Английская Википедия:California Indian Reservations and Cessions

Between 1851 and 1852, the United States Army forced California's tribes to sign 18 treaties that relinquished each tribe's rights to their traditional lands in exchange for reservations. Due to pressure from California representatives, the Senate repudiated the treaties and ordered them to remain secret. In 1896 the Bureau of American Ethnology report on major native American Indian interactions with the United States Government was the first time the treaties were made public. The report, Indian Land Cessions in the United States (book), compiled by Charles C. Royce, includes the 18 lost treaties between the state's tribes and a map of the reservations. Below is the California segment of the report listing the treaties. The full report covered all 48 states' tribal interactions nationwide with the U.S. government.

According to historian Robert Lee^[1] and the other authors of the report "Land-Grab Universities, a High Country News Investigation" (2020), lands subject to the unratified treaties were taken by the United States government and sold to fund the land-grant universities established by the Morill Land-Grant Act of 1862.^[2]^[3]

California Indian Reservations and Cessions

The following database is an extraction of all the United States' formal actions between 1851–1892 with California Indians documented by the Bureau of American Ethnology in its Eighteenth annual report^[4] to the Smithsonian Institution in 1896.

History

Upon becoming a state in 1850, California was required by law to allow the United States government to conduct all formal relationships with tribal communities. Because California's previous Mexican government had no formal relationships with the Indians following the 1833 Secularization Act that closed the Spanish era's Catholic Missions, most of the 150,000 surviving tribal people either became servants for the Ranchos of California owners or migrated east to the Sierra Mountains or to the north where they mixed with other non-Mission tribes that had been left alone by Mexico.

California's farmers and gold miners demanded that Indians and other "aliens" be heavily taxed or removed from the gold fields. In 1851, at the same time that the United States was setting up the Public Land Commission as required by the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo with the Republic of Mexico to verify the legality of the Ranchos of California Land Grants given California citizens prior to 1846, the government also set up a commission with military support that resulted in 134 of the state's 300-plus Indian tribes signing 18 treaties that gave away their sovereign rights in exchange for 7.4 million acres of "reservation" lands spread across the state.

Файл:1896 California Map Smithsonian Institute Report.png

1896 California Map 1 of Indian(First Nations) Cessions and Reservations

Between 1851 and 1865, California carried out the wishes of its citizens: the removal of tribal communities from their ancestral lands by military force across California. The United States went along with these actions, rather than using its resources to stop the state from this period of California Genocide that was legitimized by the 1850 Indian Protection Act and numerous bond and financing actions that went to finance dozens of state militias that hunted down and killed tribal members.

During the first years between 1851 and 1852, John Frémont, a U.S. Senator for the state of California, organized the Mariposa Battalion to round up tribal representatives who were living on his Mariposa Rancho. Frémont pushed for federal troops and three Indian Commissioners who obtained treaty agreements from tribal representatives to abandon their lands in exchange for what would be the first round of reservations for land actions in California. The state, however, refused to even allow these massive land takeaways, resulting in the treaties' initial failure, and by a Senate order their very existence was hidden from the public for over 45 years.

One of the three appointed commissioners, Oliver M. Wozencraft, reported that the government's action would lead to a "war of extermination" against the state's tribal people on May 31, 1852, even going public by publishing a pamphlet laying out the impacts, but for speaking out he was relieved of his duties by September of the same year.

The U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, which was originally part of the U.S. War Department, eventually set up four reservations as prescribed by Congress, followed later by additional tracts of lands ceded to various Mission Indians located mostly in Southern California. In 1896, the Smithsonian Institution produced a report documenting all historic actions by date and tribe of lands taken from or reservations created by the U.S.

Larisa Miller documented^[5] how the Northern California Indian Association (NCIA) petitioned President Roosevelt in 1903 to buy federal lands for thousands of homeless Indians across the state because "title and ownership to this beautiful land have never been extinguished." Their campaign led to the rediscovery of the 18 Treaties that were signed by 134 bands of Californians and the removal of the senate's order of secrecy on January 18, 1905.

Файл:1896 California Map 2 Smithsonian Institute Report.png

1896 California Map 2 of Indian(First Nations) Cessions and Reservations

The United States Bureau of American Ethnology produced annual reports to the Smithsonian Institution on various Native American (First Nation) subjects. In their 18th annual, two-volume report, they published a complete list of all U.S. takings (cessions), treaties and reservations prior to 1896.^[4] The report was compiled By Charles C. Royce, with a 122-page introduction by Cyrus Thomas documenting legal claims for the actions the United States had based its actions on, with a focus on U.S. Supreme Court's 1823 Discovery doctrine decision.

It was Thomas' following statement that set the tone for the introduction:

"Its extent afforded an ample field for the ambition and enterprise of all, and the character, low culture-status, and religious beliefs of the aborigines afforded an apology for considering them a people over whom the superior genius of Europe might rightfully claim an ascendancy. The sovereigns of the Old World therefore found no difficulty in convincing themselves that they made ample compensation to the natives by bestowing on them the benefits of civilization and Christianity in exchange for control over them and their country."

The report included color maps for each state, two for California, with numbered areas (also in color) to identify each cession or reservation. These can be used to locate the land.

Indian Land Cessions in the United States

The spreadsheet section in part 2, pages 781 – 948 is titled "Indian Land Cessions in the United States." The data are extracted from the U.S. government's treaties, reservations and land cessions with California's tribal people in the years 1851–1896. The California instances in the spreadsheet include page references to legal citation and historic materials. All links embedded in the spreadsheet, including the names identifying particular "Mission Indian" Tribes, have been added to make the original report clearer. Some sections on individual tracts in the Public Land Survey System were omitted from the original.

Note that the below database identifies the land involved in each transaction with a number that can be located on the above maps. Later transactions are located on the 2nd map or "Ca-2", plus the appropriate number. The first 18 entries, described below as unratified treaties, were not listed as such in the 1896 Smithsonian report, but as stated lands ceded in exchange for tracts of land.

Tribe	Date	Map #	Page	Reference	Authority	Cession or Reservation	Historic data and remarks
Treaty M Tribes^{[note 1]}	3-19-1851	273 274	780	Unratified Treaty	Ca. Militia: Mariposa Brigade U.S. Indian commissioners: Col. Redrick Mckee, Col. George W. Barbour, and Dr. Oliver W. Wozencraft	Reserve a tract between Mercede and Tuolumne river	Negotiations held at Camp Fremont Full text of treaty
Treaty N Tribes^{[note 2]}	4-29-1851	275	782	Unratified Treaty	California Mariposa Brigade U.S. Indian commissioners: Col. Redrick Mckee, Col. George W. Barbour, and Dr. Oliver W. Wozencraft	Reserve a tract between Chowchilla and Cah-wia rivers Cede all territory not reserved by said treaties.	Negotiations at Camp Barbour
Treaty A Tribes^{[note 3]}	5-13-1851	276	782	Unratified Treaty	California Mariposa Brigade U.S. Indian commissioner Col. George W. Barbour	Reserve a tract between Cah-wia and Chowchilla rivers Cede all territory not reserved by said treaties.	Negotiations at Camp Belt
Treaty B Tribes^{[note 4]}	5-13-1851	276	782	Unratified Treaty	California Mariposa Brigade U.S. Indian commissioner Col. George W. Barbour	Reserve a tract for between Tule river, Paint creek, Emigrant road, and Sierra Nevadas.	Negotiations at Camp Keyes
Treaty E Tribes^{[note 5]}	5-28-1851	280 281	782	Unratified Treaty	California Mariposa Brigade U.S. Indian commissioners Dr. Oliver W. Wozencraft	Reserve a tract on Stanislaus river Cede all territory not reserved by said treaties.	Negotiations at Dent and Vantine Crossing
Treaty B Tribes^{[note 6]}	5-30-1851	277 278 279	782	Unratified Treaty	California Mariposa Brigade U.S. Indian commissioners: Col. Redrick Mckee, Col. George W. Barbour, and Dr. Oliver W. Wozencraft	1. Reserve a tract between Cah-wia and King's rivers 2. Reserve a tract on King's river Cede all territory not reserved by said treaties.	Negotiations and Camp Keyes
Treaty C Tribes^{[note 7]}	6-3-1851	282 283 284	782	Unratified Treaty	California Mariposa Brigade U.S. Indian commissioner Col. George W. Barbour	1. Reserve a tract for Chu-nute and Wo-wol tribes between Tulare and Buena Vista lakes 2. Reserve a tract for Yo-luiu-ne and Co-ye-tie tribes between Tule river. Paint creek, Emigrant road, and Sierra Nevadas. Cede all claims to territory outside of reserved tracts	Negotiations at Camp Burton
Treaty D Tribes^{[note 8]}	6-10-1851	285 286	782	Unratified Treaty	California Mariposa Brigade U.S. Indian commissioners Col. George W. Barbour, and Persifer F. Smith	Reserve a tract between Tejon pass and Kern river Cede all claim to territory outside of reserved tract	Negotiations at Camp Persifer F. Smith
Treaty F Tribes^{[note 9]}	7-18-1851	287 288	784	Unratified Treaty	California Mariposa Brigade U.S. Indian commissioner Dr. Oliver W. Wozencraft	Reserve a tract between Bear and Yuba rivers Cede all claim to other territory	Negotiations at Camp Union
Treaty G Tribes^{[note 10]}	8-1-1851	290 291	784	Unratified Treaty	California Mariposa Brigade U.S. Indian commissionerDr. Oliver W. Wozencraft	Reserve a tract on Feather river Cede all claim to other territory	Negotiations at Bidwell Ranch
Treaty H Tribes^{[note 11]}	8-16-1851	293 294	784	Unratified Treaty	California Mariposa Brigade U.S. Indian commissioner Dr. Oliver W. Wozencraft	Reserve a tract on Sacramento river Cede all claim to other territory	Negotiations ad Reading Ranch
Treaty O Tribes^{[note 12]}	8-20-1851	295 296	784	Unratified Treaty	California Mariposa Brigade U.S. Indian commissioner Col. Redrick Mckee,	Reserve a tract on Clear lake Cede all claim to other territory	Negotiations at Camp Lu-pi-yu-ma
Treaty P Tribes^{[note 13]}	8-22-1851	297	784	Unratified Treaty	California Mariposa Brigade U.S. Indian commissioner Col. Redrick Mckee	Cede all claim to territory and agree to remove to Clear lake reserve	Negotiations at Camp Fernando Feliz
Treaty I Tribes^{[note 14]}	9-9-1851	298 299	786	Unratified Treaty	California Mariposa Brigade U.S. Indian commissioner Dr. Oliver W. Wozencraft	Reserve a tract on Sacramento river Cede all claim to territory	Negotiations and Camp Colus
Treaty J Tribes^{[note 15]}	9-18-1851	301 302	786	Unratified Treaty	California Mariposa Brigade U.S. Indian commissioner Dr. Oliver W. Wozencraft	Reserve a tract on Consumnes river Cede all claim to territory	Negotiations at Fork of Cosumnes River
Treaty Q Tribes^{[note 16]}	10-6-1851	303 304	788	Unratified Treaty	California Mariposa Brigade U.S. Indian commissioner Col. Redrick Mckee	Reserve a tract on Klamath river Cede all claim to territory	Negotiations at Camp Klamath
Treaty R Tribes^{[note 17]}	11-4-1851	305 306	788	Unratified Treaty	California Mariposa Brigade U.S. Indian commissioner Col. Redrick Mckee	Reserve a tract on the upper Klamath river Cede all claim to territory	Negotiations Scotts Valley camp. The first of these tribes was commonly called Upper Klamath; the next three, Shasta Valley Indians; and the last two, Scotts Valley Indians.
Treaty K Tribes^{[note 18]}	1-5-1852	307 308	788	Unratified Treaty	California Mariposa Brigade U.S. Indian commissioner Dr. Oliver W. Wozencraft	Reserve a tract in SW. California Cede all claim to territory	Negotiations at Village of Temecula
Treaty L Tribes^{[note 19]}	1-7-1852	309 310	788	Unratified Treaty	California Mariposa Brigade U.S. Indian commissioner Dr. Oliver W. Wozencraft	Reserve a tract on S. line of California Cede all claim to territory	Negotiations at Village of Santa Isabel
Tejon, Castake, San Imirio, et al.	9-1853	Ca-2 311	788		Superintendent of Indian Affairs EF Beale	E.F. Beale establishes a reserve, called Tejon Pass Reservation	Reservation location and History^{[note 20]}
Rogue River Indians Table Rock Oregon Territory	9-10-1853	Ca-2 312	788	Stat. L.,X, 1018		Cede tract along N. Cal border and Oregon: Applegate creek, Rogue river, Althouse creek, along Siskiyou mountains; Cascade range to Pitt's peak. Indians to retain temporary occupancy of a portion of the ceded country until a reserve is assigned them.	The boundaries of the country reserved under this clause are shown by dotted red lines. It was known as Table Rock reserve, and was abandoned and the Indians removed in 1855. See Rogue River Wars
Nome Lackee, Nome Cult, Nir-muck, et al.	9-1-1854	Ca-2 331	794			Reservation size and history^{[note 21]}
Klamath	11-16-1855	Ca-2 400	794	Executive Order		President sets apart a reserve of 25,000 acres on both sides of Klamath river in California, the same being a strip commencing at the Pacific Ocean and extending 1 mile in width on each side of the Klamath river for a distance of 20 miles.	Reservation size and history^{[note 22]}
Camel-el-po-ma Pomo et al.	5-22-1856	Ca-2 522	816	Executive Order		President set apart Mendocino reserve in California in compliance with recommendation of Superintendent Henley of Nov. 17, 1855.	This reserve was abandoned for Indian purposes on Mar. 31, 1866, and was restored to the public domain by act of Congress of July 27, 1868
Tule River or Madden Farm reservation Indians	1856	Ca-2 402	814			This tract was informally established in 1856 as an Indian reservation.	Tule Reservation size and history^{[note 23]}
Round Valley reservation Indians	9-4-1856	Ca-2 (detail of Round Valley reservation)	816			Superintendent Henley reports selection of temporary reservation at Round valley or "Nome Cult."	Round Valley Reservation size and history^{[note 24]}
Yokuts Chow-chilla(Chaushila) & Mono people , Miwok^{[note 25]}(Poho-neche), Chook-chancie, et al.	11-19-1859	Ca-2 423	822			Superintendent McDuffie reports abandonment of Fresno River reservation.	Reservation size and history^{[note 26]}
Shoshone, (Western bands)	10-1-1863	Ca-2 444	828	Executive Action	Stat. L.,xviii,689	Possession status^{[note 27]}	Reservation size and history^{[note 28]}
California Indians	4-8-1864		830	Act Of Congress	Stat. L.,XIII, 39.	Authorizing the establishment of four Indian reservations within the limits of the state.	Statute limited the number of reservations in California to a total of 4. Recognized under this act were Round Valley, Hoopa Valley, Smith River, and Tule River
Hupa (S. Fork, Redwood, and Grouse Creek bands)	8-21-1864	Ca-2 461	832	Stat. L., XIII, 39.	Under act of Congress April 8, 1864.	Superintendent Wiley locates the whole of Hoopa valley as one of the reserves contemplated by act of Apr. 8, 1864	Reservation size and history^{[note 29]}
Washoe	7-10-1865	Ca-2 473	836	Order of Sectary of Interior.		Country claimed by Washoes was taken possession of by settlers between 1855 and 1865 without purchase of their title by U. S.	Reservation size and history^{[note 30]}
Smith River Reservation Closed	7-27-1868	Ca-2 521	850	Act of Congress	Stat. L.xv.221.	Removal of Indians to Hoopa Valley and Round Valley reservations	Reservation history^{[note 31]}
Mendocino Indian Reservation	7-27-1868	Ca-2 522	850	Act of Congress	Stat. L.xv.223.	Reservation status^{[note 32]} Mendocino Reservation size and history^{[note 33]}
San Pasqual, Pala Valley Mission Indians	1-31-1870	Ca-2 527 528	852	Executive Action		President sets apart a reserve for Indians near San Bernardino	Trouble arose with the settlers and the reserve was abandoned in Apr., 1871.
Round River Valley Reservation expanded	3-30-1870	Ca-2 Round River inset	852	Executive Action		President enlarges Round Valley reservation in California	Nome Cult Reservation size and history^{[note 34]}
Tule river, King's river, Owen's river, et al.	1-9-1873	Ca-2 607	860	Executive Order		President sets apart a reserve at Tule river	Canceled and a new reserve established Oct. 3, 1873
Round River Valley Reservation	4-8-1873	Ca-2 583	862	Executive Order		President withdraws from sale certain lands in Round valley, specified by act of Mar. 3, 1873, until report of commissioners is received fixing N. boundary.	The commissioners made their report Nov. 1, 1873. It was approved by the Secretary of the Interior Aug. 4. 1874. and proclamation of the boundaries made by Executive order of May 18, 1875.
Tule river, King's river, Owen's river, et al.	10-3-1873	547 607	864	Executive Order		Tule Reservation Expansion and location^{[note 35]}	Reservation location and history^{[note 36]}
Paiute	3-23-1874	Ca-2 562	872	Executive Order		President establishes reservation at Pyramid Lake, as surveyed by Eugene Monroe on January 23, 1865, Plat taken from original in Office of Indian Affairs	Reservation location and history^{[note 37]}
Round Valley Reservation	5-18-1875	Ca-2 583	880	Executive Order		President proclaims the boundaries of Round Valley reservation in accordance with act of Congress Mar. 3, 1873	Reservation boundaries and history^{[note 38]}
Mission Indians – Portrero – Rincon, Gapich, La Joya, Cahuila, Capitan Grande, Santa Ysabel – Mesa Grande, Pala, Agua Caliente, Sycuan, Inaja, Cosmit	12-27-1875		884	Executive Order		President sets apart reservations for Mission Indians, in San Diego county, California	See Executive orders of May 3, 1877, Aug. 25, 1877, and Sept. 29, 1877; also that of Jan. 17, 1880.
Colorado River	5-15-1876	Ca-2 593	886	Executive Order		President alludes to previous errors and correctly defines boundaries of Colorado River reservation – partially in California.	See act of Congress of Mar. 3, 1865, and executive order of Nov. 22, 1873 and Nov. 16, 1874
Mission Indians – Portrero, Agua Caliente, Torros, Cabezons	5-15-1876		886	Executive Order		President sets apart additional tracts for Mission Indians	See Executive orders of Dec. 27, 1875, May 3, 1877, August 25, 1877, and September 29, 1877
Hupa et al.	6-23-1876	Ca-2 461	886	Executive Order		President proclaims the boundaries of Hoopa Valley reservation as one of the reserves authority by act of Apr. 8, 1864.	This reserve was established Aug. 21, 1864 by Superintendent Wiley
Round Valley Indians	7-26-1876	Ca-2 594 sec.2, T.22N.,R.13W.	886	Executive Order		President adds late Camp Wright military reservation to Round Valley Indian reservation	See Executive order of Mar. 30, 1870, Apr. 8, 1873, and May 18, 1873
Mission Indians Cahuilla Band of Mission Indians of the Cahuilla Reservation	5-3-1877		890	Executive Order		President restores to public domain a portion of lands withdrawn by Executive orders of Dec. 27, 1875, and May 15, 1876, T.7S, R.2E, T.14S.,R.2E & T.9S.,R.2W.	See Executive orders of August 25, 1877, and September 29, 1877
Mission Indians – Morongo Band	8-25-1877	Ca-2 825	890	Executive Order		President withdraws and sets apart further tracts for reservation T.2S.,R.1E	See Executive orders of Dec. 27, 1875, May 15, 1876, May 3, 1877, and Sept. 29, 1877
Mission Indians Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians	9-29-1877		892	Executive Order		President withdraws and sets apart further tracts for reservation: Palm Springs – T.4S.,R.4E.	See Executive orders of Dec. 27, 1875, May 15, 1876, May 3, 1877, and Sept. 29, 1877
Tule River, King's River, et al.	8-3-1878	Ca-2 607	892	Executive Order		President restores to public domain part of reservation set apart by Executive order of Oct. 3, 1873.
Mission Indians – Agua Caliente No. 1 (Cupeno)	1-17-1880		898	Executive Order		President cancels a, part of Executive order of Dec. 27, 1875, as follows: All that portion of said order relating to the Agua Caliente NO. 1 (Cupeno) Indian reservation, and also that part relating to the Santa Ysabel Indian reservation. T.11S., R.3E.
Mission Indians	3-9-1881		902	Executive Order		President sets apart additional tracts for Mission Indians
Mission Indians – Pechanga	6-27-1882		906	Executive Order		President sets apart additional tracts for a reserve T.8S, R.2W	See Act of Mar. 3. 1873.
Mission Indians	7-24-1882		908	Executive Order		President cancels order of Dec. 27, 1865.
Mission Indians	2-5-1883		910	Executive Order		President restores to public domain certain lands withdrawn by Executive order Dec. 27, 1875. sec. 3 T.12S, R.2E
Mission Indians Barona Band	6-19-1883		912	Executive Order		President sets apart certain tracts for Mission Indians sec. 9, T.5S., R.1E. & T.14S., R.2E.
Mission Indians Pechanga Tribe	1-25-1886		918	Executive Order		President cancels Executive order of June 27, 1882, so far as relates to lot 2 in sec. 28, T. 8S., R.2 W.
Mission Indians	3-22-1886		918	Executive Order		President cancels and revokes Executive order of June 19, 1883. Sec. 28 T.4S., R.1E. SE of Fremont Ca.
Mission Indians	1-29-1887		924	Executive Order		President amends order of Mar. 22, 1886, relative to reservation for Mission Indians. Sec. 28 T.4S., R.1E. SE of Fremont Ca.
Mission Indians – Cahuilla	3-14-1887		924	Executive Order		The President sets apart as an addition to the Mission Indian reservation of Cahuilla Sec. 23, T.7S.,R.2E.
Mission Indians – Шаблон:Ill	5-6-1889		934	Executive Order		The President orders certain lands to be withdrawn from sale and set apart as a reserve for the Mission Indians West of Gilroy T.10S., R.4E., & secs. 3&4. T.11S., R.4E.	Reservation lands and history^{[note 39]}
Mission Indians – ALL	1-12-1891		938	Act of Congress	Stat. L., XXVI, 712	Authorizes Secretary of the Interior to appoint three commissioners to select a reservation for each band or village so as to include as far as practicable the lands now occupied to a sufficient extent to meet their just requirements. It also authorizes all allotments in severalty on certain conditions.
Hoopa et al.	10-16-1891	Ca-2 400 461	942	Executive Order		The President extends the limits of their reservation so as to include a tract of country 1 mile in width on each side of the Klamath river, and extending from the then limits thereof to the Pacific Ocean.	Reservation size and history^{[note 40]}
Klamath River Reservation	6-17-1892	Ca-2 400	944	Act of Congress	Stat. L., XXVII, 52	Restores the original Klamath River reservation to the public domain. Provides for allotments to Indians settled thereon.	See executive order, Oct 16, 1891

Notes

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References

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External links

Шаблон:Authority control

Ошибка цитирования Для существующих тегов <ref> группы «note» не найдено соответствующего тега <references group="note"/>

[1] Шаблон:Cite web

[2] Шаблон:Cite interview

[3] Шаблон:Cite web

[Cessions-4] 4,0 ^4,1 Шаблон:Cite journal

[Treaty_History-5] Шаблон:Cite web

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Английская Википедия:California Indian Reservations and Cessions

Содержание

California Indian Reservations and Cessions

History

Indian Land Cessions in the United States

Notes

See also

References

External links

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