Английская Википедия:Cambria Iron Company
Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox NRHP The Cambria Iron Company of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, was a major producer of iron and steel that operated independently from 1852 to 1916. The company adopted many innovations in the steelmaking process, including those of William Kelly and Henry Bessemer.
Founded in 1852, the company became the nation's largest steel foundry within two decades. It was reorganized and renamed the Cambria Steel Company in 1898, purchased by Midvale Steel and Ordnance Company in 1916, and sold to the Bethlehem Steel Company in 1923.[1]
The company's facilities, which extend some Шаблон:Convert along the Conemaugh and Little Conemaugh Rivers, operated until 1992. Today, they are a National Historic Landmark District. Several works by the firm are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[2][3]
Facilities
The industrial facilities of the Cambria occupied five separate sites in and around Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Its earliest facilities, known as the Lower Works, are located on the east bank of the Conemaugh River, north of downtown Johnstown and the Little Conemaugh River.
The Gautier Plant is just northeast of downtown Johnstown on the south side of the Little Conemaugh. Further up that River is the extensive Franklin Plant and Wheel Plant, while the Rod and Wire Plant is located on the west side of the Conemaugh River, north of the Lower Works. Each of these facilities represents a different phase of development and growth of the steel industry; however, the Lower Works no longer has significant traces of the earliest facilities used in steel manufacturing. All five of these areas comprise the National Historic Landmark District designated in 1989.[4]
Company history
The Cambria Iron Company was founded in 1852 to provide iron for the construction of railroads. In 1854, the iron works, which had gone out of the blast, were purchased by a group of Philadelphia merchants led by Matthew Newkirk. After a fire destroyed the main rolling mill in 1857, Newkirk persuaded his co-investors to rebuild it on a larger scale.[5]
The company grew rapidly and was, by the 1870s, a leading producer of steel and an innovator in the advancement of steelmaking technology. It performed early experiments with the Kelly converter, built the first blooming mill, and was one of the first plants to use hydraulics for the movement of ingots. It built one of the first plants to use the Bessemer process for making steel at a large scale. The company's innovations, methods, and processes were widely influential throughout the steel industry.[4]
The company was at its height in the 1870s, under the long-term leadership of general manager Daniel Johnson Morrell, who had overseen the expansion of the works into one of the largest producers of rails in the United States, helping to end dependence on British railroad construction imports.[6] He was a member of the 40th United States Congress and 41st United States Congress.
Morrell became concerned about the South Fork Dam, which formed Lake Conemaugh above Johnstown and Cambria Iron Company's facilities. To monitor the dam, Morrell joined South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, which owned the dam. Morrell campaigned to club officials to improve the dam, which he had inspected by his own engineers and by those of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Morrell even offered to effect repairs, partially at his own expense, but was rejected by club president Benjamin F. Ruff. Morell died in 1885, his warnings unheeded.
On May 31, 1889, the dam failed, unleashing the Johnstown Flood. The flood killed more than 2,200 people—then the largest disaster in U.S. history—and badly damaged the Cambria Iron Company's facilities. The company reopened on June 6, 1889,[6] and continued to operate independently, though eclipsed in size by other producers, following the flood.
Morell's membership in the club was purchased by Cyrus Elder, chief legal counsel for Cambria Iron Company.[7][8] A former news editor, Elder was the only Johnstown native who was a member of the club and lost his wife and a daughter in the flood. He was and remained a notable civic leader and wrote books and poetry.[9]
In 1916, the company was acquired by Midvale Steel and Ordnance Company. Midvale sold the company to Bethlehem Steel in 1923,[4] and it operated continuously until 1992.[6]
Cambria Steel Company formed a proprietary subsidiary shipping company called Franklin Steamship Company of Cleveland in 1906 and Beaver Steamship Company in 1916. Both companies were sold to Bethlehem Steamship Company in 1924.[10]
Works produced
Infrastructure whose parts were manufactured by the Cambria Company include (with variations in attribution):
- Bell Bridge, county road over Niobrara River, Шаблон:Convert northeast of Valentine, Nebraska (Cambria Steel Co.), NRHP-listed[2]
- Boone River Bridge, Buchanan Avenue over Boone River, Goldfield, Iowa (Cambria Steel Company), NRHP-listed[2]
- Borman Bridge, county road over Niobrara River, Шаблон:Convert southeast of Valentine, Nebraska (Cambria Steel Co.), NRHP-listed[2]
- Eldorado Bridge, State Street over Turkey River, Eldorado, Iowa (Cambria Steel Co.), NRHP-listed[2]
- Johnstown Inclined Railway, Johns Street and Edgehill Drive, Johnstown, Pennsylvania (Cambria Iron Co.), NRHP-listed[2]
- Neligh Mill Bridge, Elm Street over Elkhorn River, Neligh, Nebraska (Cambria/Lackawanna Steel Cos.), NRHP-listed[2]
- North Loup Bridge, county road over North Loup River, Шаблон:Convert northeast of North Loup, Nebraska (Cambria & Lackawanna Steel Cos.), NRHP-listed[2]
- Republican River Bridge, county road over Republican River, Шаблон:Convert east and Шаблон:Convert south of Riverton, Nebraska (Cambria Steel Co.), NRHP-listed[2]
- Willow Creek Bridge, county road over Willow Creek, Шаблон:Convert south of Foster, Nebraska (Cambria Steel Co.), NRHP-listed[2]
See also
- Rolling Mill Mine
- List of National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Cambria County, Pennsylvania
References
External links
- History of the Steel Industry in Johnstown
- Lists of National Historic Landmarks Шаблон:Webarchive
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Шаблон:National Register of Historic Places Шаблон:Johnstown, Pennsylvania Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8 2,9 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокnrisне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:NRHP url
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 "Johnstown, Pennsylvania, 1904" by Charles Luther Morgan, Library of Congress, World Digital Library, 1904. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
- ↑ Johnstown’s Flood of 1889: Power Over Truth and The Science Behind the Disaster, by Neil M. Coleman, Springer, 2018, page 185. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
- ↑ "Benjamin Franklin Ruff (1835-1887)", "Johnstown Memorial", National Park Service. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
- ↑ "Cyrus Elder (1833-1912)","Johnstown Memorial", National Park Service. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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