Английская Википедия:Chapin Mine Steam Pump Engine

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Шаблон:Infobox NRHP The Chapin Mine Steam Pump Engine, also known as The Cornish Pump, is a steam-driven pump located at the corner of Kent Street and Kimberly Avenue in Iron Mountain, Michigan, USA. It is the largest reciprocating steam-driven engine ever built in the United States.[1] It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981,[2] and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1958.[3]

History

Iron ore was discovered in what is now the Iron Mountain area in 1878.[3] Development was rapid: Iron Mountain was platted in 1879 and the Chapin Mine Company was formed the same year. The Chapin Mine proved to be the most productive in the Menominee Range,[3] but part of the orebody was underneath a cedar swamp[4] and water seepage proved to be an ongoing problem. Ground pumps were used at first, but as the shaft depth increased, so did the problems.[4] In 1889, after a number of accidents, the mining company commissioned a water pump from the E. P. Allis Company of Milwaukee, Wisconsin (now Allis-Chalmers).[4] The company's chief engineer, Edwin P. Reynolds, designed a "Cornish Pump" similar to those used in tin mines in Cornwall, England.[3]

The company constructed the pump in 1890-91, after which it was installed at Chapin Mine's "D" shaft. The pump engine was installed at the surface near a boiler, to minimize efficiency losses in steam transport and to prevent damage to the engine in case of an emergency shut-off.[5] It was housed in a massive red sandstone pump house, Шаблон:Convert high, Шаблон:Convert by Шаблон:Convert at the base, with a foundation Шаблон:Convert thick.[6] The pump itself cost $82,000, and the entire installation cost an estimated $250,000.[4] The pump began operation on January 3, 1893.[3]

An underground shift in 1896 misaligned the engine,[3] and further shifts cracked the engine house and the surrounding ground.[6] In 1899, the pumping engine was dismantled and stored away.[6]

In the meantime, the Chapin Mining Company had been expanding. In 1894, it acquired the nearby Hamilton and Ludington mines, both of which had been abandoned due to flooding problems.[6] Chapin dewatered the other mines and made underground connections to the Chapin Mine.[6] The Chapin Mining Company was purchased by the Oliver Iron Mining Company, a subsidiary of U.S. Steel, in 1901.[6] In 1907, Oliver reassembled the pumping engine and moved it to its current location near the site of the Ludington Mine "C" shaft.[3] They constructed a corrugated metal building on a red sandstone foundation to house the pumping engine.[6] The pump served the combined needs of the Chapin, Ludington and Hamilton mines until 1914, when it was replaced with electric pumps.[3]

By the time the Chapin Mine closed in 1932, it had produced over 27 million tons of iron ore, the most in the Menominee Iron Range.[4] Two years later, the Oliver Iron Mining Company donated the Chapin Mine Steam Pump Engine to Dickinson County as a "relic for sightseers to visit."[4] The county demolished the building housing the pumping engine and painted the engine to make it more attractive to tourists.[6] The engine was nearly scrapped during World War II for its metal content, and indeed the steel frame shaft housing standing nearby was dismantled,[6] but local sentiment saved the pumping engine.[7]

Cornish Pumping Engine and Mining Museum

In 1978, the county turned it over to the Menominee Range Historical Foundation,[6] who constructed a museum around it in 1982-83.[4] It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1958,[3] and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.[2] In 1987, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers designated the pump a National Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark.[4]

The museum housing the pump, known as the Cornish Pumping Engine and Mining Museum, also displays a varied collection of mining equipment used in local iron mines; the museum is open to the public.[8]

Gallery

Description

The Chapin Mine Steam Pump Engine is a vertical tandem compound steam engine.[9] At its maximum speed of 10 rpm, it produced over Шаблон:Convert,[1] and during operation required Шаблон:Convert of coal per year to operate.[5] It is Шаблон:Convert[3] tall with a flywheel Шаблон:Convert in diameter, weighing Шаблон:Convert.[10] The entire engine weighs Шаблон:Convert. The drive shaft is Шаблон:Convert in diameter and the high and low pressure steam are Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert in diameter, respectively, both having a stroke of Шаблон:Convert.[10]

At the Ludington "C" shaft location, the pumping engine was connected via a Шаблон:Convert diameter shaft[11] to a series of eight pumps, the deepest of which was Шаблон:Convert below ground[3] (at the original Chapin "D" shaft location, the depth was only Шаблон:Convert).[6] Each pump had plungers Шаблон:Convert in diameter with a stroke of Шаблон:Convert.[10] Water was pumped by each pump through a vertical pipe to a discharge tank just beneath the next pump in series, and thus was carried in eight steps to the surface.[11] The total capacity of the pump system was Шаблон:Convert per minute.[3]

Although the Chapin Mine Steam Pump Engine is popularly known as "The Cornish Pump", it is not actually a Cornish engine, which lacks the rotating parts (connecting rod, crank and flywheel) seen in the Chapin Engine.[6] Rather, the name comes from the similarity between the Chapin engine and those used in tin mines in Cornwall in the 19th century.[5]

Файл:Chapin Mine c 1909.jpg
Chapin Mine panorama, c. 1909

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Commonscat


Шаблон:National Register of Historic Places

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Citation
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок nris не указан текст
  3. ↑ 3,00 3,01 3,02 3,03 3,04 3,05 3,06 3,07 3,08 3,09 3,10 3,11 Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 4,6 4,7 Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ 6,00 6,01 6,02 6,03 6,04 6,05 6,06 6,07 6,08 6,09 6,10 6,11 Шаблон:Citation
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 Шаблон:Citation
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Citation
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