Английская Википедия:Caulerpa taxifolia
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Speciesbox
Caulerpa taxifolia is a species of green seaweed, an alga of the genus Caulerpa, native to tropical waters of the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Caribbean Sea.[1] The species name taxifolia arises from the resemblance of its leaf-like fronds[2] to those of the yew (Taxus). Шаблон:Citation needed
A strain of the species bred for use in aquariums has established non-native populations in waters of the Mediterranean Sea, the United States, and Australia.[3] It is one of two species of algae listed in 100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species compiled by the IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Group.[4]
Description
C. taxifolia is light green[2] with stolons (stems) on the sea floor, from which sparsely-branched upright fronds of approximately 20–60 cm (8–24 in) in height arise.[5] Algae in the genus Caulerpa synthesize a mixture of toxins[6] termed caulerpicin, believed to impart a peppery taste to the plants.[7] The effects of the specific toxin synthesized by C. taxifolia, caulerpenyne, have been studied,[8][9] with extracts from C. taxifolia being found to negatively affect P-glycoprotein-ATPase in the sea sponge G. cydonium.[10]
Like all members of the genus Caulerpa, C. taxifolia consists of a single cell with many nuclei. The algae has been identified as the largest known single-celled organism.[11] Wild-type C. taxifolia is monoecious.[12]
Use in aquaria
Caulerpa species are commonly used in aquaria for their aesthetic qualities and ability to control the growth of undesired species.[13] C. taxifolia has been cultivated for use in aquaria in western Europe since the early 1970s.[14] A clone of the alga that was resistant to cold was observed in the tropical aquarium at the Wilhelma Zoo in Stuttgart[15] and further bred by exposure to chemicals and ultraviolet light.[16] The zoo distributed the strain to other aquaria, including the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco.[15]
The aquarium strain is morphologically identical to native populations of the species.[2] However, a 2008 study found that a population of the aquarium strain near Caloundra, Australia exhibited markedly reduced sexual reproduction, with only male plants present during some reproductive episodes.[12] The aquarium strain can survive out of water for up to 10 days in moist conditions, with 1 cm fragments capable of producing viable plants.[17]
Status as invasive species
Outside its native range, C. taxifolia is listed as an invasive species.[18][19] It is one of two algae on the list of the world's 100 worst invasive species compiled by the IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Group.[4] The species is able to thrive in heavily polluted waters,[20] possibly contributing to its spread in the Mediterranean.Шаблон:Citation needed
Presence in the Mediterranean Sea
The presence of C. taxifolia in the Mediterranean was first reported in 1984[21] in an area adjacent to the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco.[22] Alexandre Meinesz, a marine biologist, attempted to alert Moroccan and French authorities to the spread of the strain in 1989,[15] but the governments failed to respond to his concerns.[23] The occurrence of the strain is generally believed to be due to an accidental release by the museum,[2][24] but Monaco rejected the attribution and instead claimed that the observed algae was a mutant strain of C. mexicana.[23] By 1999, scientists agreed that it was no longer possible to eliminate the presence of C. taxifolia in the Mediterranean.[23]
A study published in 2002 found that beds of Posidonia oceanica in the Bay of Menton were not negatively affected eight years after colonization by C. taxifolia.[25] Other published studies have shown that fish diversity and biomass are equal or greater in Caulerpa meadows than in seagrass beds[26] and that Caulerpa had no effect on composition or richness of fish species.[27]
Studies in 1998[14] and 2001[21] found that the strain observed in the Mediterranean was genetically identical to aquarium strains, with similarities to an additional population in Australia.
Presence in Australia
A 2007 study found that a native bivalve mollusc species was negatively affected by the presence of C. taxifolia, but that the effect was not necessarily different from that of native seagrass species.[28] A 2010 study indicated that the effect of detritus from C. taxifolia negatively impacted abundance and species richness.[29]
Presence in California
C. taxifolia was found in waters near San Diego, California, in 2000,[30] where chlorine bleach was used in efforts to eradicate the strain.[31] The strain was declared eradicated from Agua Hedionda Lagoon in 2006.[32] California passed a law in 2001 forbidding the possession, sale, transport, or release of Caulerpa taxifolia within the state.[33] The Mediterranean clone of C. taxifolia was listed as a noxious weed in 1999[34] by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, prohibiting interstate sale and transport of the strain without a permit under the Noxious Weed Act and Plant Protection Act.[22][35]
Other negative effects
C. taxifolia may become entangled in fishing gear and boat propellers.[3]
Control methods
C. taxifolia may be controlled via mechanical removal, poisoning with chlorine, or application of salt.[5] Researchers at the University of Nice investigated possible use of a species of sea slug, Elysia subornata, as a possible natural control method, but found that it was not suitable for use in the Mediterranean due to cold winter water temperatures and insufficient population density.[36]
Gallery
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C. taxifolia on display at the National Museum of Nature and Science in Tokyo, Japan
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A field of C. taxifolia amongst seagrass
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A Pacific cleaner shrimp (Lysmata amboinensis) on top of a C. taxifolia specimen within a marine aquarium
See also
References
Further reading
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite news
- Theodoropoulos, David. 2003. Invasion Biology: Critique of a Pseudoscience. pages 42,159. Avvar Books, Blythe, CA. 237 p. Шаблон:ISBN
External links
Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Wikispecies Шаблон:Wikiquote
- Шаблон:YouTube
- Killer Algae, 2001 BBC Documentary
- In-depth article on invasions of Caulerpa taxifolia, source as escaped aquarium plant, etc.
- Caulerpa Taxifolia fact sheet Шаблон:Webarchive
- An excerpt from Killer Algae by Alexandre Meinesz
- Caulerpa taxifolia at the Center for Invasive Species Research
- "Deep Sea Invasion" Nova (TV series) broadcast April 1, 2003
- Species Profile- Caulerpa, Mediterranean Clone (Caulerpa taxifolia), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Caulerpa, Mediterranean Clone.
Шаблон:Taxonbar Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 21,0 21,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 22,0 22,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Relini, G., M Relini, and G. Torchia. (1998) Fish biodiversity in a Caulerpa taxifolia meadow in the Ligurian Sea. Italian Journal of Zoology 65 Supplement:465-470.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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