Английская Википедия:Cape Verdean Portuguese

Содержание

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Файл:Outdoor Desparasitacao (Sal, Cabo Verde).JPG

Governmental informational outdoor about deworming in the schools of Sal, in Portuguese.

Cape Verdean Portuguese (Шаблон:Lang-pt) is the variety of Portuguese spoken in Cape Verde.

Status

While Cape Verdean Creole is the mother tongue of nearly all the population in Cape Verde, Portuguese is the official language. Creole is, therefore, used colloquially, in everyday usage, while Portuguese is used in official situations, at schools, in the media, etc. Portuguese and Creole live in a state of diglossia, meaning that Portuguese is usually used in formal situations, in the media, business, education, judicial system and legislature, while Creole is preferred for informal situations as a vernacular language in day-to-day life and daily activities.

Portuguese is not spoken uniformly in Cape Verde. There is a continuum that reveals several aspects: greater or lesser education, greater or lesser exposure to Portuguese, greater or lesser frequency in Portuguese usage, etc.

There is no institution that regulates the usage of Portuguese in Cape Verde. Nevertheless, there are some empiric concepts about what is "correct" or "incorrect" concerning the way of speaking, resulting from:

1. consensual models among people that are the more educated and/or more exposed to Portuguese;
2. consensual models among scholars, language teachers, etc.
3. when some linguistic phenomena occur in a systematic and regular way, they are no longer considered deviance to the standard, but rather a genuine expression of a regional community;

Another interesting phenomenon is that, if by one side the Portuguese in Cape Verde has developed some specificities, on the other side, during the years of colonization the paradigmatic models were from European Portuguese, and as of today, the reference works (grammars, dictionaries, school manuals, etc.) are from Portugal. Therefore, we are in the presence of two movements in opposite directions that happen simultaneously: on one side the Portuguese spoken in Cape Verde moves toward a development of its own characteristics, and on the other side the European Portuguese standards are still making some pressure that slows down the development of a typically Cape Verdean variety.

Other regions where this version of the Portuguese language is spoken are Portugal, Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Switzerland, the United States (especially in Massachusetts), and purportedly, Spain, specifically Catalonia (especially in Barcelona), and Northern Spain, including Galicia (see also: Cape Verdeans in Portugal, Cape Verdeans in Belgium, Cape Verdeans in France, Cape Verdean Luxembourger, Cape Verdean Swiss, Cape Verdean Americans, and Cape Verdean Spanish).

Characteristics

The Portuguese spoken in Cape Verde is based on the European Portuguese. That's not too surprising, due to the historical relationship between the two countries, and by the fact that the language standardizing instruments (grammars, dictionaries, school manuals) are based on standards from Portugal. However, there are differences that in spite of being small are enough to set Cape Verdean Portuguese apart from European Portuguese. Despite some minor differences in the pronunciation by speakers of the northern and southern islands (see below), due to the small size of the territory one cannot say that there are dialectal divisions in the Portuguese spoken in Cape Verde, making up the Cape Verdean Portuguese on its whole a dialectal variety of Portuguese.

Phonetics

The phonetics of the Cape Verdean Portuguese and European Portuguese are close to each other. Here are the most striking differences:

1. Consonants
   1. Шаблон:IPA
      In Cape Verdean Portuguese Шаблон:IPA is laminal dental Шаблон:IPA, i.e., it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue touching the upper teeth. It is similar to the "l" sound in Spanish, French or German.
      The "l" sound in European Portuguese is velarized alveolar Шаблон:IPA, i.e., it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue touching the alveolar ridge, well behind the upper teeth, with the tongue making a curve with the concavity pointing up, and the back of the tongue approaching the vellum. It is similar to the Шаблон:IPA in English and Catalan.
   2. Шаблон:IPA
      Шаблон:IPA has the same variability as in European Portuguese. It is either pronounced as an alveolar trill Шаблон:IPAblink (more frequent in the Southern Islands) or either as an uvular trill Шаблон:IPAblink, voiced uvular fricative Шаблон:IPAblink or voiced velar fricative Шаблон:IPAblink (more frequent in the Northern Islands).
   3. Intervocalic Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA
      In Portugal, these are realized as the fricatives Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA. In Cape Verde they are always pronounced as plosives Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.
2. Vowels and diphthongs
   1. Unstressed open vowels
      In European Portuguese there are cases when the unstressed Шаблон:Angle bracket is pronounced open Шаблон:IPA:
      - when it originates etymologically from Шаблон:Angle bracket (sadio, Tavares, caveira, etc.);
      - when a final Шаблон:Angle bracket is followed by an initial Шаблон:Angle bracket (minha amiga, casa amarela, uma antena, etc.);
      - when the Шаблон:Angle bracket is followed by a preconsonantal Шаблон:IPA (alguém, faltou, etc.);
      - other cases harder to explain (camião, racismo, etc.)
      In Cape Verdean Portuguese there is the tendency to realize these as close Шаблон:IPA:
      - vadio, caveira, minha amiga, uma antena, alguém, faltou, are all pronounced with Шаблон:IPA;
      Note that in the educated register some instances of the unstressed Шаблон:Angle bracket are pronounced open Шаблон:IPA: baptismo, fracção, actor, etc.
   2. Unstressed initial Шаблон:Angle bracket
      In Cape Verde, the unstressed initial Шаблон:Angle bracket is always pronounced close Шаблон:IPA.
   3. Unstressed initial Шаблон:Angle bracket
      In Portugal the written unstressed initial Шаблон:Angle bracket is pronounced Шаблон:IPA. In Cape Verde, according to the word (and the speaker) it’s either pronounced Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA. Probably, the natural tendency is to pronounce Шаблон:IPA (in a parallel way to the initial "o") being the pronunciation Шаблон:IPA resulting from European Portuguese pressure. Many Cape Verdean speakers clearly distinguish in the pronunciation certain word pairs: eminência \ iminência, emita \ imita, emigrante \ imigrante, elegível \ ilegível, emergir \ imergir, etc.
   4. Unstressed initial "e" before "s" + consonant
      In Portugal the unstressed initial "e" before "s" + consonant is pronounced Шаблон:IPA. In Cape Verde, this "e" is not pronounced at all, beginning the word by a voiceless palatal fricative Шаблон:IPA (estado, espátula, esquadro) or by a voiced palatal fricative Шаблон:IPA (esbelto, esganar).
   5. Шаблон:IPA
      Some Cape Verdean speakers haves some trouble pronouncing the unstressed Шаблон:Angle bracket sound, pronounced Шаблон:IPA in European Portuguese (revelar, medir, debate). This trouble is solved in two different ways:
      1. speakers from the Southern Islands pronounce it as Шаблон:IPA;
      2. speakers from the Northern Islands delete it (check point 7 farther below);
         Nevertheless, an epenthetic Шаблон:IPA is never inserted after final Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, as it is the case for some speakers in Portugal. Thus, in Cape Verde, normal, barril, cantar, beber are never pronounced normale, barrile, cantare, bebere.
   6. Unstressed /i/ and /u/
      In Cape Verde there is no dissimilation of two /i/ or /u/ like it happens in Portugal. Words like medicina, vizinho are actually pronounced me-di-ssi-, vi-zi- and not me-de-ssi-, ve-zi- like in Portugal. Words like futuro, Sofia are actually pronounced fu-tu-, su-fi- and not fe-tu-, Se-fi- like in Portugal.
   7. Unstressed Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA
      Speakers from the Northern Islands frequently delete these vowels.
      Nevertheless, either what is mentioned in this point as what was mentioned on point 5 are considered pronunciation errors by Cape Verdeans themselves.
   8. Diphthongs
      In standard European Portuguese the orthographical sequence "ei" is pronounced Шаблон:IPA, while the sequence "ou" is pronounced Шаблон:IPA. In Cape Verde these diphthongs are pronounced as the writing suggests: Шаблон:Angle bracket is pronounced Шаблон:IPA, while Шаблон:Angle bracket is pronounced Шаблон:IPA.
      In the same way, the sequence Шаблон:Angle bracket is pronounced Шаблон:IPA, and not Шаблон:IPA like in standard European Portuguese.
   9. Stressed "e" before palatal sounds
      In the same way as the previous point, the stressed "e" before the palatals Шаблон:IPA) is pronounced Шаблон:IPA and not Шаблон:IPA like in standard European Portuguese.
   10. The sequence Шаблон:Angle bracket
       The sequence Шаблон:Angle bracket in the word Шаблон:Lang is pronounced as an oral diphthong Шаблон:IPA, rather than a nasalized diphthong Шаблон:IPA.

Файл:Praia-Assemblée nationale.jpg

Cape Verdean National Assembly building, in Praia

Morphology and syntax

In the morphology there are not big differences towards European Portuguese, being noted however the preference for some forms. The syntax reveals now and then some Creole structures that are transposed to Portuguese.

1. In Portugal there are several ways for the 2nd person treatment that are expressed by Шаблон:Lang "you (familiar)", Шаблон:Lang "you (respectful)", Шаблон:Lang "sir", Шаблон:Lang "madam", Шаблон:Lang "Doctor" (or any other professional title), calling the person by its name but using the 3rd person (e.g., Шаблон:Lang "Manuel would do this for me, please"), etc. Each of those ways corresponds to several levels of intimacy, levels of respect, hierarchy levels, etc.
   The treatment for the 2nd person in Cape Verde is simpler, there are only two levels: Шаблон:Lang "you" (intimacy, familiar or same age treatment) and Шаблон:Lang "you" (respectful treatment) that can be used indistinguishably from Шаблон:Lang "sir" or Шаблон:Lang "madam".
2. In Creole there is no specific form for the future tense. The future in Creole is expressed with the auxiliary verb "to go". That is probably the reason why Cape Verdeans prefer using a composite form for the future in Portuguese instead of a simple form (Шаблон:Lang "I am going to do instead of Шаблон:Lang "I will do").
   The same happens with the conditional (Шаблон:Lang "if it rained I was not going to leave" instead of Шаблон:Lang "if it rained I wouldn’t leave").
3. Frequent usage of the interrogative in the negative form, especially when someone offers something: Шаблон:Lang "Don’t you want a cup of coffee?"; Шаблон:Lang "Don’t you need my help?".
4. In Creole there are no definite articles. That is probably the reason why the definite article is sometimes not used. Ex.: Шаблон:Lang instead of Шаблон:Lang "Pedro went").
5. The first person of the plural in the past in verbs from the first conjugation is not pronounced with an open Шаблон:IPA (even if the orthography requests that!). Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang pronounced with closed Шаблон:IPA.
6. Since there is no verbal inflexion in Creole, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatory. That is probably the reason why in Cape Verdean Portuguese the omission of the personal pronouns is rare. Ex.: Шаблон:Lang more frequently than Шаблон:Lang "I go down the stairs".
7. Also because the inflexion of words in Creole is weak, the word order is more rigid. Creole does not allow the flexibility, the inversions and word order changes that Portuguese allows.
   In every day usage, it is not natural to a Cape Verdean speaker, when speaking Portuguese, to use inversions and word order changes. For example, what in Portugal could be said Шаблон:Lang (literally "hope I that one day there you arrive"), to a Cape Verdean speaker would be more natural to say Шаблон:Lang (literally "I hope that you arrive there one day").
   Nevertheless, it is not an impeachment to, at literary level, be used the flexibility mentioned before.
8. Some frequent mistakes in Portugal, such as Шаблон:Lang (instead of Шаблон:Lang), Шаблон:Lang (instead of Шаблон:Lang), Шаблон:Lang (instead of Шаблон:Lang), Шаблон:Lang (instead of Шаблон:Lang), etc. are not registered in Cape Verde.

Lexicon and semantics

In the lexicon and in the semantics one can notice strong influences from Creole. But the frontier between a Creole substratum in Cape Verdean Portuguese and a Creole superstratum in Cape Verdean Portuguese is not clear. Since nearly all the words in Creole originate from Portuguese, the usage of certain forms is not clear if they are Portuguese archaisms that have remained in Cape Verdean Portuguese, or if they are Creole words that were introduced in Portuguese.

In some other cases, even when speaking Portuguese, is more frequent to use a Creole word than the corresponding Portuguese one.

1. Some words are specific and reveal some particularities of the fauna, the flora, the ethnography, the cuisine, the climate, etc.
   1. Шаблон:Lang (gooseberry) instead of Шаблон:Lang;
   2. Шаблон:Lang (aloe vera) instead of Шаблон:Lang;
   3. Шаблон:Lang (platter) instead of Шаблон:Lang;
   4. Шаблон:Lang (meringue) Шаблон:Lang;
   5. Шаблон:Lang (baobab) instead of Шаблон:Lang;
   6. Шаблон:Lang (marbles) instead of Шаблон:Lang;
   7. Шаблон:Lang (french toast) instead of Шаблон:Lang;
   8. Шаблон:Lang (accordion) instead of Шаблон:Lang;
   9. Шаблон:Lang (dew) instead of Шаблон:Lang;
   10. Шаблон:Lang (chilli pepper) instead ofШаблон:Lang, but the word malagueta is also used in the Portuguese-speaking world;
   11. Шаблон:Lang (peanut) instead of Шаблон:Lang;
   12. Шаблон:Lang understood as sugarcane honey; the bee honey is known as Шаблон:Lang;
   13. Шаблон:Lang (kingfisher) instead of Шаблон:Lang;
   14. Шаблон:Lang (tamarind) instead of Шаблон:Lang;
   15. Шаблон:Lang (sparrow) instead of Шаблон:Lang;
   16. Шаблон:Lang (guitar) same usage in Brazil, but different in Portugal (Шаблон:Lang);
2. Other objects, ideas or expressions are expressed differently. Ex.:
   1. one picks up the phone saying Шаблон:Lang, and not Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang as in Portugal, but the same in Brazil;
   2. what in Portugal is called indiscriminately Шаблон:Lang, in Cape Verde has several denominations accordingly to the object: Шаблон:Lang "suitcase", Шаблон:Lang "briefcase", Шаблон:Lang "purse", Шаблон:Lang "lady's handbag", Шаблон:Lang "trunk", etc.;
   3. on the other side, what in Portugal can be called Шаблон:Lang "overcoat", Шаблон:Lang "coat", Шаблон:Lang "jersey", Шаблон:Lang "anorak", Шаблон:Lang, etc., in Cape Verde is simply called Шаблон:Lang;
   4. Шаблон:Lang is used (and not Шаблон:Lang "calculator"), Шаблон:Lang (and not Шаблон:Lang “Xerox machine”), Шаблон:Lang (and not Шаблон:Lang "ink cartridge");
3. Because the closer neighboring countries of Cape Verde are francophones, in diplomatic environment or in environments more in contact with foreigners some neologisms appear, strongly rejected by scholars and purists in Cape Verde. For ex.: Шаблон:Lang (from French Шаблон:Lang), Шаблон:Lang (from French Шаблон:Lang), Шаблон:Lang meaning “address” (is it from French Шаблон:Lang or from English “address”?). However, the fact that in Creole is pronounced “tchanci” makes one believe that the usage of the word chance (in Cape Verdean Portuguese) is an Anglicism (English “chance”), and not a Gallicism (French Шаблон:Lang);
4. In spite of some words being used with exactly the same meaning of European Portuguese, they are also used with the meaning in Creole. Ex.:
   1. Шаблон:Lang, rebel, unsubmissive, instead of rude;
   2. Шаблон:Lang, desperation, instead of outrage;
   3. Шаблон:Lang, exclamation meaning “of course!”
   4. Шаблон:Lang, mountain, instead of rock
   5. Шаблон:Lang, naïf, instead of innocent;
5. Some meanings in Portugal are simply not known in Cape Verde. Ex.:
   1. Шаблон:Lang is only known with the meaning of “to shake”, and not with the meaning of “to leave”;
   2. Шаблон:Lang is only known with the meaning of “islet”, and not with the meaning of “island inhabitant”;
   3. Шаблон:Lang is only used for the sport “tennis”, the shoes “sneakers” are known as Шаблон:Lang (a meaning mostly only employed in the Lisbon region and the south of Portugal);

Orthography

Cape Verde has participated on the works towards the elaboration of the Acordo Ortográfico — with a delegation composed of the linguist Manuel Veiga and by the writer Moacyr Rodrigues — and has ratified the document. In 1998 Cape Verde was the host of the II CPLP Summit, held in Praia, where the first “Protocolo Modificativo ao Acordo Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa” was signed, which removed from the original text the original date of enforcement (1994). Cape Verde has ratified this document, as well as the “Segundo Protocolo Modificativo” (April 2005), being the second country (after Brazil) to complete the entire procedure for the enforcement of the Spelling Agreement.

According to Prime Minister José Maria Neves, Cape Verde is in favor of a “spell approach” between the existing variants in Portugal and Brazil and sees Portuguese as “an important tool for the development of Cape Verde”. Despite of the Spelling Agreement 1990 having become effective on October 1, 2015, in the country the rules of Spelling Agreement of 1945 continues to prevail.Шаблон:Citation needed

See also

• Guinean Portuguese
• Papiamento
• São Tomean Portuguese
• Portuguese language in Africa
• ECOWAS
• RTC (Cape Verde)

External links

• Cátedra "Português Língua Segunda e Estrangeira" — Bibliografia sobre o Português de Cabo Verde Шаблон:In lang. Cátedra de Português Língua Segunda e Estrangeira. — Bibliography on Cape Verdean Portuguese
• O Português na África – Cabo Verde. www.linguaportuguesa.ufrn.br