Английская Википедия:Cardinal vowels

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:IPA notice

Файл:Cardinal vowels-Jones x-ray.jpg
X-rays of Daniel Jones' Шаблон:IPA.
Файл:Cardinal vowel tongue position.png
Highest tongue positions of cardinal front and back vowels
Файл:Cardinal vowel chart-accurate(png).svg
Diagram of relative highest points of tongue for cardinal vowels
Файл:Cardinal vowel chart-common(png).svg
The "cardinal vowel quadrilateral", a more commonly seen schematic diagram of highest tongue positions of cardinal vowels

Cardinal vowels are a set of reference vowels used by phoneticians in describing the sounds of languages. They are classified depending on the position of the tongue relative to the roof of the mouth, how far forward or back is the highest point of the tongue, and the position of the lips (rounded or unrounded).

A cardinal vowel is a vowel sound produced when the tongue is in an extreme position, either front or back, high or low. The current system was systematised by Daniel Jones in the early 20th century,[1] though the idea goes back to earlier phoneticians, notably Ellis[2] and Bell.[3]

Table of cardinal vowels

Файл:Daniel Jones's 18 Cardinal Vowels.svg


Three of the cardinal vowels—Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA—have articulatory definitions. The vowel Шаблон:IPA is produced with the tongue as far forward and as high in the mouth as is possible (without producing friction), with spread lips. The vowel Шаблон:IPA is produced with the tongue as far back and as high in the mouth as is possible, with protruded lips. This sound can be approximated by adopting the posture to whistle a very low note, or to blow out a candle. And Шаблон:IPA is produced with the tongue as low and as far back in the mouth as possible.

The other vowels are 'auditorily equidistant' between these three 'corner vowels', at four degrees of aperture or 'height': close (high tongue position), close-mid, open-mid, and open (low tongue position).

These degrees of aperture plus the front-back distinction define eight reference points on a mixture of articulatory and auditory criteria. These eight vowels are known as the eight 'primary cardinal vowels', and vowels like these are common in the world's languages.

The lip positions can be reversed with the lip position for the corresponding vowel on the opposite side of the front-back dimension, so that e.g. Cardinal 1 can be produced with rounding somewhat similar to that of Cardinal 8; these are known as 'secondary cardinal vowels'. Sounds such as these are claimed to be less common in the world's languages.[4] Other vowel sounds are also recognised on the vowel chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Jones argued that to be able to use the cardinal vowel system effectively one must undergo training with an expert phonetician, working both on the recognition and the production of the vowels.[5]

Cardinal vowels are not vowels of any particular language, but a measuring system. However, some languages contain vowel or vowels that are close to the cardinal vowel(s).[6] An example of such language is Ngwe, which is spoken in Cameroon. It has been cited as a language with a vowel system that has eight vowels which are rather similar to the eight primary cardinal vowels (Ladefoged 1971:67).


Number IPA Description
1 Шаблон:IPA Close front unrounded vowel
2 Шаблон:IPA Close-mid front unrounded vowel
3 Шаблон:IPA Open-mid front unrounded vowel
4 Шаблон:IPA Open front unrounded vowel
5 Шаблон:IPA Open back unrounded vowel
6 Шаблон:IPA Open-mid back rounded vowel
7 Шаблон:IPA Close-mid back rounded vowel
8 Шаблон:IPA Close back rounded vowel
9 Шаблон:IPA Close front rounded vowel
10 Шаблон:IPA Close-mid front rounded vowel
11 Шаблон:IPA Open-mid front rounded vowel
12 Шаблон:IPA Open front rounded vowel
13 Шаблон:IPA Open back rounded vowel
14 Шаблон:IPA Open-mid back unrounded vowel
15 Шаблон:IPA Close-mid back unrounded vowel
16 Шаблон:IPA Close back unrounded vowel
17 Шаблон:IPA Close central unrounded vowel
18 Шаблон:IPA Close central rounded vowel
19 Шаблон:IPA Close-mid central unrounded vowel
20 Шаблон:IPA Close-mid central rounded vowel
21 Шаблон:IPA Open-mid central unrounded vowel
22 Шаблон:IPA Open-mid central rounded vowel

Cardinal vowels 19–22 were added by David Abercrombie.[7] In IPA Numbers, cardinal vowels 1–18 have the same numbers but added to 300.[8]

Limits on the accuracy of the system

The usual explanation of the cardinal vowel system implies that the competent user can reliably distinguish between sixteen Primary and Secondary vowels plus a small number of central vowels. The provision of diacritics by the International Phonetic Association further implies that intermediate values may also be reliably recognized, so that a phonetician might be able to produce and recognize not only a close-mid front unrounded vowel Шаблон:IPA and an open-mid front unrounded vowel Шаблон:IPA but also a mid front unrounded vowel Шаблон:IPA, a centralized mid front unrounded vowel Шаблон:IPA, and so on. This suggests a range of vowels nearer to forty or fifty than to twenty in number. Empirical evidence for this ability in trained phoneticians is hard to come by.

Ladefoged, in a series of pioneering experiments published in the 1950s and 60s, studied how trained phoneticians coped with the vowels of a dialect of Scottish Gaelic. He asked eighteen phoneticians to listen to a recording of ten words spoken by a native speaker of Gaelic and to place the vowels on a cardinal vowel quadrilateral. He then studied the degree of agreement or disagreement among the phoneticians. Ladefoged himself drew attention to the fact that the phoneticians who were trained in the British tradition established by Daniel Jones were closer to each other in their judgments than those who had not had this training. However, the most striking result is the great divergence of judgments among all the listeners regarding vowels that were distant from Cardinal values.[9]

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

  • Ladefoged, Peter. (1971). Preliminaries to linguistic phonetics. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

External links