Английская Википедия:Charleroi

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For Шаблон:Infobox Belgium municipality

Charleroi (Шаблон:IPAc-en, Шаблон:IPAc-en,[1][2] Шаблон:IPA-fr; Шаблон:Lang-wa Шаблон:IPA-wa) is a city and a municipality of Wallonia, located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium. The city is situated in the valley of the Sambre, in the south-west of Belgium, not far from the border with France. By 1 January 2008, the total population of Charleroi was 201,593.[3] The metropolitan area, including the outer commuter zone, covers an area of Шаблон:Convert with a total population of 522,522 by 1 January 2008, ranking it as the 5th most populous in Belgium after Brussels, Antwerp, Liège, and Ghent.[3][4] The inhabitants are called Carolorégiens or simply Carolos.

History

Файл:Charleroi - Ferraris map (1770-1778).jpg
Map of Charleroi in 1770s

The Charleroi area was already settled in the prehistoric period, with traces of metallurgical and commercial activities along the Sambre. Several public buildings, temples and villas were built in the area in the Roman period. Burial places, with jewels and weapons, have been found. The first written mention of a place called Charnoy dates from a 9th-century offering in the Lobbes abbey, which lists various neighboring towns and related tithe duties. During the Middle Ages, Charnoy was one of the many small hamlets in the area, with no more than about 50 inhabitants, part of the County of Namur.

Foundation

Spanish territorial losses in the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees left a gap between the key fortresses of Mons and Namur; to fill this, Francisco Castel Rodrigo, then Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, expropriated land around Charnoy to build a fortress near the Sambre. In September 1666, it was renamed Charle-roi, or King Charles, in honour of five-year-old Charles II of Spain; the chronogram FVNDATVR CAROLOREGIVM (MDCLVVVI) can be found in the register of the parish of Charnoy.[5]

Construction had only just begun when the War of Devolution with France began in 1667, and the Spanish withdrew. France retained the town under the 1668 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, and its fortifications were completed by Vauban. A bridge was built over the Sambre, connecting the Ville Haute and Ville Basse, with incentives offered to persuade people to settle there. The French relinquished control in 1678, and although it changed hands several times over the next 50 years, the town remained part of the Netherlands until the foundation of modern Belgium.[6]

1666–1830

Файл:Charleroi - plan-relief - copie.jpg
Copy of the plan-relief of Charleroi made in 1696. View from the southwest. On display at the town-hall.

Shortly after its foundation, the new city was in turn besieged by the Dutch, ceded to the Spanish in 1678 (Treaty of Nijmegen), taken by the French in 1693, ceded again to the Spanish in 1698 (Treaty of Rijswijk), then taken by the French, the Dutch and the Austrians in 1714 (Treaty of Baden). The French Prince of Conti took the city again in 1745, but it was ceded back to Austria in 1748, beginning a period of prosperity under Joseph II. Glass, steel and coal industries, which had already sprung up a century earlier, could now flourish.

Trouble began again in 1790, the year of the civil uprising that eventually led to the United States of Belgium. The Austrians occupied the city, were forced out by the French after the Battle of Jemappes on 6 November 1792, and took it back again four months later. On 12 June 1794, the French revolutionary Army of Sambre-et-Meuse under the command of Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, invested Charleroi and won a decisive victory in the ensuing Battle of Fleurus. The city took the revolutionary name of Libre-sur-Sambre until 1800. After France's defeat in 1814, the whole area was annexed to the Netherlands, and new walls were built around the city. Napoleon stayed in Charleroi for a couple of days in June 1815, just before the Battle of Waterloo.

1830 to present

Файл:Charleroi - jour de marché - rue d'Orléans.jpg
Orleans street Sunday market

The Belgian Revolution of 1830 gave the area its freedom from the Netherlands and ushered in a new era of prosperity, still based mostly on glass, metallurgy and coal, hence the area's name, Pays Noir ("Black Country"). After the Industrial Revolution, Charleroi benefited from the increased use of coke in the metallurgical industry. People from across Europe were attracted by the economic opportunities, and the population grew rapidly.

Following the Industrial revolution in Wallonia, Charleroi from the 1850s–1860s became one of the most important places where labor strikes broke out. In 1886, 12 strikers were killed by the Belgian army in Roux. In the 1880s, miners in Hainaut were recruited by the Dominion Coal Company in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia.[7] These miners were anxious to flee the repression following bloody strikes and riots in Liège and Charleroi[8] during the Walloon Jacquerie of 1886. Walloon miners from Charleroi also emigrated to Alberta, Canada.[9] The working men of Charleroi always played an important role in Belgian general strikes and particularly during the Belgian general strike of 1936, the general strike against Leopold III of Belgium, and the 1960–1961 winter general strike.

By 1871, the fortified walls around the city were completely torn down.

Heavy fighting took place during World War I due to the city's strategic location on the Sambre. The city was badly damaged with further destruction only being prevented by the Couillet Treaty agreed with the German forces which required the payment of 10 million Belgian Francs, foodstuffs, vehicles and armaments.[10] The magazine Spirou, which featured the popular cartoon characters Lucky Luke and the Smurfs, was launched by the publishing company Éditions Dupuis in 1938.[11] After World War II, Charleroi witnessed a general decline of its heavy industry.[12] Following the merger with several surrounding municipalities in 1977, the city Шаблон:As of ranks as the largest city in Wallonia and the 4th largest in Belgium.

Logotype

C crowned with 3 triangles
The logo

As part of the effort to improve its identity, the city adopted a new logo and graphic charter in early 2015, designed by the Brussels studio Pam and Jenny.[13]

The crown of three triangles above the C has several meanings:[14]

  • The triangular shape evokes the slag heaps, yesterday black and today green, which symbolise the city's industrial past and its factories.
  • It also recalls the crest of the cockerel designed by Pierre Paulus and symbol of Wallonia.
  • The crown refers to King Charles II who gave his name to the city at the time of its foundation.
  • The typography used is also very similar to that used in the logo of ACEC, a historic company founded, developed and finally closed down in Charleroi in 1989 after more than a century of existence.

Geography

Charleroi has 15 districts, and is surrounded by nine other municipalities
The 15 districts of Charleroi, in Roman numerals, with the surrounding municipalities labelled with letters

The municipality of Charleroi straddles both banks of the river Sambre in an area marked by industrial activities (coal mining and steel industry), which has been nicknamed the Pays Noir ("Black Country"), part of the larger sillon industriel. Even though most of the factories have closed since the 1950s, the landscape remains dotted with spoil tips and old industrial buildings.

Charleroi lies around Шаблон:Convert south of Brussels.

The municipality comprises:

  • I. the central district of Charleroi

and the following former municipalities, now sections, merged into Charleroi in 1977: Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end Шаблон:Clear left Neighboring municipalities: Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

Topography and hydrography

Файл:Charleroi - 2019-08-24 - 04 - quai Arthur Rimbaud et quai de Sambre.jpg
The Quai Arthur Rimbaud (formerly Quai de Brabant) along the Sambre after renovation

The topography of Charleroi is influenced by the valley of the river Sambre, which flows from west to east before joining the Meuse at Namur. The Piéton river flows from north to south to join the Sambre at Dampremy. The Charleroi-Brussels canal is dug in the valley of this stream. The Eau d'Heure river comes from the south and also flows into the Sambre at Marchienne-au-Pont. About twenty streams run through the territory of the municipality.[15]

The altitude ranges from 100 metres (Sambre and Piéton valleys) to over 220 metres at the Bois du Prince in Marcinelle. The level is 132 metres on the Place Charles II. The height of the slag heaps often exceeds 200 metres, the Saint-Charles slag heap in the Bois du Cazier reaches 241 metres.[16]

Biodiversity

The six slag heaps in the Pays Noir are reservoirs of biodiversity that should be preserved.[17]

Like the calcareous grassland, the slag heaps are habitats created by human activity that are home to many very specific and often threatened animal and plant species. The rarity of these species depends on the rarity of the environment itself (the biotope). Biodiversity is also present in other environments: in a wasteland, a body of water, a meadow, etc. In terms of biodiversity, it is therefore preferable to maintain a mosaic of habitats, hence the interest in preserving different types of environments on the slag heaps.[18]

The Viviers site, for example, is an old mining site located in the east of Charleroi (Gilly). This site has a small conical slag heap and large open areas consisting mainly of pioneer grassland and wasteland. It also includes a small body of water as well as temporary ponds, and some wooded areas on the western and northern edges. This particular biotope is of great biological interest and acts as a refuge for a diverse fauna. The vast reed bed surrounding the pond is home to the red warbler, a passerine bird specific to this type of vegetation. Several species of amphibians can be seen here, including a population of the natterjack toad, as well as certain insects, such as the magnificent blue-winged grasshopper.[19]

The Martinet site, a former colliery on the boundary of the Monceau-sur-Sambre and Roux sections, is in the process of being rehabilitated and reallocated. Like the Viviers slag heap in Gilly, this vast site is of great biological interest.[20]

Climate

Similar to the rest of Belgium Charleroi has an oceanic climate as a result of the Gulf Stream influence warming winters, while also moderating summer warmth in spite of its inland position.

Шаблон:Weather box

Politics

Before the merger of municipalities, from the Independence of Belgium in 1830 till 1st January 1977 (with the exception of the period linked to the Second world war), Charleroi has only experienced liberal mayors and majorities.

The municipality elections in 1976 just before the merger of municipalities brought an absolute majority of the Socialist Party (Parti Socialiste or PS) and Lucien Harmegnies, previous minister and until then mayor of Marcinelle became the first socialist mayor of the new entity.

From 1977, the socialist party was constantly present in the politic majority within the municipal council having either an absolute majority either being in coalition with other parties.

Файл:Charleroi - Hôtel de ville vue de la place Charles II - 2015-03-05.jpg
Charleroi city hall

In 2005, numerous judicial affairs put into question the elected socialist municipal councillors of Charleroi. The media resonance and the impact were significant at local, regional and even national level. At local level, the PS lost its absolute majority as a result of the municipality elections of 8 October 2006. Шаблон:See also

At the elections of October of 2012, the PS, under the leadership of Paul Magnette, regained the absolute majority at the municipal council. Mayor Paul Magnette chose however to open the socialist majority and to reconduct the coalition of socialists, liberals and centrists.[21] At the municipal elections of 2018, Paul Magnette, re-elected mayor, opened the socialist city majority to ecologists and centrists (C+).

Файл:Église Saint-Christophe de Charleroi (DSCF7701).jpg
Saint-Christophe church

Municipal elections

Party 2000 (%) 2006 (%) 2012 (%) 2018 (%)
Socialist Party (Parti Socialiste) 51.4 38.4 47.7 41.3
Reformist Movement (Mouvement Réformateur) 16.1 24.6 16.3 11.2
Humanist Democratic Centre (Centre Démocrate Humaniste) 9.6 14.4 10.6 7.61(*)
National Front (Front National) 6.9 9.5 5.8(**) /
Ecolo 11.4 8.1 7.4 7.4
PTB/PTB+ 1.3 2.1 3.4 15.7
DéFI / / 1.8 5.2

(*)Under the local list name "C+" (**)Under alternative name

Landmarks

Файл:Charleroi - Palais des Beaux-Arts - 2023-08-07 - 01.jpg
Palais des Beaux-Arts
Файл:Aéroport de Charleroi, B737 Ryanair - 2011.JPG
Boeing 737 of Ryanair on Charleroi's runway
Файл:3015 at Calais Frethun.jpg
Train Eurostar TMST built by Alstom in Charleroi
  • The belfry, part of the City Hall, was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1999 as part of the Belfries of Belgium and France site.[22]
  • The Maison Dorée was built in 1899 by Art Nouveau architect Alfred Frère. Its name is derived from the golden sgraffiti that adorn the façade.
  • The city is home to several museums of fine art, glass and other disciplines, as well as a significant one specializing in photography, in the Mont-sur-Marchienne district.[23]
  • In remembrance to the Jews of Charleroi being murdered by the Nazi regime, the German artist Gunter Demnig has collocated nine Stolpersteine in Charleroi.
  • The Tour Bleue ("Blue Tower"), located in the centre of Charleroi and 75 m high. Realised in 2015 by Jean Nouvel, it is the headquarters of the Police.[24]

Economy

Charleroi was in the center of a coal basin as well as steel and glass industries. Even so, due to the widespread loss in industrial power in the area since the 1970s, the coal and steel areas experienced a significant decline for most of the 1980s and 1990s.

From these industrial activities, the region of Charleroi has inherited a wide industrial area for electrical engineering and production of iron, steel, glass and chemicals. The conglomerate ArcelorMittal subdivided its Industeel unit to encompass the Charleroi steelworks.[25][26]

Moreover, from the early 2000s, the overall economy of the area has diversified to include health care, logistics, biotechnologies, energy (Suez), railway transportation (Alstom) and telecommunications (Alcatel).

More recently, other sectors have developed, mainly civil and military aeronautics (SABCA, SONACA), logistics, printing and biotechnology. The aeronautics and space industry is developing rapidly around Charleroi-Brussels-South airport with the foundation of two university research centres: the Center of Excellence in Information Technologies (CETIC) serving as a center of expertise for the development of Walloon companies and founded by UCLouvain with the universities of Namur and Mons, as well as the Cenaero (Centre for research in aeronautics) of the University of Liège (ULiège), the University of Louvain (UCLouvain) and the University of Brussels (ULB).

Likewise, the Brussels South Charleroi Airport has evolved in a major commercial success with a grow of passengers from 210.000 in 1998[27] to 8.3 millions passengers in 2023.[28] Therefore, it has become the second airport of Belgium for passenger transport which is a substantial asset for the economical and commercial development of the region of Charleroi. The activity of the airport thus generates numerous direct and indirect jobs.

The Intercommunale Igretec is the official body of the region of Charleroi giving assistance and support for the installation and development of high-tech companies around the airport and in the region of Charleroi.

Charleroi is also connected through highways with all the major cities of Belgium and the French border. It has also a port ("Port autonome de Charleroi") and a river network giving access to three major ports (Dunkirk, Antwerp and Rotterdam).

From the 1990s, two big shopping malls (Ville 2 and Rive Gauche), cinemas and even a local craft brewery have been created in and around the city center also bringing back shops and customers downtown.

Education

Charleroi is Belgium's biggest city without having its own university. In 1966 the University of Louvain began operations in Charleroi with three faculties on its UCLouvain Charleroi campus based in the city center and in Montignies-sur-Sambre, including the Louvain School of Management and, more recently, the Louvain School of Engineering, issuing Bachelor's and Master's degrees and conducting research. Other universities have since started operations in Charleroi, including the Universities of Namur, Mons and the Université libre de Bruxelles.

Thanks to the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) of the European Union, a Campus of Sciences, Art and Trade is currently developed downtown Charleroi. This Campus, located on the site of the University of Labor, will constitute a real center of excellence for training - teaching - research in the city center equipped with a Cité des Métiers, a University Center, a Center for Technological Higher Education, a “Design – Innovation” Competence Center.

Primary and secondary schools

Файл:Charleroi-ville-belgique-tour-bleue-paysafe.jpg
The Tour Bleue in the Charleroi skyline

Secondary schools include:[29]

  • Athénée Royal Jules Destrée
  • Athénée Royal Orsini Dewerpe
  • Athénée Royal de Gilly
  • Athénée Royal Les Marlaires
  • Athénée Royal Ernest Solvay
  • Athénée Royal Vauban
  • Athénée Royal Yvonne Vieslet
  • Centre Educatif Communal Secondaire — La Garenne
  • Institut d'Enseignement Technique Secondaire de l’UT
  • Institut Jean Jaurès de l’UT
  • Centre Educatif Communal Secondaire de Couillet-Marcinelle
  • Institut Provincial d’Enseignement Secondaire Paramédical La Samaritaine

The catholic secondary schools include:

  • Institut Saint-Joseph (ISJ);
  • Institut Saint-André (ISA);
  • Institut Notre-Dame (IND) ;
  • IET Notre-Dame (IETND);
  • Collège du Sacré-Cœur (jesuits);
  • Collège Technique Aumôniers du Travail de Charleroi (ATC).

Transport

Файл:Aeroport de Charleroi Bruxelles Sud.jpg
Brussels South Charleroi Airport

Air

The Brussels South Charleroi Airport in Gosselies, Шаблон:Convert north of the centre, opened in 1919 as a flight school.[30] Later, it housed the Fairey aircraft-factory building.[31]

Gosselies is now used as an alternate airport for Brussels. Low-cost carrier Ryanair is the largest airline to provide service there; others include Wizz Air, Jetairfly. Seasonal holiday charters also use the airport.

A new terminal opened in January 2008,[32] replacing a much smaller building which had exceeded capacity.

Brussels is Шаблон:Convert north of Charleroi Airport.

In October 2021, the 650m extension of the runway was officially opened, bringing it to a total length of 3200m.[33]

Rail

Charleroi is connected by train to other Belgian major cities through the main Charleroi-South railway station. The city also has a secondary railway station, Charleroi-West,[5] on the Charleroi-to-Ottignies line.

River transport

The Port autonome de Charleroi gives access through the Belgian, Dutch and French canal and river network to three major ports (Dunkirk, Antwerp and Rotterdam). Il is composed of twenty-nine ports in the region of Charleroi distributed along the river Sambre and the Brussels-Charleroi canal. It has 8 km of embankments, 5 millions tons of goods transported each year, 10.000 containers and a trimodal platform for the containers; 100 companies have a concession and there are 1700 direct and 1000 indirect jobs associated.[34]

Public transport

Файл:Métro 54 partant de la station Charleroi-Sud.jpg
Charleroi Prémétro
Файл:Metro Charleroi - Ouest station.JPG
West Station (MLC)

Public transport is provided by TEC (Transport En Commun), the Walloon public transport service. The greater Charleroi region is served by bus lines and a light-rail Metro system, (Métro Léger de Charleroi). Part of the latter is famous for incorporating one of the few remnants of the Vicinal, the former Belgian national tramway network. Charleroi also has a planned four-line S-bahn type suburban rail system, the Шаблон:Interlanguage link (Réseau S).

Charleroi Metro

The Charleroi Metro is equally famous for the parts of the system which were never built, partially built or fully completed but not opened. It was planned in the 1960s as a 48 km (30 mi.) light-rail network, operating on the heavy rail metro infrastructure, consisting of eight branch lines radiating from a central loop downtown.[35] However, only one line (to Petria), part of another line (to Gilly) and three-quarters of the loop were actually built and opened to traffic, all from 1976 to 1996. Another branch line toward the suburb of Châtelet (Châtelineau) was almost fully built, to the extent of installing power cables, escalators and still-working electric signals in the first three stations[36] but was never opened as passenger numbers would be too low to economically justify the extra staff. The high costs of construction, a decline in Charleroi's traditional "smokestack" industries and questioning of the scope of the whole project in proportion to the actual demand for it are cited as reasons for the original plan's becoming unfulfilled.

The central loop and the Gilly branch as far as Soleilmont were completed in 2012, with funds from the European Investment Bank.[37] The Gosselies branch opened as a street-level tramline in 2013.[38] In June 2021 it was announced that €60m will be allocated to refurbish and open the long-ago completed but never served inner section of the Châtelet "ghost" line, and extend it to the new hospital development in the area.[39]

in June 2021, the new look of the first renovated tram is presented. This fleet-wide renovation of 22 million euro will end in 2026.[40]

Demographics

Group of origin Year
2023[41]
Number %
Belgians with Belgian background 98,798 48.48%
Belgians with foreign backgroundШаблон:Efn 70,839 34.76%
Neighboring countryШаблон:Efn 5,991 2.94%
EU27 (excluding neighbouring country) 26,518 13.01%
Outside EU 27 38,330 18.81%
Non-Belgians 32,367 15.88%
Neighbouring countryШаблон:Efn 2,529 1.24%
EU27 (excluding neighbouring country) 15,152 7.44%
Outside EU 27 14,686 7.21%
Total 203,785 100%

Culture

Файл:Charleroi - Rockerill - 01.jpg
The Rockerill
Файл:Charbonnage du Bois du Cazier 01.JPG
The Bois du Cazier
Файл:Dampremy - Terril Saint-Théodore est - 2021-03-28 - 3.jpg
The Saint-Théodore slag heap. A walkway of the Boucle Noire.

Museums

Theatres and dance hall

Performance halls and cultural centers

  • Rockerill, alternative concert hall, exhibition space and performances located in Marchienne-au-Pont
  • Vecteur, multidisciplinary cultural platform
  • Eden, performance hall

Media

  • Éditions Dupuis, comic and magazines publisher located in Marcinelle
  • Telesambre, regional television channel
  • La Nouvelle Gazette, a Belgian French-language daily newspaper

Folklore events

Itineraries, tours

  • Boucle Noire ("Black Loop"), a 26 km walk between the industrial and natural landscape of Charleroi[43]
  • Grande dérive ("Big Drift") : this path forms a 54 km loop surrounding the greater Charleroi. La Grande Dérive, passes through the green margins of Charleroi, on marked trails, climbing on the slag heaps and crossing public parks, woods, agricultural areas and wasteland.[44]
  • Eurovelo 3 pilgrims' route : Charleroi is located on the EuroVelo3 route. It is a 5,122 km long road that connects Trondheim in Norway to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. The route thus crosses seven countries, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, France and Spain.
  • In the Charleroi region, the RAVeL network (in French Réseau Autonome des Voies Lentes and in English autonomous network of slow ways) allows cycling for sports and tourism purposes on protected routes. The routes take the towpaths along the river Sambre and the Charleroi-Brussels canal and on disused railway lines.

Sports

Файл:Charleroi Stade du Pays de Charleroi 13.jpg
Stade du Pays de Charleroi

Charleroi is home to a number of champion teams in various sports. Spirou Charleroi in basketball has been an eight-times winner in the Basketball League Belgium. La Villette Charleroi in table tennis is the most successful club in the Champions League with five titles and has been the Belgian champion multiple times. Action 21 Charleroi in futsal has won one UEFA Futsal Cup and nine titles in the Belgian Division 1. In football, Royal Charleroi SC and ROC Charleroi have finished second in the Belgian Pro League. The 30,000-capacity Stade du Pays de Charleroi was a venue at UEFA Euro 2000.[45]

Notable people from Charleroi

Файл:Francois-Joseph Navez mg 3034.jpg
Painter François-Joseph Navez (self-portrait)

Born in Charleroi

Resided in Charleroi

Twin cities

Шаблон:Colbegin

Шаблон:Colend

See also

Шаблон:Colbegin

Шаблон:Colend

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Commons

Шаблон:Geographic location Шаблон:Charleroi Шаблон:Hainaut Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite American Heritage Dictionary
  2. ↑ "Charleroi" (US) and Шаблон:Cite dictionary
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Statistics Belgium; Population de droit par commune au 1 janvier 2008 (excel-file) Шаблон:Webarchive Population of all municipalities in Belgium, as of 1 January 2008. Retrieved on 19 October 2008.
  4. ↑ Statistics Belgium; De Belgische Stadsgewesten 2001 (pdf-file) Шаблон:Webarchive Definitions of metropolitan areas in Belgium. The metropolitan area of Charleroi is divided into three levels. First, the central agglomeration (agglomeratie) with 288,549 inhabitants (2008-01-01). Adding the closest surroundings (banlieue or suburbs), the total of 405,236. And, with the outer commuter zone (forensenwoonzone), the population is 522,522. Retrieved on 19 October 2008.
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ But a consular report indicated they were dissatisfied with wages and working conditions, and they moved to other mining centers. These Walloon miners were experienced in organizing unions and working-men's associations. They immigrated also to collieries on Vancouver Island in Canada. See Louis Balthazar, Leen Haenens, Images of Canadianness: Visions on Canada's Politics, Culture, Economics, International Council for Canadian Studies, University of Ottawa Press, 1998, Шаблон:ISBN.
  8. ↑ Louis Balthazar and Leen Haenens, Images of Canadianness: Visions on Canada's Politics, Culture, Economics, International Council for Canadian Studies, University of Ottawa Press, 1998, p. 73, Шаблон:ISBN.
  9. ↑ Miners from Wallonia began arriving at the collieries in Alberta to work for West Canadian Collieries, founded in 1903 by a group of French and Belgian entrepreneurs, and for Canadian Coal Consolidated, a Paris-based firm. Léon Cabeaux, a well-known union leader, who had organized a particularly violent strike in Hainaut in 1886, settled in Lethbridge and soon attracted disgruntled compatriots from the collieries in Pennsylvania in the US. The miners soon became deeply involved in labor radicalism, because in Alberta the mine disasters were among the worst anywhere, and there were no provisions for the welfare of families of the miners maimed or killed in the workplace. Frank Soulet, Joseph Lothier and Gustave Henry emerged as dedicated socialist union leaders. in Louis Balthazar and Leen Haenens, Images of Canadianness: Visions on Canada's Politics, Culture, Economics, International Council for Canadian Studies, University of Ottawa Press, 1998, p. 75, Шаблон:ISBN.
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ 52 serments devant 500 spectateurs, L'Avenir, Шаблон:Date
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ How it all started. Charleroi-airport.com
  31. ↑ Avions Fairey Gosselies Шаблон:Webarchive. Baha.be. Retrieved on 21 December 2012.
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  38. ↑ > Europe > Belgium > Charleroi Prémétro (Belgium). UrbanRail.Net (28 August 1992). Retrieved on 21 December 2012.
  39. ↑ [1] RTBF.be - The Charleroi metro will extend well towards the future large hospital in Gilly, June 23rd 2021
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Charleroi&oldid=13860022