Английская Википедия:California Senate Bill 277
Шаблон:Short description California Senate Bill 277 (SB277) is a California law that removed personal belief as a reason for an exemption from the vaccination requirements for entry to private or public elementary or secondary schools in California, as well as day care centers. The final version of the bill was enacted by the California Legislature in 2015 (passing the State Assembly on a 46–31 vote[1][2] and the California State Senate on a 24–14 vote[2]) and was signed into law by Governor Jerry Brown on June 30, 2015.[2][3]
Passage of bill
The bill, co-authored by California state Senators Richard Pan and Ben Allen, was prompted by the 2014 Disneyland measles outbreak and low levels of vaccination in pockets of California, with some schools having vaccination rates below 60%.[4] SB277 was supported by the California Medical Association,[5] as well as by the American Academy of Pediatrics' California affiliate; the California State PTA; the California Immunization Coalition; and the California Children's Hospital Association.[3]
Opposition to the bill, albeit from "a tiny minority", has been characterized as "possibly the most strident outpouring of political dissent in recent memory".[4] Anti-vaccine activists started a petition to have Pan removed by recall election, but failed to obtain the necessary number of voter signatures.[6] Efforts by the Freedom Angels Foundation to place a referendum on the ballot to repeal SB 277 also failed.[6][7] Opponents of the legislation vilified Pan on social media, comparing to a Nazi; death threats were reported against both him and Ben Allen.[8][9]
Upheld by courts
During and after the passage of SB 277, legal scholars such as Dorit Rubinstein Reiss of the University of California, Hastings College of the Law[10] and Erwin Chemerinsky and Michele Goodwin of the University of California, Irvine School of Law said that removal of non-medical exceptions to compulsory vaccination laws were constitutional, noting such U.S Supreme Court cases as Zucht v. King (1922) and Prince v. Massachusetts (1944).[11] After the passage of SB 277, groups of anti-vaccine parents challenged the law in court, arguing that it violated the right to an education, the right to religious freedom, and parental rights; these claims were rejected by the California state courts.[12][13]
Impact and limitations
Following the law's enactment, vaccination rates among California schoolchildren increased, although unjustified medical exemptions also increased.[13][14] The 20% increase in medical exemptions was fueled by anti-vaccination parents who sought and received such exemptions.[15]
A 2019 study published in the journal Pediatrics, analyzing the effect of the law, determined that "the percentage of incoming kindergarteners up-to-date on vaccinations in California increased after the implementation of SB277," but there was a replacement effect: medical exemptions for independent study/homeschooled students largely offset "the decrease in the personal belief exemption rate from 2.37% to 0.56%."[16] The study's correlational analysis also found "that previous geographic patterns of vaccine refusal persisted after the law's implementation."[16]
In a separate 2019 study published in Pediatrics, Californian public health officials interviewed after SB 277's enactment said that, following the bill's passage, they faced an increasing amount of unusual reasons cited as justifications for medical exemptions, as well as the unethical practices by some physicians who charged parents a high fee in exchange for obtaining an unjustified medical exemption.[17] SB 277 did not allow public health officials to oppose unjustified medical exemptions provided by physicians,[15] and public health officials supported a change in the law to allow them to address abuses of the medical exemption process and thus decrease the possibility of infectious disease outbreaks.[17]
A separate study, published in 2019 in PLOS Medicine used a synthetic control method to "implementation of the California policy that eliminated nonmedical childhood vaccine exemptions was associated with an estimated increase in vaccination coverage and a reduction in nonmedical exemptions at state and county levels," suggesting that the removal of non-medical vaccination exemptions "can be effective at increasing vaccination coverage."[18] The study determined that the "observed increase in medical exemptions was offset by the larger reduction in nonmedical exemptions."[18] The study found that the biggest gains in vaccine coverage were in the counties with the lowest vaccine coverage pre-SB 277.[18]
See also
References
External links
- Senate Bill 277 at legislature.ca.gov
- ↑ Rebecca Plevin, SB277 update: Calif. state Assembly approves controversial vaccination bill, KPCC (June 25, 2015).
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 SB-277 Public health: vaccinations (2015-2016), California Legislature.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Jeremy B. White, Richard Pan recall effort falls short on vaccine issue, Sacramento Bee (January 4, 2016).
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Erwin Chemerinsky & Michele Goodwin, Essay: Compulsory Vaccination Laws are Constitutional, Northwestern University Law Review, Vol. 110, No. 3, pp. 589-616.
- ↑ Dorit Rubinstein Reiss, A Few Hail Mary Passes: Immunization Mandate Law, SB 277, Brought To Court, Health Affairs (February 28, 2018).
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 Dorit Reiss, California Court of Appeal Rejects Challenge to Vaccine Law, Bill of Health, Harvard Law School, July 30, 2018.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 Paul L. Delamater, S. Cassandra Pingali, Alison M. Buttenheim, Daniel A. Salmon, Nicola P. Klein & Saad B. Omer, Elimination of Nonmedical Immunization Exemptions in California and School-Entry Vaccine Status, Pediatrics. Vol. 143, Issue 6, June 2019.
- ↑ 17,0 17,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 18,0 18,1 18,2 Sindiso Nyathi, Hannah C. Karpel, Kristin L. Sainani, Yvonne Maldonado, Peter J. Hotez, Eran Bendavid, & Nathan C. Lo, The 2016 California policy to eliminate nonmedical vaccine exemptions and changes in vaccine coverage: An empirical policy analysis, PLOS Medicine (December 23, 2019), doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002994.
