Английская Википедия:Charles Carrell

Содержание

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Charles Lewis "C. L." Carrell (1875-December 11, 1933) was a Chicago-based theater and talent promoter. Beginning in 1925, Carrell became the licensee for seven portable radio stations, which were sent to small towns in the midwest for limited runs, normally of a few weeks, to provide entertainment to localities that did not have their own stations.

In 1928, the Federal Radio Commission (FRC) announced it would no longer license portable stations. Responding to this directive, four of Carrell's stations were placed in permanent locations. The other three stations were deleted, and Carrell turned to the federal courts in an unsuccessful attempt to have them restored. These legal cases upheld the deletions, and helped to establish the FRC's authority to make decisions needed to effectively regulate broadcasting stations under the Radio Act of 1927.

Biography

Theater and talent promoter

Carrell was active in the entertainment industry, including work as a band director in Kansas. In the late 1910s, he founded Carrell's Theatrical Agency in Chicago, which arranged bookings for vaudeville performers in various midwest theaters.

Radio station operations

Файл:Tivoli-C. L. Carrell-WHBL advertisement (1925).gif

Based in Chicago, Carrell began portable station operations in 1925. This advertisement promoted a broadcast in South Bend, Indiana by one of his stations.

Organized radio broadcasting in the United States was developed in the early 1920s. Although virtually all of the earliest stations operated from fixed locations, a small number were licensed as "portables", that were permitted to regularly change to new sites.

Starting with the licensing of WHBM in the spring of 1925, Carrell became the person most associated with portable broadcasting stations. He expanded his holdings with the licensing of stations WIBJ and WKBG, acquisition of a portable station originally licensed to Billy Maine, WIBM, and purchase of three standard central Indiana stations — WBBZ, WHBL and WIBW — which were converted into portables. Thus, by the end of 1926, Carrell had a roster of seven stations, leased out through the C. L. Carrell Broadcasting Service, with their base generally listed as 36 South State Street, the Chicago location of Carrell's Theatrical Agency.

Carrell commonly used his portable stations, in conjunction with small-town theaters, to provide entertainment programs that featured radio personalities from major cities, which were broadcast by one of his stations to the local community. A May 1925 Logansport, Indiana event, broadcast by Carrell's WHBL, was advertised as: "Starting Sunday, May 24, 4 days, C. L. Carrell Brings to Logansport a New Radio Frolic. All New Radio Stars in a New Musical Review with a Broadcasting Station In Actual Operation on the Luna Stage". A February 1926 advertisement for WBBZ's visit to Manitowoc, Wisconsin invited the curious to: "Come See---Hear, and be taken into the mysteries of radio broadcasting". Over time Carrell's stations began staying in individual communities for longer periods, and included local entertainers, in part to judge whether establishing a permanent station was financially viable.

As the number of permanently located stations increased, the portables began to be seen as a nuisance, as their mobility made it difficult to control the interference they caused to other stations transmitting on the same frequency. The Federal Radio Commission (FRC) was formed in early 1927, and was charged with bringing stability to the sometimes chaotic state of the AM broadcast band. As part of its efforts, on April 26, 1927, it released General Order 6, which stated that "Since the exact location of any radio broadcasting transmitter is an essential feature of the license, the Federal Radio Commission, as already announced, will not consider any application for a broadcasting license, except for a very limited period of time, in which the permanent location of the transmitter is not specified." The order also limited portable station license periods to no more than 120 days, with the further restriction that they would be limited to operating "with not more than 100 watts power output", and would only be assigned to one of two transmitting frequencies, either 1470 kHz or 1490 kHz.

Subsequently, the FRC's General Order 30, adopted May 10, 1928, specified that all portable stations which had not found permanent homes would have to cease operating by July 1. Fifteen days later, General Order 34 restated the coming prohibition, noting that there were currently eleven active portable stations, whose licenses would expire as of 3 a.m. July 1, 1928.

Following the FRC's announcement that it was eliminating portable stations, Carrell procured permanent locations for four of the stations — WBBZ (Ponca City, Oklahoma), WHBL (Sheboygan, Wisconsin), WIBM (Jackson, Michigan), and WIBW (Topeka, Kansas) — however the other three, WHBM, WIBJ and WKBG, were eventually deleted. He petitioned the FRC to reverse the deletions, but was turned down. He then appealed the decision to the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, which also ruled against him, stating:

Carrell was also unable to convince the FRC to reactivate the station licenses so that they could be transferred to permanent locations.

Later years and death

C. L. Carrell went on to manage WBBZ, which had been relocated to Ponca City, Oklahoma. He died in Chicago on December 11, 1933, aged 58, following which his widow, Adelaide Lillian Carrell, took over as owner and station manager until 1949.