Английская Википедия:Calicium

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Calicium is a genus of leprose lichens.Шаблон:Rp It is in the family Caliciaceae, and has 40 species.

The sexual reproduction structures are a mass of loose ascospores that are enclosed by a cup shaped exciple sitting on top of a tiny stalk, having the appearance of a dressmaker's pin (called a mazaedium), hence the common name pin lichen.Шаблон:Rp They are also commonly called stubble lichens.Шаблон:Rp

They have been used as indicator species for old growth redwood forests.Шаблон:Rp

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed in 1794 by the mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon. He included three species in his initial circumscription of the genus: C. viride, C. salicinum, and C. pallidum. The genus name, derived from the Latin calix or calicis ("cup") with the diminutive suffix -ium, refers to the shape of the ascocarps.

Description

The genus Calicium features crustose lichens, which can be Шаблон:Lichengloss to Шаблон:Lichengloss in texture, or immersed in the substrate, and display a range of colours from grey to green-grey, pale yellow, or dark green. Its Шаблон:Lichengloss, a symbiotic green alga, is of the Шаблон:Lichengloss type. The ascomata (fruiting bodies) are apothecial in nature, usually elevated on a long, distinct stalk with a spherical to lens-shaped head, though some may be directly attached (Шаблон:Lichengloss). These stalks consist of thickened hyphae that are brown to greenish-black and irregularly interwoven. The cup-shaped Шаблон:Lichengloss, a supportive structure around the ascomata, is well developed and envelops the dry spore mass.

The asci (spore-bearing cells) are cylindrical to Шаблон:Lichengloss (club-shaped) and develop individually from Шаблон:Lichengloss hyphae with croziers, typically dissolving early in their lifespan. Шаблон:Lichengloss within the genus contain a single septum and form a distinctive black, dry-spore mass known as a Шаблон:Lichengloss. These spores have a thick, dark brown wall, often adorned with unique ornamentation. They are generally in the size range 7–l9 by 4–8 μm.

In terms of asexual reproduction, Calicium possesses pycnidia, which are sessile or slightly immersed structures producing conidia (asexual spores). These pycnidia are simple and spherical with a Шаблон:Lichengloss (point-like) ostiole. The conidiophores within are branched, with somewhat cylindrical, enteroblastic conidigenous cells. The conidia themselves are broadly ellipsoid to short-cylindrical, colourless, and lack septa.

Chemically, the genus contains an array of compounds including orcinol and ß-orcinol depsides, along with depsidones, dibenzofurans, anthraquinones, xanthones, and chemical derivatives of pulvinic acid. These chemicals vary across different species within the genus.

Habitat and distribution

Calicium has a global presence, primarily found in cool to temperate regions, with only a few species known to occur in tropical areas. These species typically grow on bark and wood, with rare occurrences on rocks and one species specifically adapted to siliceous rocks. Calicium prefers environments with low light, high humidity, and shelter, often thriving in old-growth forests, although some species can adapt to more open, sun-exposed locations.

Evolutionary history

The discovery of a Calicium-like fossil in Baltic amber dating back 55–35 million years ago myr indicates that the main distinguishing characteristics of this genus have persisted for at least tens of millions of years. A fossil-calibrated phylogeny that includes this fossil suggests that the family Caliciaceae diversified from its most recent common ancestor 103–156 myr ago in the early Cretaceous. This fossil lichen has since been formally named as Calicium succini.

Species

Шаблон:As of, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 40 species in Calicium:

Файл:Calicium abietinum 60390365.jpg

Calicium abietinum

Файл:Calicium hyperelloides 95821218.jpg

Calicium hyperelloides

Файл:Calicium glaucellum 206835030.jpg

Calicium glaucellum

Файл:Yellow-Collar Stubble Lichen (2276164423).jpg

Calicium trabinellum

• Calicium abietinum Шаблон:Small
• Calicium adspersum Шаблон:Small
• Calicium atronitescens Шаблон:Small
• Calicium brachysporum Шаблон:Small – California
• Calicium carolinianum Шаблон:Small
• Calicium chlorosporum Шаблон:Small
• Calicium contortum Шаблон:Small
• Calicium corynellum Шаблон:Small
• Calicium diploellum Шаблон:Small
• Calicium episcalare Шаблон:Small – Sweden
• Calicium glebosum Шаблон:Small
• Calicium hyperelloides Шаблон:Small
• Calicium indicum Шаблон:Small
• Calicium laevigatum Шаблон:Small
• Calicium lecideinum Шаблон:Small
• Calicium lenticulare Шаблон:Small
• Calicium lucidum Шаблон:Small
• Calicium lutescens Шаблон:Small – Africa
• Calicium martinii Шаблон:Small
• Calicium muriformis Шаблон:Small
• Calicium nobile Шаблон:Small
• Calicium notarisii Шаблон:Small
• Calicium parvum Шаблон:Small
• Calicium pinicola Шаблон:Small
• Calicium pleuriseptatum Шаблон:Small
• Calicium pyriforme Шаблон:Small
• Calicium quercinum Шаблон:Small
• Calicium robustellum Шаблон:Small
• Calicium salicinum Шаблон:Small
• Calicium sequoiae Шаблон:Small – California
• Calicium sperlingiae Шаблон:Small – Oregon, USA
• Calicium succini Шаблон:Small
• Calicium tenuisporum Шаблон:Small
• Calicium tigillare Шаблон:Small
• Calicium trabinellum Шаблон:Small
• Calicium trachylioides Шаблон:Small
• Calicium tricolor Шаблон:Small
• Calicium verrucosum Шаблон:Small
• Calicium victorianum Шаблон:Small
• Calicium viride Шаблон:Small

The species Calicium adaequatum, first described by William Nylander in 1869, was moved to the monotypic genus allocalicium in 2016 based on molecular phylogenetics analysis.