Английская Википедия:Censorship of the Bible

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Шаблон:Short description Censorship of the Bible includes restrictions and prohibition of possessing, reading, or using the Bible in general or any particular editions or translations of it.

Violators of Bible prohibitions have at times been punished by imprisonment, forced labor, banishment and execution, as well as by the burning or confiscating the Bible or Bibles used or distributed. The censorship may be because of explicit religious reasons, but also for reasons of public policy or state control, especially in authoritarian states or following violent riots.

Censorship of the Bible occurred in the past and is still going on today. In the 20th century, Christian resistance to the Soviet Union's policy of state atheism occurred through Bible-smuggling.[1] The People's Republic of China, officially an atheist state, engages in Bible burning as a part of antireligious campaigns there.[2][3]

From the point of view of most Protestants, the topic mostly refers to historical prohibitions of the Catholic Church against reading or possessing Bibles, not of the Latin Vulgate translation, or in the case of the laity, possessing any Bibles at all, including the Vulgate.

From a Catholic point of view, the censorship of the Bible in certain regions was done both by restricting Bibles from those lacking instruction and by censoring translations thought to encourage deviations from Catholic doctrine.[4] The Index Librorum ProhibitorumШаблон:Efn of the Catholic Church included various translations or editions of the Bible. In most cases, the bans on pious lay people possessing or publicly reading certain Bibles were related to vernacular Scripture editions not derived from the Vulgate, or from heretical or confusing material included in the same book. Clerics were never forbidden to possess the Vulgate Bible translation in the Latin language.

Background

The Old Testament was written mostly in Hebrew and partly in Aramaic. The New Testament was written in Koine Greek, a form of ancient Greek. The books were translated into several other languages, including Latin and Gothic. From about AD 300 onward, Latin began to assert itself as the language of worship in Western Christianity. This was aided by the fact many European languages, called the Romance languages, are all descended from Latin. In contrast the earliest written Western Germanic languages date only from the 6th century. From AD 382-420, a new translation was made into the Latin vernacular, the Vulgate, which became the dominant translation for Western Christianity in the 7th-9th centuries. From about the 9th century it was regarded as the only valid Bible translation.Шаблон:Efn In Eastern Christianity, on the other hand, Greek remained dominant.

Diocletianic Persecution

During the Diocletianic Persecution, Bibles were targeted as part of a larger program intended to wipe out Christianity. On February 24, 303, Diocletian's first so-called "Edict against the Christians" was published.[5]Шаблон:Efn Among other persecutions against Christians, Diocletian ordered the destruction of their scriptures and liturgical books across the entire Roman empire.[6]Шаблон:Efn

During the Middle Ages

Old Church Slavonic

There were some controversies whether the translation in Old Church Slavonic was permissible. According to St. Methodius, he was officially allowed to use it by John VIII in 880. Yet Christians were forbidden to use the Old Church Slavonic translation by John X in 920 and by the Lateran Synod of 1059, with the synod being confirmed by Nicholas II and Alexander II. In a letter to Vratislav II of Bohemia dated 2 January 1080, Pope Gregory VII revoked his predecessors' permission to use the Slavonic language. The reason he gave was that "Not without reason has it pleased Almighty God that Holy Scripture should be a secret in certain places, lost, if it were plainly apparent to all men, perchance it would be little esteemed and be subject to disrespect; or it might be falsely understood by those of mediocre learning, and lead to error."[7][8]Шаблон:Efn

France: Waldensians

Between 1170–80, Peter Waldo commissioned a cleric from Lyon to translate the New Testament into the vernacular "Romance" (Franco-Provençal).[9] He is credited with providing Western Europe the first translation of Scriptures in a 'modern tongue' outside of Latin.[10] In 1199, Pope Innocent III, writing in a letter to the bishop of Metz about Waldensians, banned secret meetings (which he labeled as occultis conventiculis, or "hidden assemblies") in which the Bible was freely discussed.[11]Шаблон:Rp However, he noted that the desire to read and study the divine scriptures, was not to blame, but rather it was a recommended disposition. Шаблон:Efn [12]

France and Spain: Albigensians

After the end of the Albigensian Crusade, the provincial Council of Toulouse (1229) tightened the provisions against the heretics in this ecclesiastical province. The Inquisition was the first to work nationwide, and the University of Toulouse was founded, to which the Catholic Institute of Toulouse is also called. At the synod a general Scripture book ban was pronounced for lay people of this ecclesiastical province, only Psalterium and Brevier in Latin were allowed.[13][14][15][16]

Шаблон:Blockquote

This quote was not repeated in 1233 at the provincial Council held in Bréziers. Although sections of the Council Toulouse were used, this statement was omitted.[17]

At the synod of Béziers (Concilium Biterrense) in 1246Шаблон:Efn it was also decided that the laity should have no Latin and vernacular and the clergy no vernacular theological books.[18]

At the provincial Second Council of Tarragona (Conventus Tarraconensis) in 1234, the Spanish bishops, according to a decree of King James I of Aragon, declared that it was forbidden to anyone, to own a Romance language translation of books of the Old and New Testament. This had to be burned within eight days, otherwise they would be suspected as heretics.[19][20][21][22]

Germany: Bogomils

At the diocesan synod of Trier (Synodus Dioecesana Trevirensis) convened by Archbishop Theodoric II in 1231, alleged heretics called anachronistically Euchites were described as having translated the scriptures into German:[23]

Шаблон:Blockquote

Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor issued an edict against German interpretations of Scripture at the request of Pope Urban V 1369 in Lucca, This was in order that such interpreters would not seduce laymen and malevolent spirits to heresy or error.[24] Nevertheless, his son allowed the German translation of the Wenceslas Bible in 1385, a manuscript that, if finished, would have been the costliest and largest Bible of the Middle Ages.[25]

England: Lollardy

John Wycliffe (1330–1384), a theologian with pre-Reformation views, is associated with the first translations of the Bible from Latin into English from 1382 to 1395. Some of his theological teachings were rejected in 1381 by Oxford University and in 1382 by the church. For fear of a popular uprising,Шаблон:Citation needed Wycliffe was not charged. The translations of the Bible and added material caused great unrest among some clergy, and several defensive provincial synods were convened, such as the provicial 3rd Council of Oxford (ended in 1408). Under the chairmanship of Archbishop Thomas Arundel, official positions against Wycliffe were written in the Oxford Constitution and Arundel's Constitution. The latter reads as follows:[26]

Шаблон:Blockquote

Unlike before, new translations of liturgical readings and preaching texts (psalms, pericopes from the Gospels and Epistles) were now bound to an examination by church authorities. Individuals like William Butler wanted to go even further and also limit Bible translations to the Latin language alone. In 1401, Parliament passed the De heretico comburendo law in order to suppress Wycliffe's followers and censor their books. Arundel allegedly condemned Wycliffe as "that pestilent wretch of damnable memory, yea, the forerunner and disciple of anti-christ who, as the complement of his wickedness, invented a new translation of the Scriptures into his mother-tongue."[27]

At the ecumenical Council of Constance in 1415, Wycliffe was ultimately proclaimed a heretic; with his body to be removed from a church burial place.Шаблон:Refn However, the Bible or vernacular translation are not mentioned in the list of Wycliffe's 45 heretical positions by the Council, nor are they mentioned in the censorship of "the books called by him Dialogus and Trialogus and many other treatises, works and pamphlets."[28] His associates or helpers Nicholas Hereford and John Purvey were forced to recant their teachings.

The so-called Wycliffite translations of the Bible have survived to the present day in over 200 manuscripts, usually as selections of books, many without unorthodox added material.[29]

Wycliffe's Bible was not printed until 1731, when Wycliffe was historically conceived as the forefather of the English Reformation.[30]

Protestant

The next English Bible translation was that of William Tyndale, whose Tyndale Bible had to be printed from 1525 outside England in areas of Germany sympathetic to Protestantism. Tyndale himself was executed after refusing to recant his Lutheranism.

Catholic

In 1376, Pope Gregory XI ordered that all literature on the Bible should be placed under ecclesiastical direction. As a result, only the Vulgate and a few poor qualityШаблон:Dubious translations in national languages were tolerated.[31]

Controversy: Censorship of Vernacular Translations

The nature and extent of censorship of vernacular bibles in various regions over history is contested by historians.[11]Шаблон:Rp

The following list has information that may be useful in weighing up claims in popular histories, and information elsewhere in this article:

  • Pope Innocent III's Cum ex iniuncto (1199) did not ban vernacular bibles or translation, but the secret meetings of the Waldensians.[11]Шаблон:Rp
  • The "Councils" of Toulouse, Bréziers, Tarragona, Oxford and Tier were provincial councils (i.e., of local bishops) or synods, not ecumenical councils that set the policy for the whole Church.
  • The Synod of the Lateran (1112) was a synod, and should not be confused with the First (1122), Second (11), Third (1139), Fourth (1215) or Fifth (1512–1517) Lateran Councils which were ecumenical councils. The first four did not mention books, translations or bibles. Lateran V Session X established authorization requirements for printed books (as distinct from manuscripts) in general.
  • John Wycliffe's 1382 censure by the University of Oxford did not mention vernacular bibles or translation, but primarily concerned his eucharistic doctrine. The Pope's subsequent censure of his twenty-four propositions did not mention vernacular bibles or translation.[32]
  • De heretico comburendo (1401) does not mention the vernacular bibles or translation. Its implementation act, Suppression of Heresy Act 1414 similarly does not ban vernacular bibles or translation, and indeed specifies that possession of such must not be taken as evidence of heresy.
  • The heresy condemnations of Wycliffe and Huss at the ecumenical Council of Constance did not mention vernacular bibles or translation.[33]
  • Tyndale's heresy charges did not mention vernacular bibles or translation, nor were they illegal in the jurisdiction of his arrest and trial.[34]

From the printing press until the Reformation

Around 1440–1450 Johannes Gutenberg invented a printing press with movable type, with which he produced the Gutenberg Bible. His invention quickly spread throughout Europe. In 1466 the Mentelin Bible was the first vernacular language Bible to be printed. It was a word-for-word translation from the Latin Vulgate.[35]

Pope Paul II (pontificate 1464–1471) confirmed the decree of James I of Aragon on the prohibition of Bibles in vernacular languages.[36] Under Isabella I of Castile and her husband Ferdinand II of Aragon, the printing of vernacular Bibles was prohibited in Spanish state law. The Spanish Inquisition which they instituted ordered the destruction of all Hebrew books and all vernacular Bibles in 1497. This was five years after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain. In 1498, the Inquisition stated that it was impossible to translate the Bible into a modern language without making mistakes that would plunge unskilled and especially new converts into doubts about faith.[37]

The complete translation of the Bible into a Romance language,Шаблон:Efn a transfer of the Vulgate into Valencian, was made by the Carthusian Order's General Bonifaci Ferrer (1355-1417) and was printed in 1478.

By letter of March 17, 1479, Sixtus IV authorized the rector and dean of the University of Cologne to intervene with ecclesiastical censors against printers, buyers and readers of heretical books. This authorization was approved by Pope Alexander VI. In several theological and non-theological books from this period a printing patent is included in the publications. From this time also printing patents of the Patriarch of Venice can be found. With the censorship of January 4, 1486 and an executive order of January 10, the Elector-Archbishop Berthold von Henneberg of Mainz can be considered a pioneer in censorship regulation in the German-speaking countries for Mainz, Erfurt, and Frankfurt. His censorship decisions did not concern secular topics, but instead targeted specific religious texts, especially translations from Latin and Greek into the German. Berthold was of the opinion that the German language was too poor to reproduce the precise and well-formulated Latin and Greek texts. Up to this time, no heretical writings had appeared printed in German, but since 1466 about ten relatively identical German Bible translations were completed. He commented:[38]

Шаблон:Blockquote

In 1490 a number of Hebrew Bibles and other Jewish books were burned in Andalucía at the behest of the Spanish Inquisition.[39]

16th century

In the early 1500s, several independent Catholic efforts brought out new Greek, Latin and Hebrew editions for scholars, which bootstapped the vernacular translations that followed.

From 1516 to 1535, Erasmus of Rotterdam published several editions of his Novum Instrumentum omne: it was a double edition of the New Testament with both a revised Latin version as well as the first print of the Greek text. In 1520 the Complutensian Polyglot Bible (Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Aramaic) with both Testaments was published. In 1527, Santes Pagnino published his word-for-word New and Old Testament (Latin, Greek, Hebrew in Latin letters).[1] All were made with Papal approval.[40]

Шаблон:Blockquote

The 1515 ecumenical Fifth Council of the Lateran, Session X, established requirements for printed books (as distinct from manuscripts):[41] bishops were to set up book-vetting experts: it specifically mentioned books translated into Latin and vernacular books, but not Scriptures specifically.

In 1517 Luther published his Ninety-five Theses. In 1521 he was excommunicated with the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem, declared a heretic, and was issued with the Edict of Worms. In 1522, the first translation of Luther's New Testament was published. It was translated on the basis of the Greek text of Erasmus. In 1534 the entire Holy Scripture was printed in German, completing the Luther Bible.

Germany (Holy Roman Empire)

The Edict of Worms against Luther was not enforced throughout the empire. In 1523, at the Reichstag in Nuremberg the papal nuncio Francesco Chieregati asked for the Holy Roman Empire to enforce the clause of the Lateran V Council against printing any book without the permission of the local bishop or his representative. He also wanted the Edict of Worms to be enforced. Instead, on March 6, 1523, it was decreed that until the demanded new ecumenical council could be held, local rulers themselves should ensure that no new writings were printed or sold in their territories unless they had been approved by reasonable men. Other writings, especially those of an insulting nature, were to be banned under severe punishment.

The 1529 Diet of Speyer limited its decrees essentially to repeating the resolutions of 1523 Diet of Augsburg. On May 13, 1530, the papal nuncio gave the Emperor a memorandum which recommended that the Edict of Worms and the bull of Leo X was to be implemented by imperial decree and on pain of punishment. Following the Protestation at Speyer at the conclusion of the Reichstag on November 19, 1530, it was decided that nothing should be printed without specifying the printer and the printing location. The nuncio's request had failed.

As part of the 1541 Diet of Regensburg which set the terms of the Regensburg Interim, the rule against publishing insults was repeated.

At the 1548 Diet of Augsburg, which pronounced the terms of the Augsburg Interim, the ordinance against insults was repeated and the previous provisions were extended to include the name of the author or poet. In addition, books were to be checked before printing by the "ordinary authority of every place." There was a sentiment against that which was "rebellious and ignominious or unruly or obnoxious to the Catholic Doctrine of the Holy Christian Church." The already printed books of Luther were to be suppressed. The Holy Roman Imperial Fiscal official was to intervene against the offending authorities.

Around this time, the papal Index Librorum Prohibitorum began to be developed. After the 1555 Peace of Augsburg ended the Augsburg Interim and increased religious freedom by declaring cuius regio, eius religio, the papal Index Librorum Prohibitorum was only observed as law in Catholic territories.

England

In 1534, the Canterbury Convocation requested that the king commission a new translation of the Bible by suitable persons and authorize the reading of the new translation. Although the king did not designate translators, new translations appeared from 1535 and afterwards. In 1536 and 1538 Thomas Cromwell prescribed that Coverdale's translation of the Bible was to be placed in every church. These Bibles were to be printed in a large size and chained to prevent theft. This translation came to be called the "Great Bible" or "Chained Bible."

Papal States and Catholic

Шаблон:Further

Index Auctorum et Liberii

Pius IV's (pontificate 1559–1565) initial, extreme and short-lived Index (1559), released during the early stages of the Council of Trent, there are 30 Bible editions including Martin Luther's, 10 New Testament editions including Erasmus', and two short catch-all rules for similar Bibles:[42][43]

General rules for the "Tridentine" and Roman Indexes

The Council of Trent, in the early 1560s, declined to make a specific list, but gave general rules for which documents and authors should be allowed or suppressed: the Decretum de indice librorum. With the papal bull Dominici gregis custodiae the so-called Шаблон:Lang-la (Tridentine Index) was published on March 24, 1564 by the Pope.

  • The Decretum reset banned books to the situation in 1515. (Rule 1.) On that base:
  • All the writings of all arch-heresiarchs (all Reformers) were included on the index, if they dealt with religion. (Rule 2)
  • Reading of Catholic vernacular translations of the Vulgate was allowed, requiring only written permission of the reader's confessor (e.g., the local priest) for protection. (Rule 4)
  • Sound Latin translations, even by heretics, of Church Fathers and the Old Testament which elucidated rather than compete with the Vulgate was allowable for scholars, if expurgated; however, translations of the New Testament by heretics were dangerous and had little utility: nevertheless, expurgated annotations were allowed. (Rule 3)
  • New works should be submitted to Bishops, with a regime that favoured expurgation rather than outright banning, depending on local conditions. (Rules 6, 8, 10)

For Bibles and commentaries, Rules 3 and 4 came into play:

Шаблон:Blockquote

Шаблон:Blockquote

The rules were reprinted in each version until the reform in 1758. Believers were forbidden to make, read, own, buy, sell or give away these unauthorized books on the basis of excommunication.[44]

Subsequent versions of the list were called the Шаблон:Lang-la or the "Roman index" to distinguish it from the (deived) Indexes of other major Catholic regions.

The rule remained valid until 1758. How it was dealt with in each country was different. In a Catholic country like Bavaria, it was state law. In particular, booksellers had their licenses revoked for violating it. In contrast, in Württemberg, a refuge of Protestantism, the index functioned more like a blacklist. But it also found application in elite Catholic schools in secularized France until the 20th century. In general, secularized France almost never used the Roman Index.[45][46]

18th century

Unigenitus

In 1713 Clement XI issued the bull Unigenitus dei filius in order to fight against Jansenism. The bull condemned 101 excerpts from the work Réflexions morales by Pasquier Quesnel, including the following propositions:[47]

  • It is useful and necessary at all times, in all places and for everyone, to explore and get to know the spirit, the piety and the secrets of the Scriptures.[48]Шаблон:Efn
  • Reading the scriptures is for everyone.[48]Шаблон:Efn
  • The obscurity of the Holy Word of God is not a reason why laymen should excuse themselves from reading it.Шаблон:Efn
  • The Lord’s day ought to be hallowed by Christians by readings of piety, and, above all, of the Holy Scripture.Шаблон:Efn
  • It is injurious to wish that a Christian draw back from that reading.Шаблон:Efn
  • To snatch the New Testament from the hands of Christians, or to keep it closed to them by taking away from them this manner of understanding it, is to close to them the mouth of Christ.Шаблон:Efn
  • To forbid to Christians the reading of the Holy Scriptures, especially the Four Gospels, is to forbid the use of light to the sons of light, and to cause them to suffer a certain kind of excommunication.Шаблон:Efn

This bull was controversial among the French clergy for various reasons: on reason was that it condemned various sentences from the Bible and the Fathers of the Church. But the 1719 bull Pastoralis officii threatened excommunication on all who did not submit to Unigenitus dei filius.[49] Шаблон:BBKL </ref>

Punishments against violators

As part of a program of persecution against the Salzburg Protestants, in 1731, Leopold Anton von Firmian – Archbishop of Salzburg as well as its temporal ruler as Count, ordered the wholesale seizure and burning of all Protestant books and Bibles.[50]

On May 27, 1747 Jakob Schmidlin ("Sulzijoggi") was hanged as the leading head of a Bible movement in the canton of Lucerne in Galgenwäldli on the Emme. His corpse was burned along with a Luther Bible. He is considered the last Protestant martyr of Switzerland. Where his farm stood, a pillar was erected. Of over 100 co-defendants of this movement (from Ruswil, Wolhusen, Werthenstein, Menznau, Malters, Kriens, and Udligenswil), 82 of them were also punished, mostly with perpetual banishment. Since the Bible was at the center of this movement and violations of censorship rules against the use and possession of Bibles was one of the offenses committed by the convicted, after the trial the authorities issued a decree that included a general prohibition on laymen having Bibles:[51]

Шаблон:Blockquote

19th century

Brittany

The first New Testament translation into Breton was published in 1827 by Protestants after the Catholic Church refused its publication.

Italy

The Duchy of Tuscany had a reputation for being liberal during the rule of Leopold II, even prior to 1849. There were three Protestant churches within the duchy: one English, one Scottish and one French. The French Protestant church held fairs in the Italian language. After the brief period during the republic the subsequent counter-revolution, the liberal climate changed to conservative. On May 18, 1849, 3,000 copies of a Catholic Italian translation of the Bible were confiscated and burned under the orders of Antonio Martini, the Archbishop of Florence, even though they had been printed with permission. Persecution of Protestants increased. In 1851, services in Italian were outlawed. The possession of a Protestant Italian Bible alone was considered sufficient evidence for conviction. The most prominent prisoner was Count Piero Guicciardini, who was arrested with six others. They had met on May 7, 1851, the day before his voluntary departure for religious exile, and read the Scriptures together. He was therefore sentenced to six months imprisonment for blasphemy, which was then converted into exile.[52][53][54]

Austro-Hungary

In the Austrian Empire, the Patent of Toleration was published on October 13, 1781. In addition, on June 22, 1782, and October 12, 1782, Joseph II issued court decrees explicitly authorizing the import and printing of Protestant books and stipulating that previously confiscated publications should be returned as long as they were not abusive towards the Catholic Church.[55] These decrees were usually followed, but the reforms were not always followed everywhere throughout the empire. In 1854 in Buda the police seized 121 Bibles found in a Protestant congregation and reduced 120 of them to pulp in a paper mill. In return the congregation was given 21 kreuzers due to the value of the books as pulp as well as the one remaining Bible, "which is enough for the pastor."[56]

Colombia

On December 7, 1859, in front of the Archbishop's Palace in Santa Fe de Bogotá in the then Granadine Confederation some kind of book-burning episode took place by Catholic officials and people. The American ambassador (or "Minister") was accused of involvement, perhaps as political manipulation against the rising prospects an (anti-Catholic) Mosquera regime which was feared to become a military dictatorship.[57]Шаблон:Rp The ambassador from the Holy See stated that were that these were "obscene works, impious pamphlets, & publications condemned by the Church" and denied US involvement.[57]Шаблон:Rp Protestant claims were that these featured bibles[58][59] brought in from the London Bible Society.

United States

In 1842, an itinerant French Jesuit student priest (oblate) named Telman burned 42 "Catholic" Bibles (from a much larger number dropped by "Protestant agents of the Bible Society") in Champlain, New York against the wishes of the local priest and immediately condemned as sacrilege by the local bishop. The Bishop appointed a joint Catholic/Protestant commission to investigate, which found it was the action of Telman alone, and not authorized.[60]

Catholic

Protestant Bible societies

In 1816, Pius VII sent two breves concerning the Bible societies, one to the Archbishop of Gniezno and Primate of Poland (Nimio et Acerbo, June 29), and another to the Archbishop of Mohilev (Magno et acerbo, September 3[61]). Both breves are very strongly against the translations in vernacular of the Bible which were not approved by the Catholic Church and letting untrained laypeople read the bible.[62] Magno et acerbo reads:[62]

Шаблон:Blockquote

Leo XII's Ubi primum (3 May 1824) also did not exhibit any liberal attitudes, referencing misleading commentary material, stating:

Шаблон:Blockquote

Pius VIII's Traditi humilitati nostrae (1829) again notes the issue of "perverse writings" inserted into the Bibles, stating:

Шаблон:Blockquote

In 1836, Gregory XVI eliminated the relief made back in 1757. His encyclical letter Inter praecipuas of 1844 spoke out against the unauthorized vernacular Bibles of the Bible societies because of false teaching "interpolated" or "interpreted" into the translation.[63] Hans-Josef Klauck considers, when commenting on this encyclical, that that "there is a deep wisdom in the previous Catholic practice to forbid the independent reading of the Bible in the vernacular to laymen, or only to allow it with considerable caution, because they ultimately threaten to undermine the teaching authority of the Church."[64]

Pius IX wrote in 1846 his encyclical Qui pluribus against "the most impudent Bible societies, which renewed the ancient artifice of the heretics and translated the books of the Divine Scriptures, contrary to the most sacrosanct rules of the Church, into all national languages and often provided twisted explanations."[65]

The documents Ubi primum, Traditi humilitati nostrae, Qui pluribus raise the issue of non-Catholic commentary material inserted into, and contaminating, bibles.

Roman Index

On January 25, 1896 Leo XIII issued new rules for the Roman Index with the Apostolic constitution Officiorum ac Munerum.[66] It was published on January 25, 1897. It generally contained some more relaxed rules and no longer automatically included all the books written by Protestants. It namely states:[67][68]

Шаблон:Blockquote

20th century

Greece

Шаблон:Main In 1901 a series of riots in Athens over the publication of a Gospel in modern spoken Greek in a newspaper culminated in 8 deaths. The Greek Orthodox Church reacted by banning any translation of the Bible into any form of modern demotic Greek, and by forbidding the employment of demoticist teachers.

Nazi Germany

In late August 1933, authorities used 25 trucks to transport about 70 tonnes of Watch Tower literature and Bibles to the city's outskirts and publicly burned them[69] as part of a larger program of Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany. Later on, in July 1935, state governments were instructed in July 1935 to confiscate all Watch Tower Society publications, including Bibles.Шаблон:Sfn

On November 9 and 10, 1938, thousands of Hebrew Bibles were burned in multiple communities in Germany as part of a program of persecution against Jews.[70]

Canada

In 1955, police seized Bibles and other literature when raiding a house while Jehovah's Witnesses were worshiping there. The Jehovah's Witnesses successfully sued in response.

China

Шаблон:Further When the economic reforms implemented by Deng Xiaoping created greater openness to the West, Christians of various affiliations began smuggling Bibles and Christian literature into China.Шаблон:Efn The CCP viewed the recipients of those Bibles as engaging in illegal activity in violation of the principle of not accepting aid from Western sources.[71]

Файл:Ang-phoe Seng-keng te-571-bin.jpg
The 1973 Ko-Tân Colloquial Taiwanese Version New Testament, confiscated in 1975. It is open to Acts 2:14–17

Taiwan

For two years in the 1950s, churches were banned by the pre-democracy KMT regime from using Chinese Bibles written with Latin letters instead of Chinese characters. The ban was lifted with an encouragement to use Chinese characters. A 1973 Taiwanese translation of the New Testament was the product of cooperation between Protestants and Catholics. It was confiscated in 1975, also for using Latin letters.[72]

Russia

In Russia, the activities of the Bible Society in Russia were greatly limited after Czar Nicholas I placed the society under the control of Orthodox church authorities. Following the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, no Bibles were published until 1956, and even then the circulation was limited until the 1990s.[73]

Soviet Union

Шаблон:Further Aldis Purs,Шаблон:Efn wrote that in the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic as well as the Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic, some evangelical Christian clergy attempted to resist the Soviet policy of state atheism by engaging in anti-regime activities such as Bible smuggling.[1]

The Marxist-Leninist atheistic and antireligious legislation of the Soviet Union "discouraged religious activity to the point that it was essentially forced out of public life."[74] A team led by Ken Howard engaged in Bible smuggling into the USSR and later, published copies of the Bible through screen-printing methods "using fabric smuggled in as curtain material or worn as petticoats, [which] allowed pages to be printed without being noticed."[74] Seventy-five operations were established throughout the USSR, with more than one million pages being printed.[74] In 2021, the Museum of the Bible in Washington, D.C. erected an exhibit on this Bible smuggling and screen-printing activity of Ken Howard and his team.[74]

21st century

Islamic states

In some, mostly Muslim states, censorship of the Bible exists today, such as in Saudi Arabia where the distribution of non-Muslim religious materials such as Bibles is illegal.[75]

Afghanistan

Afghan Christians practice in secret. Bibles are not sold publicly.[76]

Libya

Importing & distributing Bibles is illegal, as is evangelism.[77]

Malaysia

The Prime Minister clarified in April 2005 that there was no ban on Bibles translated into Malay, although they are required to be stamped with a disclaimer "Not for Muslims".[78] The word translated in English as "God" is translated as "Allah" in some Malay Bibles, which is illegal as non-Muslims are prohibited from using the term "Allah."[79] In March 2010, the Malaysian Home Ministry seized 30,000 Malay language bibles from a port in Kuching, Sarawak.[80]

A lawsuit was filed by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur against the Government of Malaysia at the High Court of Malaya to seek a declaratory relief that the word "Allah" should not be exclusive to Islam. However, in 2014 the Federal Court of Malaysia ruled that non-Muslims could not use the term "Allah," and 321 Bibles were subsequently seized.[81][82]

Maldives

According to the UK government, it is an offense to import Bibles into the Maldives due to local Islamic religious laws.[83]

Sudan

Christians practice in secret, and it is illegal to own a Bible, as well as in Yemen.[77]

United States of America

U.S. military

Шаблон:Main In 2009, the U.S. military burned Bibles in the Pashto and Dari languages, which were seemingly intended for distribution among the locals, which is in breach of regulations which forbid "proselytizing of any religion, faith or practice".[84]

U.S. schools

Likewise, when the use of the Bible by staff in U.S. public schools was restricted (along with teacher-led prayers), this prohibition was also commonly referred to as a "Bible ban".[85]

In June 2023, the Davis School District in Utah banned the Bible due to perceived "vulgarity or violence".[86][87][88]

Russia

In 2015, Russia banned importation of the Jehovah's Witnesses' New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures.[89][90] On May 5, 2015, customs authorities in Russia seized a shipment of religious literature containing Ossetian-language Bibles published by Jehovah's Witnesses. Russian customs officials in the city of Vyborg held up a shipment of 2,013 Russian-language copies of Bibles on July 13, 2015. Customs authorities confiscated three of the Bibles, sent them to an "expert" to study the Bibles to determine whether they contained "extremist" language, and impounded the rest of the shipment.[91]

China

Шаблон:Further The state-owned Amity Press is the only publisher allowed to print Bibles in China that are not for export. The quantity printed is restricted, and the sale or distribution of Bibles is limited to officially sanctioned churches, with online sales having been recently cracked down upon.[92][93][94][95]

The Associated Press reported in September 2018 that the current suppression program in China includes the burning of Bibles.[2]

Singapore

Шаблон:Further Singapore has banned Bibles and other literature published by the publishing arms of the Jehovah's Witnesses. A person in possession of banned literature can be fined up to S$2,000 (US$1,333) and jailed up to 12 months for a first conviction.[96]

In February 1995, Singapore police seized Bibles during a raid and arrested 69 Jehovah's Witnesses, many of whom went to prison.[97][98] In March 1995, 74-year-old Yu Nguk Ding was arrested for carrying two "undesirable publications", one of them a Bible printed by the Watch Tower Society.[99]

Catholic

Today Canon 825 governs Catholic Bible translations:[100] Шаблон:Blockquote

Bible smugglers

Шаблон:Main

Modern censorship of the Bible has met with resistance from groups such as Open Doors, Voice of the Martyrs, and World Help, which supply Bibles for smuggling or directly smuggle the Bibles themselves into lands where the Bibles or their distribution are prohibited.

Individual Bible smugglers include Andrew van der Bijl, David Hathaway, and John White.

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Subject bar Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  4. ↑ Ludwig Friedrich Otto Baumgarten-Crusius: Lehrbuch der christlichen Dogmengeschichte. Zweite Abtheilung. Verlage der Crökerschen Buchhandlung, Jena 1832; Zweiter Theil: Spezielle Dogmengeschichte. 21: Angelegenheit des Schriftgebrauchs. pp. 901–911 (Online-Version)
  5. ↑ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 22; Clarke, 650; Potter, 337; de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 75; Williams, 176.
  6. ↑ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 8.2.4; De Martyribus Palestinae praef. 1; and Optatus, Appendix 2; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 22; Clarke, 650; Liebeschuetz, 249–50; Potter, 337; de Ste Croix, "Aspects", 75.
  7. ↑ English Bible Translations Through 1611 A. D. Шаблон:Webarchive by Ferrell Jenkins
  8. ↑ Adolf Adam (German article): Deutsch oder Latein? In: Adolf Adam: Erneuerte Liturgie – Eine Orientierung über den Gottesdienst heute. Herder-Verlag, 1972; abgedruckt in: KIBA – Kirchenmusik im Bistum Aachen, August 2007, p. 16
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book, p=18-19
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок wim не указан текст
  12. ↑ It has been claimed, however, the individual by himself apart from private meetings could hardly procure Bible texts, so this ban was practically equivalent to a Bible ban for lay people. Horst Robert Balz, Gerhard Krause, Gerhard Müller, Siegfried M. Schwertner, Claus-Jürgen Thornton, Matthias Glockner: Theologische Realenzyklopädie. Walter de Gruyter, 1977, Шаблон:ISBN, p. 66. However, lay people were exposed to multipe forms of biblical material, scripture readings weekly in the Mass, in translated homilies, and memorized passages: refer Wim François, op. cit, p. 25.
  13. ↑ Correspondence on the formation, objects, and plan of the Roman Catholic Bible Society, 1813
  14. ↑ Edward Peters, Heresy and Authority in Medieval Europe, Edited with an introduction by Edward Peters, (Scolar Press, London, 1980) Шаблон:ISBN, p.194–195.
  15. ↑ Pierre Allix, Ecclesiastical History of Ancient Churches of the Albigenses (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1821.)
  16. ↑ Realenzyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche, 2, p. 703
  17. ↑ August Hahn: Lehrbuch des christlichen Glaubens. First part. 2nd Ed., Friedrich Christian Wilhelm Vogel, Leipzig 1857, p. 202- (Online-Version) (berichtet fälschlicherweise von einer Wiederholung des hier 1229 zitierten Canons auf der Synode von Béziers 1233, ebenso wie Hegelmaier; andere Teile von Toulouse kamen sehr wohl 1233 vor nur nicht dieser.)
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ The Church Council of Tarragona (1234 AD), 2nd Cannon.
  20. ↑ D. Lortsch, Historie de la Bible en France, 1910, p.14.
  21. ↑ Carl Mirbt (Ed.): Quellen zur Geschichte des Papsttums und des römischen Katholizismus, 3. Auflage, J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), Tübingen 1911, p. 155–156 (Online bei Archive.org);
    298. 3., Synode zu Tarragona (1234): Bibelverbot; Mansi XXIII 329. – Heferle V 1037.
    301. Konzil von Béziers (August 19, 1246): Verbot von Übersetzungen theologischer Bücher; Mansi XXIII 724. – Heferle V p. 1145 ff.
  22. ↑ D. Lotsch: Histoire de la Bible en France, 1910, p. 14
  23. ↑ August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben: Geschichte der deutschen Kirchenliedes bis auf Luthers Zeit. 3. Ausgabe, Carl Rümpler, Hannover 1861, p. 52 ff. (Online-Version)
  24. ↑ Martin Leutzsch (article in German): Bibelübersetzung als Skandal und Verbrechen. In: Rainer Dillmann: Bibel-Impulse: Film − Kunst − Literatur − Musik − Theater − Theologie. Lit Verlag, Berlin 2006, Шаблон:ISBN, pp. 42–57, here pp. 46–48.
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  26. ↑ A collection of the laws and canons of the Church of England: from its first foundation to the conquest, and from the conquest to the reign of King Henry VIII By John Johnson, 1851
  27. ↑ Schaff's account of Wyclif and the Lollards, quote from Arundel
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ "It has, moreover, been demonstrated that changes to the layout, such as the removal of Wycliffite paratextual material (the Great Prologue and marginal glosses particularly), the addition of the old testament readings from the Mass to new testament manuscripts, and a table of contents facilitating the retrieval of the liturgical readings made the copies also acceptable to an orthodox—both clerical and lay—readership." See Francois op. cit.Шаблон:Rp
  30. ↑ Eberhard Zwink: Verwirrspiel um eine Bibel, Württembergische Landesbibliothek Stuttgart, 1999
  31. ↑ Das Neue Testament deutsch, Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  35. ↑ Friedrich Kapp: Geschichte des Deutschen Buchhandels Volume 1 (Geschichte des Deutschen Buchhandels bis in das siebzehnte Jahrhundert), Published by Börsenvereins der Deutschen Buchhändler, Leipzig 1886; Kapitel 9: Die Büchercensur und die Preßverfolgungen, pp. 527–535
  36. ↑ Herbert Marsh; Johann Christoph Schreiter (Übers.): Vergleichende Darstellung der protestantisch-englischen und römisch-katholischen Kirche, oder, Prüfung des Protestantismus und Katholicismus: nach dem gegenseitigen Gewicht der Grundsätze und Lehren dieser beyden Systeme, J.E. Seidel, Sulzbach im Regenkreis Baierns 1821, p. 319 (Google-OCR: p. 519) (Online-Version)
  37. ↑ Gebrüder Reichenbach (Ed.): Allgemeines deutsches Conversations-Lexicon für die Gebildeten eines jeden Standes. Volume 2. Begl-Eiv. 2. Ausgabe, Gebrüder Reichenbach, Leipzig 1840, p. 124 „Bibelverbot“ (Online-Version)
  38. ↑ Fremde Räume, Religionen und Rituale in Mandevilles ›Reisen‹: Wahrnehmung by Christina Henss, page 32
  39. ↑ The Spanish Inquisition, Henry Kelsea, London, White Lion, 1965, p. 98
  40. ↑ Erasmus' editions from the second on featured a recommendation from Pope Pope Leo X.
  41. ↑ "…to prevent what has been a healthy discovery for the glory of God, the advance of the faith, and the propagation of good skills, from being misused for the opposite purposes and becoming an obstacle to the salvation of Christians, we have judged that our care must be exercised over the printing of books…Шаблон:Cite web
  42. ↑ "Biblia+cum+recognitione+Martini+Luteri"&s Index auctorum, et librorum, qui ab officio sanctae Rom. et vniuersalis by the Congregazione dell'Inquisizione, 1559
  43. ↑ Testaments Index Librorum Prohibitorum – NOV. TEST. Шаблон:Webarchive, 1559
  44. ↑ Hubert Wolf: Index: der Vatikan und die verbotenen Bücher, C.H.Beck, 2007, Шаблон:ISBN, p. 27–34, 218 pages
  45. ↑ Franz Heinrich Reusch: Der Index der verbotenen Bücher. Ein Beitrag zur Kirchen und Literaturgeschichte. Volume 1., Max Cohen & Sohn, Bonn 1883, (Online-Version)
    p. 17, 43, 44, Von Beginn der Buchdruckerkunst bis zur Beginn der Reformation: 53-65, Deutsches Reich: 80-87, England: 87-98, Niederlande: 98-128, Spanien: 131-140, Frankreich 1521–1551: 140-153, Trient 1546: 195-200, Regeln des Index 1564: 330-341, Translated from Alexander VI. 1501: p. 54
  46. ↑ Hubert Wolf: Archäologie im Vatikan – Die katholische Buchzensur (1) Шаблон:Webarchive (RTF; 39 kB), Sendung: Sonntag, February 10th, 2008, 8.30 Uhr, SWR 2; SWR2 AULA – Manuskriptdienst
  47. ↑ Philip Schaff: Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical notes. Volume I. The History of Creeds., 1919; § 27. The Papal Bulls against the Jansenists, 1653 and 1713.
  48. ↑ 48,0 48,1 Wilhelm Joos: Die Bulle „Unam sanctam“ und das vatikanische Autoritätsprinzip, 2nd ed., Carl Schoch, 1897, p. 709
  49. ↑ Ott, Michael. "Unigenitus." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 3 June 2017
  50. ↑ Catholics Cleanse Salzburg of Protestants
  51. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  52. ↑ Samuel Waldegrave: Italien (Aus einer Rede des Herrn Sam. Waldegrave, zu Bedford 9. Juni 1851 gehalten), in: Monatliche Auszüge aus dem Briefwechsel und den Berichten der britischen und ausländischen Bibelgesellschaft, Nr. August 8, 1851, S. 58 d. Jg. 1851 (Online-Version)
  53. ↑ Verfolgungen in Toskana in: Marriott (Ed.): Der wahre Protestant. Volume 5., Bahnmaier’s Buchhandlung (C. Detloff), Basel 1856, p. 442 ff. (Online-Version)
  54. ↑ Vom Beginn der Brüdergemeinden in Italien (PDF; 73 kB), Erstveröffentlichung in: Die Botschaft 130 (1989), Book 3, p. 20; Book 4, p. 19f.; Book 5, p. 10.
  55. ↑ Karl Kuzmány (Ed.): Urkundenbuch zum österreichisch-evangelischen Kirchenrecht in Praktische Theologie der evangelischen Kirche augsb. und helvet. Confession. Volume 1: Lehrbuch des Kirchenrechtes. Zweite Abtheilung: Urkundenbuch, Wilhelm Braumüller, Wien 1856, p. 96–98 (Online-Version)
  56. ↑ August Nathanael Böhner (Mitglied der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft): Naturforschung und Kulturleben. In ihren neuesten Ergebnissen zur Beleuchtung der grossen Frage der Gegenwart über Christenthum und Materialismus, Geist und Stoff. Carl Rümpler, Hannover 1859, p. 144 (Online-Version)
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  58. ↑ Wie die Päpste von der Bibel denken, erstveröffentlicht in: Gartenlaube, Dezember 1873
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  64. ↑ Hans-Josef Klauck, Religion und Gesellschaft im frühen Christentum. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 152, Mohr Siebeck, 2003, Шаблон:ISBN, p. 361
  65. ↑ William Herman Theodore Dau: Luther Examined and Reexamined: A Review of Catholic Criticism and a Plea for Revaluation, St. Louis, Missouri: Concordia Publishing House: 1917, page 68
  66. ↑ Officiorum ac Munerum, full text in Latin
  67. ↑ Officiorum ac Munerum – The Prohibition and Censorship of Books, by Pope Leo XIII, 25 January 1897, English translation
  68. ↑ Albert Sleumer: Index Romanus: Verzeichnis sämtlicher auf dem römischen Index stehenden deutschen Bücher desgleichen aller fremdsprachlichen Bücher seit dem Jahre 1870, 2. Ed., G. Pillmeyer’s Buchhandlung, Osnabrück 1906, Imprimatur: August 26, 1906, Hubertus (Online-Version) p. 24–34
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  70. ↑ Why Did the Nazis Burn the Hebrew Bible? Nazi Germany, Representations of the Past, and the Holocaust by Alon Confino, The Journal of Modern History 84(2), issue titled, The Jew in the Modern European Imaginary, June 2012, pp. 369–400
  71. ↑ Spiegel, Mickey (2004), "Control and Containment in the Reform Era", in Kindopp, Jason; Hamrin, Carol Lee, God and Caesar in China: Policy Implications of Church-State Tensions, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 51–52.
  72. ↑ The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan and the Advocacy of Local Autonomy, page 6 of the document, page 22 of the pdf
  73. ↑ History of The Bible Society in Russia, in Russian
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  80. ↑ Christians say fed up with Najib administration Шаблон:Webarchive
  81. ↑ Malaysia's Islamic authorities seize Bibles as Allah row deepens by Niluksi Koswanage, Reuters, January 2, 2014
  82. ↑ Malaysia's highest court backs a ban on Allah in Christian bibles, Agence France-Presse in Kuala Lumpur, June 23, 2014
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