Английская Википедия:Cath Palug

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Версия от 18:53, 15 февраля 2024; EducationBot (обсуждение | вклад) (Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{short description|A monstrous cat in Welsh legend}} {{DISPLAYTITLE:{{lang|cy|Cath Palug|nocat=y}}}} '''{{lang|cy|Cath Palug}}''' (also {{lang|cy|Cath Paluc}}, {{lang|cy|Cath Balug}}, {{lang|cy|Cath Balwg}}, literally 'Palug's cat') was a monstrous cat in Welsh legend, given birth to in {{lang|cy|Gwynedd|italic=no}} by the pig Henwen of Cornwall; the cat wa...»)
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Шаблон:Short description

Шаблон:Lang (also Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, literally 'Palug's cat') was a monstrous cat in Welsh legend, given birth to in Шаблон:Lang by the pig Henwen of Cornwall; the cat was later to haunt the Isle of Anglesey, and was said to have killed 180 warriors when Sir Kay went to the island to hunt it down.

Шаблон:Lang's French name is Шаблон:Lang (Old French and variant modern forms: Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang). Vicious poems were composed by Frenchmen claiming it killed King Arthur, according to a 12th-century Anglo-Norman author. A cat analogous to Шаблон:Lang (though not mentioned by name) is eradicated by Arthur in the Vulgate Cycle's prose Шаблон:Lang.

Шаблон:TOC limit

Etymology

The name Шаблон:Lang may mean "scratching cat", but this is just one of a range of possible meanings.Шаблон:Sfnp The word Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) is theorized to have a common Шаблон:Lang stem, which may mean: 'hit, strike', 'cut, lop', 'scratch, claw',Шаблон:Sfnp or even 'dig, pierce'.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:EfnШаблон:Refn

Шаблон:Lang, the French form can be broken down into Шаблон:Lang 'cat' + Шаблон:Lang 'bog', hence 'the bog cat'; and in the Anglo-Norman poem (see §Li Romanz des Franceis) Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang are connected in the story (the words are end-rhymed in the couplet).Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfnp

Aquatic nature

It was a sort of fish-cat which was the killer of King Arthur (and thus analogous to the Шаблон:Lang) in a fragmentary German poem (§Manuel und Amande).[1][2] The monstrous cat of Lausanne, which was the analogue in the Vulgate Merlin started out as a black kitten caught by a fisherman in his net.[3]

The Cath Palug is always localised nearby water ; lake of Bourget and Lake of Geneva in France, the sea in Wales (See §Localisation).

Welsh sources

Шаблон:Lang is mentioned in just two works among early Welsh sources, the triads and a fragmentary poem.Шаблон:Sfnp

Triads

Шаблон:Lang's birth origins are given in "The Powerful Swineherds" in the Welsh Triads (Шаблон:Lang, end of the 13th century).

According to this source, it started life as a black kitten (lit "whelp"), given birth by the great white sow Шаблон:Lang at the black rock in Шаблон:Illm.Шаблон:Efn There the kitten was cast into the sea, but it crossed the Menai Strait and was found on Шаблон:Lang (Angelsey), where the sons of Шаблон:Lang raised it, not realizing Шаблон:Lang was to become one of the three great plagues of the island.Шаблон:Sfnp[4]

Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang was fought and slain by Cai (Sir Kay), or so it is implied, in the incomplete poem "Шаблон:Lang" ("What man is the porter"), found in the Шаблон:Lang (The Black Book of Carmarthen, written before 1250).Шаблон:Sfnp Kay had gone to destroy Шаблон:Lang (possibly meaning 'lions') in Шаблон:Lang (Anglesey). In the encounter, nine score (180) warriors were killed by the cat.Шаблон:Sfnp[5][6]

The fragmentary poem states that Kay's shield is Шаблон:Lang against the cat, which has been construed in various ways,Шаблон:Efn but plausibly interpreted as "polished against Palug's cat".[7] This description coincides with the Middle English story in the Lambeth manuscript,Шаблон:Sfnp in which Arthur raises a shield (presumably mirrored) causing the cats to attack their own shadows reflected in it.Шаблон:Sfnp

Arthur's fight with the cat

Outside of Wales, the cat's opponent has been transposed to King Arthur himself.

The Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) is the equivalent monster in Old French and Anglo-Norman sources.Шаблон:RefnШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp

Several works (mainly Old French or Anglo-Norman) relate a battle between the Шаблон:Lang (or an anonymous cat) with King Arthur himself (rather than with Kay). Sometimes the beast wins, sometimes King Arthur wins.Шаблон:Sfnp

Some of the works only speak of an anonymous cat or cats, but are considered examples of chapalu encounters by commentators, due to the parallels.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfnp[8] The cat of Lausanne (Losan) that fought Arthur, in the Vulgate cycle is a notable example of the cat not being named.

The king is the victor in the Vulgate prose Merlin and in a Middle-English romance in the Lambert ms. noted above. His defeat is noted in several romances that are essentially non-Arthurian, but can be viewed as a French joke against the English, although some researchers believed some genuine tradition of an alternative death of Arthur.Шаблон:Sfnp

Шаблон:Lang

In the early 13th century, the Anglo-Norman poet André de Coutance rebuked the French for having written a vindictive poem (or poems[9]) describing King Arthur's death by a cat. André indignantly added that this was an utter lie.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp

This passage in André's work Шаблон:Lang ("The Romance of the French") has been excerpted and commented in various studies.[10][11]Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Refn André's short résumé of the French work was that Chapalu kicked Arthur into a bog, afterwards killed Arthur, swam to England and became king in his place.Шаблон:Sfnp

Шаблон:Lang

A French original is thought to have existedШаблон:Sfnp to the fragmentary, Middle German poem Шаблон:Lang written between 1170 and the beginning of the 13th century. It implies that slain by a sort of a "fish-cat",[1] or strictly according to the text, it was a fish which at the same time "had the form of a cat (Шаблон:Lang)".Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Refn This was considered to be a work in the same tradition as the French works that told of Arthur's dishonorable demise, such as polemicized against by André the Norman.Шаблон:Efn[11][10]

Vulgate Merlin

Шаблон:Lang ("The story of Merlin", written in the 13th century). A man fishing in the lake of Lausanne swears that he will dedicate to God the first creature that he catches, but fails to keep his oath. At the third cast of his line he catches a black kitten, which he takes home, only for it to grow to gigantic proportions. The giant cat then kills the fisherman, his entire family, and subsequently any traveller unwise enough to come near the lake. It is, however, finally killed by King Arthur.Шаблон:Sfnp[3]

Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:Lang ("Galeran of Brittany", written in the 13th century) is another work that refers to Arthur's combat with the cat. According to the summary given by Шаблон:Illm (and by Gaston Paris), Galeran of Brittany beats his German opponent Guynant, and the latter tries to rile up the Breton by repeating the Шаблон:Lang ('idle lie') that the great cat killed Arthur in a pitched battle.Шаблон:Sfnp[12]

There is some issue of dissent regarding this interpretation. The text can be read in the converse, so that the German knight says Arthur had killed the cat. Freymond noted that while this was grammatically possible, it was not an allowable interpretation in the context.Шаблон:Sfnp Gaston Paris agreed on this point.[12] However, John Beston (2008) translated the portion at issue as "the proverb about King Arthur killing the cat".[13]

Spanish chivalric romance

The oldest chivalric romance in Spanish, The Book of the Knight Zifar speaks of a perilous situation figuratively, as tantamount to King Arthur facing the Шаблон:Lang, which is considered a reference to King Arthur fighting the monstrous cat.Шаблон:Efn[14]

Other heroes

The chapalu is encountered by heroes from the Charlemagne cycle, in either late interpolations or later prose sequels to the original Шаблон:Lang.

Шаблон:Lang

Chapalu is fought by the knight Rainouart in a late version of Шаблон:Illm in the Guillaume d'Orange cycle (aka Шаблон:Lang). The epic originally written Шаблон:Circa did not contain the episode, but a late-13th century interpolation to it introduced Arthurian elements.[15]

An extract containing the Шаблон:Lang portion was published by Antoine Le Roux de Lincy in 1836,Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Refn Paulin Paris wrote summaries based on a different manuscript.Шаблон:Refn

Chapalu here was the son born after the Шаблон:Lang GringaletШаблон:EfnШаблон:Refn raped the fée BruneholdШаблон:Efn while she bathed in the fountain of Oricon. Although Шаблон:Lang was beautiful, his mother could not bear her shame and turned him into a hideously shaped monster, and this curse could only be lifted when he has sucked a few drops of Rainouart's blood.Шаблон:Sfnp[16]

The description of the Шаблон:Lang after his metamorphosis was that he had a cat's head with red eyes,[17] a horse's body, a griffon's talons (or dragon's feet),Шаблон:Sfnp and a lion's tail.[16][18]Шаблон:Sfnp

Rainouart is then brought to Avalon by three fées,Шаблон:Sfnp and Arthur the king of Avalon commands Chapalu to fight this newcomer. In the ensuing battle, Chapalu laps some blood from his opponent's heel, and his human form is restored.Шаблон:Sfnp[16]

Ogier

Ogier the Dane appears in Jean d'Outremeuse's Ly Myreur des Histors where he fights the chapalu (turns out to be the metamorphosis of his squire Benoit, or else the monster from which Benoit's soul must be liberated).[19][20][21] The narrative is similar to Renoart's Avalon adventure according to La Bataille Loquifer, [20] and there is "no doubt" Jean knew the chanson in question.[21]

According to the Myreur, Ogier was traveling in the year 896 to succor Guillaume d'Orange when he was shipwrecked with his horse Passevent on an isle (Ysle de Trist, 9 days sailing from Cyprus), and combats with the Chapalu (Шаблон:Lang).[20] A fight ensues between Ogier and beasts, including the Шаблон:Lang, but this is actually Ogier's squire Benoit (or his soul) trapped in monster form due to enchantment, and Ogier is required to tap the creature between the eyes to lift the curse. Ogier subsequently fights Arthur and Gawain, until Morgan le Fay is summoned by her son Auberon (Alberon) to interrupt the fight.[20][19]

A similar narrative is incorporated into late reworked versions of the Ogier romance (except Gawain goes without mention).[20] The reworkings (or Шаблон:Lang) exist in decasyllabic form (Rifacimento A) and alexandrines (B).[19] The decasyllabic Roman d'Ogier (c. 1310) summarized by Togeby, and here too, the capalu was a knight transformed into a lutin by the fées, and he offers to become Ogier's squire.[22]

Representation

The fight between King Arthur and Шаблон:Lang is figured on a mosaic in the Cathedral of Otranto. The creature believed to represent the Шаблон:Lang is a spotted feline, seeming to attack King Arthur (labeled Шаблон:Lang) mounted on some horned animal, wearing a crown, and holding a club (or sceptre).Шаблон:Sfnp The crown on Arthur and the horns on the mounting beast appear to be artefacts of the restorer, based on preserved drawings of the mosaic from earlier.Шаблон:Sfnp

Localisation

The legend about a fight between Arthur and the devil cat of the Lake of Lausanne (in present-day Switzerland) is now considered to have been localized in near the Savoie region of France near Lake Bourget, where could be found the Col du Chat. This conforms with the account in the Шаблон:Lang that Arthur, in order to commemorate his victory over the cat, renamed a place that was called Шаблон:Lang as Шаблон:Lang ('cat mountain').Шаблон:Sfnp

The modern rediscovery of the Arthurian lore here is credited to Шаблон:Illm, who initially searched for local tradition or onomastics around Lausanne, in vain, then crossing the border into France, and found this spot.Шаблон:Sfnp The community still retained vestigial lore of encounters with the monstrous cat, though Arthur did not figure in them. There was also a piece of 13th century writing by Etienne de Bourbon saying that King Arthur carried out a hunt at Mont du chat.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp

The Welsh tradition gives as localisation the Isle of Anglesey but born at Llanveir.

Explanatory notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Primary sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Triads
What man is the Porter?
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang
Vulgate Merlin continuation / Шаблон:Lang
Middle English prose Merlin
Middle English romance in Lambeth ms

Шаблон:Refend

Secondary sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 "gatto-pesce, Шаблон:Harvp, tr. Eng. in Шаблон:Harvp
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Harvp, Ch. 55, "The Devil Cat of Lausanne; King Claudas's Men Routed", Story of Merlin, pp. 410–
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Citation; II pp. 50-53 Pa gur ẏv ẏ portarthur (Welsh), pp. 350-351 (notes)
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Jackson, Kenneth Hurlstone (1959), "Arthur in Early Welsh Verse", Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages, p. 14; quoted by Шаблон:Harvp
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp believed "André alludes not to one but two stories"; tr. Eng. in: Шаблон:Harvp
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Harvp, see Шаблон:Harvp
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Harvp, tr. Eng. in: Шаблон:Harvp
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Citation
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 Шаблон:Citation
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp: "Les yex ot roux".
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp, "Teste ot de chat et queue de lyon, Cors de cheval, ot ongles de griphon, Les dens agus assez plus d'un gaignon;" (gaignon=mâtin)" The last portion reads "teeth as sharp as a mastiff-dog's".
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок jean_d'ou-ed-bormans не указан текст
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 20,3 20,4 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок loomis1937 не указан текст
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок barnett1971 не указан текст
  22. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок togeby не указан текст
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