72][37] |
| 2011 | 12,770,988 | Шаблон:Increase1.1% | 116,000 | Шаблон:Decrease3.3% | [37] |
| 2012 | 13,641,339 | Шаблон:Increase6.8% | 119,000 | Шаблон:Increase2.6% | [73][74] |
| 2013 | 14,316,074 | Шаблон:Increase4.9% | 122,000 | Шаблон:Increase2.5% | Шаблон:Efn[73][74] |
| 2014 | 15,261,108 | Шаблон:Increase6.6% | 128,710 | Шаблон:Increase5.5% | [73][74] |
| 2015 | 15,475,759 | Шаблон:Increase1.4% | 134,695 | Шаблон:Increase4.6% | Шаблон:Efn[73][75] |
| 2016 | 15,680,616 | Шаблон:Increase1.3% | 137,255 | Шаблон:Increase1.7% | [75][76] |
| 2017 | 16,275,862 | Шаблон:Increase3.8% | 147,000 | Шаблон:Increase7.3% | [77][78] |
| 2018 | 17,343,402 | Шаблон:Increase6.6% | 146,000 | Шаблон:Decrease0.7% | [79] |
| 2019 | 17,957,780 | Шаблон:Increase3.5% | 155,820 | Шаблон:Increase6.7% | [79] |
| 2020 | 5,675,483 | Шаблон:Decrease68.40% | N/A | N/A | [79] |
| 2021 | 6,326,406 | Шаблон:Increase11.47% | N/A | N/A | [79] |
| 2022 | 14,452,059 | Шаблон:Increase128.4% | N/A | N/A | [79] |
| 2023 | 18,490,283 | Шаблон:Increase27.94% | N/A | N/A | [80] |
Top domestic routes
| Rank | Destinations | Flights per week |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Шаблон:Flagicon Vancouver (YVR) | 220 |
| 2 | Шаблон:Flagicon Edmonton (YEG) | 175 |
| 3 | Шаблон:Flagicon Toronto–Pearson (YYZ) | 168 |
| 4 | Шаблон:Flagicon Saskatoon (YXE) | 91 |
| 5 | Шаблон:Flagicon Kelowna (YLW) | 90 |
| 6 | Шаблон:FlagiconWinnipeg (YWG) | 83 |
| 7 | Шаблон:FlagiconRegina (YQR) | 79 |
| 8 | Шаблон:FlagiconFort McMurray (YMM) | 67 |
| 9 | Шаблон:FlagiconGrande Prairie (YQU) | 64 |
| 10 | Шаблон:FlagiconVictoria (YYJ) | 62 |
Ground transportation
Deerfoot Trail provides freeway access to the rest of the city.[82] There is also a tunnel beneath Runway 17L/35R that links the east side of the airport site to the terminal buildings.[83] Two parking garages and a rental-car facility are situated across from the terminals.[55][84] Public transport options are also available at the airport: Buses operated by Calgary Transit link YYC Calgary International to downtown, a nearby station of the local CTrain light-rail network, and other parts of the city.[85][86] It is in future plans by Calgary Transit's CTrain system to have a Grey Line to go to YYC Calgary International Airport from the expanded Blue line, and further toward the expanded Green Line.
Notable accidents and incidents
- On 10 May 1945, Royal Air Force No. 105 Squadron de Havilland DH.98 Mosquito B Mk IX (LR503) struck the control tower roof shortly after takeoff, shearing off the planes port wing, and crashed into the ground killing both crew members. The Mosquito, known as "F for Freddie" was a survivor of 213 operations over Europe, and crashed while performing a low level pass for spectators prior to flying to Red Deer and Lethbridge as part of cross country tour to support to garner support for 8th Victory Loan Drive.[87]
- On 24 August 1963, West Coast Airlines Flight 794, a Fairchild F-27 departing from Spokane International Airport to Calgary via Cranbrook made a crash-landing shortly before the runway. The probable cause of the accident was the pilot failed to maintain the approved minimum altitude on approach. There were no fatalities.[88]
- On 22 March 1984, Pacific Western Airlines Flight 501, a Boeing 737-200, aborted a take-off and exited the runway onto a taxiway after a component of the left engine broke off and hit the fuel stores in the wing, resulting in a fire that spread over the left and back portions of the plane. The flight attendants evacuated all passengers, while some suffered severe injuries, all the occupants survived.[89][90]
- On 17 July 1990, an Ecuadorian Air Force de Havilland Canada DHC-5 Buffalo (Registration HC-BFH) being ferried to Calgary from Quito, via Billings, had the nosegear collapse following touchdown on runway 28, igniting hydraulic fuel and resulting in the aircraft burning out. There were no fatalities.[91]
See also
Notes
References
External links
Шаблон:Portal bar Шаблон:Calgary Шаблон:List of airports in Canada
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<ref>; для сносокCFSне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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